ITM 706 midterm
What is a Balanced score card?
- A management system that helps an enterprise to clarify and implement its vision and strategy - It provides measures concerning customer satisfaction, internal processes, and the ability to innovate in addition to a financial measure
Characteristics of EA
- Captures the essentials of the business, IT and its evolution - Manages the complexity of the enterprise and its processes and systems - Good EA will provide max flexibility and adaptation - Good EA should easily be extended and evolved
How have digital technologies transformed the industry?
- Introduced new ways to deliver value to customers - Provided them with competitive advantages - Changed the underlying economics of markets
What can a message flow connect
- To the boundary of a pool to capture a message to/from that party - to a specific activity or event within that pool, to capture a message that triggers a specific activity/event within that party
How do the aspects relate to the business layer?
- behavior element: business services, business processes and business functions • Active structure elements: business actors and roles • Passive structure elements: business objects
What is ArchiMate?
- it helps expressing and analyzing the business model of an organization and how it produces stakeholder value, - helps reach a common understanding between different architects and other stakeholders in an enterprise
What are the 3 internal aspects of EA modeling
1. Active structure 2. Behavior 3. passive structure
What are the TOGAF architectural domains
1. Business architecture 2. Application architecture and Data architecture 3. Technology architecture
What are TOGAFs main components
1. Business vision and drivers 2. Architecture capability framework 3. Architecture development method 4. ADM guidelines and techniques 5. architecture content framework 6. enterprise continuum and tools 7. TOGAF reference models 8. Business capabilities
What is the role of the ArchiMate language
1. High level modelling with in a domain 2. basis for visualization 3. basis for analysis 4. modelling relations between domains
What are the Phases of Architecture development method (ADM)
1. Preliminary phase A - Architecture vision B- Business architecture C - Information systems architectures D - Technology architecture E - Opportunities and solutions F - Migration planning G - Implementation Governance H - Architecture change management - Requirements management
EA offers a holistic perspective of _______________, and on the action that should be taken to achieve the company's goals 1. Current operation 2. current and future operation 3. future operation 4. IT operation
2. Current and future operation
________ is defined as any collection of organizations that has a common set of goals 1. Architecture 2. Framework 3. Enterprise 4. None of the above
3. Enterprise
What is the definition of enterprise architecture
A coherent whole of principles, methods, and models that are used in the design and realization of an enterprise's organizational structure, business processes, information systems, and infrastructure
Syntax for message flow
A message flow cannot connect two flow elements with the same pool
What do you first create when using Sparx EA?
A model
What is a strategic plan?
A plan for how an enterprise adapts in a changing and often competitive environment
What does a receive activity do?
A receive activity won't start until the incoming message has been received
What does a send activity do
A send activity will send the outgoing message upon activity completion
If a task has two output arcs (also called flows), it is the same as if the task was followed by an:
AND - split
What is a event?
An event represents a state change, may have a time attribute that indicates the moment or moments at which the event happens (looks like a curved tip arrow)
What is a stakeholder
An individual, team, or organization with interests in, or concerns relative to a system
What is an enterprise?
Any collection of organizations that has a common set of goals and or a single bottom line
What is a domain?
Any subset of conception of the universe that is conceived of as being some 'part' or 'aspect' of the universe
Types of digital transformation
Business process - Starbucks and loyalty rewards apps Business model - Uber's reinvention of the taxi industry Domain - Amazon and AWS
What is an external active structure element?
Called an interface, represents a point of access where one or more services are provided to the environment.
What is a pool?
Captures a resource class, generally used to model a whole company
What is a Lane?
Captures resource sub class within a resource class by partitioning a pool, used to model departments, internal roles, software systems, or equipment
What are the biggest problems that enterprises are facing (according to zachman)
Complexity and Change
What is A. Architecture vision
Defining the scope, constraints, and expectation of the project, identifying the stakeholder, creating the architecture vision, and obtaining approval to proceed with the architecture development
What is an Internal driver?
Ensures that business and IT projects meet local and corporate objectives and conform to the enterprise architecture
What is H. Architecture change management?
Establishing procedures for managing change to the architecture
What are the types of gateway and event
Event driven XOR and Timer
What is a view?
Expresses the architecture of the system of interest from the perspective of one or more stakeholders to address specific concerns, using the conventions established by its viewpoints
What is the BSC financial perspective?
Focused on the business value created by the enterprise, entailing measures such as shareholder value
ISO/IEC/IEEE 42010:2011 Standard
Fundamental concepts or properties of a system in its environment, embodied in its elements, relationships and in the principles of its design and evolution
What is G. Implementation Governance?
Governing the implementation projects to conforms to the architecture
What are the two architecture methods and frameworks
IEEE 1471-2000/ISO/IEC 42010 Standard TOGAF framework
What is the architecture description lifecycle?
Idea - Whiteboard, napkin Design - formal models and analysis - visualization for stakeholders Use - link with implementation Management - maintenance, version control
How do enterprises adapt to change?
Identify trends proactively, evaluate the impact on the business, provide innovate solutions
What is E. Opportunities and solutions
Identifying major implementation projects and initial planning
What is architecture capability framework
It addresses the organization, processes, skills, roles, and responsibilities required to establish and operate an architecture function within an enterprise
What is the enterprise continuum?
It comprises various reference models to illustrate how architectures are developed across continuum ranging from foundational architectures, through common system architectures and industry specific architectures, to an enterprises own individual architecture
What is the architecture content framework
It considers an overall enterprise architecture as composed of 4 closely interrelated architectures: Business architecture, data architecture, application architecture and technology architecture
What is a viewpoint
It defines how to construct and use a view which depicts the organizations structure in terms of its departments and roles
What does the TOGAF ADM include ?
It includes establishing an architecture framework, developing architecture content, transitioning, and the realization of the architecture
What is a start timer event
It indicates that an instance of the process is created at certain dates/times
What is TOGAF ADM
It is a process for developing architectures
What is a view
It is a way of looking at an architecture which addresses one or more concerns of the stakeholders
Is EA a product or process?
It is both
What is a intermediate timer event
It is triggered at certain dates/times, or after a time interval has elapsed since the moment the event is enabled
What is a start message event
It triggers a process by the receipt of a message when an incoming message flow is connected to the event
What is the BSC internal business processes perspective?
Looks at the effectiveness and efficiency of a company's internal operations, paying special attention to the primary, mission-oriented processes
What are the 3 layers of BSC?
Mission, objectives, measures
Characteristics of value creation
Newness Performance Customization Price Brand Convenience
What are the aspects of ArchiMate core framework?
Passive structure Behavior Active structure
What are the aspects of ArchiMate full framework?
Passive strucutre behavior active structure motivation
What are key resources
Physical resources, intellectual resources, Human resources, Financial resources
What is a message flow
Represents a flow of information or materials between two process parties (pools)
What are motivation elements?
Represents the context of or reason behind the architecture
What are the external attributes of ArchiMate
Service Interface
What are the layers of ArchiMate full framework?
Strategy Business Application Technology Physical Implementation & migration
What is the application layers services?
The application layer supports the business layer with applicationservices which are realized by (software) application components
What is active structural elements?
The business actors, application components, and devices that display actual behavior
What is the business layer services?
The business layer offers products and services to external customers, which are realized in the organization by business processes
Let us consider the order-to-cash process of a company called CoolIT that sells air conditioning systems. Which of the following is likely to be modeled as a pool?
The customer, A subcontractor of CoolIT
What is B. Business architecture ?
The development of the baseline and target business architecture based on architecture vision develop and analyze the gaps
What is D. Technology architecture
The development of the baseline and target technology architecture based on architecture vision develop and analyze the gaps
What is 1. preliminary phase
The preparation for the architecture project
What is architectural model?
The representation of the essence of an architecture in the unambiguous form
Syntax for sequence flow
The sequence flow cannot cross the boundaries of a pool
What is the technology layers services?
The technology layer offers infrastructural services (e.g., processing, storage, and communication services) needed to run applications, realized by computer and communication devices and system software.
Parts to a Business model canvas
Value proposition Key activities Key resources Customer segments Customer relationships Channels Key partners Cost structure Revenue streams
When does the OR-join Gateway proceed?
When one of the active branches have completed
If a task has two input arcs, it is the same as if the task was preceded by an:
XOR Join
Which type of gateway moves each token it receives in one of its input arcs to its output arc?
XOR Join
what is collective behavior?
a behavior performed by a collaboration of multiple structural elements
What is individual behavior?
a behavior performed by an individual structural element
What is service orientation ?
a layered view of enterprise models, where the service concept is one of the main linking pins between the different layers
What is a process?
a process represents a sequence of behaviors that achieves a specific result (A arrow)
What is a viewpoint?
a specification of the conventions for constructing, interpreting, using and analyzing one type of architecture view
What is the BSC learning and growing perspective?
addresses the corporate and individual ability to change and improve, which is critical to any knowledge intensive organization
How can EA be viewed as a product?
an architecture product is a collection of artifacts that document an architecture - it guides the managers, system developers
What are the layers of the ArchiMate core framework?
business application technology physical
Why do enterprises change
businesses need to transform based on the changing environment to remain competitive; any enterprise architecture should accommodate and facilitate change and agility
what is an external behavior element?
called a service, represents an explicitly defined exposed behavior
What is a service?
defines as a unit of functionality that some entity makes available to its environment, and which has some value for certain entities in the environment
Types of disruptive technologies
e-commerce, social networks, AI, machine learning, IoT, augmented reality, blockchain, electric cars
What is the BSC customer perspective?
how the enterprise should appear to its customers, with measures like customer satisfaction
What is passive structural elements ?
informational objects, physical objects
What is an external view?
it is for external users, only this external functionality, together with non functional aspects such as the quality of service costs. - they are accessible through interfaces, which constitutes the external view of the structural aspect
What is an External Drivers?
it is the regulatory authority necessary for companies to have a thorough insight into their structure and operations
what is F. Migration planning
planning to move from the baseline to the target architectures by finalizing a detailed implementation and migration plan
What is a function?
represents a collection of behavior based on specific criteria, such as required resources, competencies, or location (a arrow pointing up)
What is interaction?
represents a unit of collective behavior that must be performed by two or more internal active structure elements, either assigned directly or aggregated in a collaboration (A circle split in half)
What is collaboration?
represents an aggregate of two or more internal active structure elements, working together to perform some collective behavior (a venn diagram)
What is a passive structure element?
represents an element on which behavior is performed (Looks like a rectangle with a line at the top)
What is architecture?
the art and science of designing complex structures, an instrument to manage the complexity and to facilitate change
What is C. information systems architecture
the development of the baseline and target information systems architectures based on architecture vision develop and analyze the gaps
Can sequence flow and message flow cross the boundaries of a lane
yes it can