ITP 415 Final Exam
proactive security (super important to prevent hacking or cyberattacks)
Every IoT system requires an increased focus on?
faster, flexible, granule, accurate, efficient
Supply chain 4.0 is more?
power distance, individualism, masculine/feminine, tolerance of uncertainty (avoidance), long term vs. short term orientation, indulgence vs. restraint
What are Hofstede's cultural dimensions?
lock-in, reliability, lack of control, & security
What are the "onions" of cloud computing?
set of rules, standard language, that governs how data is transported and delivered within a network
What is a protocol for communication (IoT)?
suppliers, the firm, distributors, & consumers
Cloud computing and storage connects data from?
specialization; resources and direction across subunits
Differentiation enables ____, while integration coordinates ____?
high-information processing requirement and tend to require decision-making capabilities close to the environment
Environments or subprocesses that experience high levels of uncertainty or variation have a?
determine ecological impact, monitor ethical performance, track effectiveness of strategies, lower emissions in transport, & efficient delivery routes
How can AI help sustainability in sc?
adds new value, offers new business models (ex: amazon)
How does AI bring value to digital sc as a differentiator?
improve current performances, extend operation limits (ex: automotive industry)
How does AI bring value to digital sc as an accelerator?
AI-powered GPS tool called ORION creates adaptive efficient routes reducing delivery miles by 100 million
How does UPS use AI in sc transportation (downstream)?
acquisition of an image -> image processing -> analysis
How does computer vision work?
design language (helps balance differentiation and integration necessary to be adaptable by offering real-time info)
IoT is not a tech or a platform, rather it is a?
predictions and prescriptions
Machine learning (ML) provides?
60% in 6 years from 12% in 2020
Robots in dc and warehouses is expected to reach (downstream)?
digital value chain
The future sc is?
legacy approach, system roll-out, end-to-end approach in a narrow segment of business
What are 3 common failures that block digital sc transformation?
lower power distance index (avoid concentration of authority), high individualism, leaning masculine (success/achievement vs. equality/caring), lower uncertainty avoidance (more risks, less adherence to rules), short-term orientation (historic, less future-oriented)
What are America's cultural dimensions?
the mechanism that facilitates their movement
What are actuators categorized by?
devices that produce an active response as a result of info gathered by sensors or signals, or simply implement actions in response to commands (ex: hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical, electronic, and software actuators)
What are actuators?
speak to suppliers, set and send actions to suppliers regarding governance and compliance, place purchasing requests, research and answer internal questions, file invoices
What are chatbots' daily tasks for streamlining procurement (upstream)?
collaborative robots safe with humans
What are cobots?
devices that gather data about context through monitoring, measuring, or reading something (ex: temp, pressure, proximity)
What are sensors?
precision farming, digital twin in farms
What are some applications of AI in agriculture sc?
AI designer/stylist, robot (sewbot)
What are some applications of AI in apparel industry?
face detection and recognition, optical character recognition, automatic tagging of image, image generation (GAN), virtual reality, drone terrain mapping
What are some applications of computer vision?
voice assistants (Siri), question answering systems, text summarization algorithms, chatbots, sentiment analysis, machine translation
What are some applications of natural language processing (NLP)?
values, customs, symbols, language (including non-verbal gestures)
What are some aspects of culture?
automotive industry (self driving cars), security industry (facial detection), healthcare (detect tumors or brain strokes and help visually impaired people), retail (virtual mirror tech), visual search and e-commerce (online shopping), marketing (customer preferences)
What are some business applications of computer vision?
customer service, reputation monitoring, ad placement, market intelligence, regulatory compliance
What are some business applications of natural language processing (NLP)?
cyber security and privacy, lack of understanding of tech, lack of capital, economic uncertainty, lack of adequate talent to implement, & cultural aversion to risk
What are some examples of barriers to adopting innovation tech?
reduce fraud, improve sc visibility, improve inventory management, reduce courier costs, increase customer/partner trust, reduce paperwork delays, faster issue identification
What are some examples of benefits of blockchain and distributed ledger tech?
cold chain temp and humidity integrity, quality control, & streamlined production
What are some examples of benefits of internet of things?
lot tracking/traceability, sc monitoring, security, automatic check-out, & replenishment
What are some examples of benefits of sensors and automatic identification (RFID, barcodes, etc.)?
cycle counting (manufacturing/warehousing), real-time replenishment (retail), field services (monitoring), & data collection (sales)
What are some examples of benefits of wearable and mobile tech?
layoffs (china), contracts (brazil, holland, asia), superstition (central america), personal relationship (japan), patience and time (north america), professional trust (asia)
What are some examples of culture issues in global sc performance?
beliefs, values, perceptions, expectations, attitudes, assumptions
What are some examples of invisible cultural differences?
communication styles, attitudes toward conflict, approaches to completing tasks, decision-making styles, attitudes toward disclosure, approaches to knowing
What are some examples of visual cultural differences?
physical tasks (dangerous to humans), robotic process automation, robots working with humans (human face requirement)
What are some robots applications?
scale and cost, encapsulated change management, next-generation architectures, & choice and agility
What are the "roses" of cloud computing?
1) machines perform routine tasks in stable environments while sc organizations must constantly adapt to changing environments 2) machines do what they are told, people do what they are motivated to do
What are the 2 major differences between sc organizations and machines?
1) intelligent 2) interactive 3) interconnected
What are the 3 I's of the digital supply chain network?
1) reporting; rearview mirror 2) scorecarding: dashboard (KPI) 3) benchmarking: complete marketplace picture (don't be data rich information poor aka "drip")
What are the 3 applications of visibility using digitization?
1) skill gap 2) increased data storage challenges 3) connectivity issues
What are the 3 challenges of implementing IoT in sc?
1) potential privacy and security concerns 2) concerns about the impact of the IoT on e-waste 3) potential for job losses (rather than focusing on potential for job creation)
What are the 3 risks of implementing IoT in sc?
1) substituting for workers 2) complementing workers 3) improving the functions of management (human leadership is still essential)
What are the 3 types of opportunities to look for when identifying ways that the IoT can help sc perform better?
1) sensors 2) actuators 3) communication 4) intelligence
What are the 4 parts of an IoT network?
1) establish how will the connected device be used and for what purpose 2) identify the potential impact of the threat 3) identify potential vulnerabilities and pair with an impact 4) identify all possible threats
What are the 4 steps of mitigating risks of IoT implementation?
1) supervised learning (output: predict housing prices) 2) unsupervised learning (customer journeys on website; no given output) 3) reinforcement learning (trade in a financial portfolio; rewarding for getting closer to max) 4) deep learning (neural network; learns what an object looks like and can recognize later)
What are the 4 types of machine learning (ML)?
1) lead time reduction 2) rapid prototyping 3) mass customization 4) supplier sourcing
What are the 4 ways 3D printing has improved sc?
1) scalability 2) interoperability 3) usability 4) last mile challenge 5) implementation cost
What are the 5 challenges for blockchain implementation in scm?
1) customers buy experience, not products 2) real-time inventory network control (dynamic planning) 3) building an ecosystem that is actionable 4) optimized micro sc (customer centric w/ optimized efficiency for each order) 5) end-to-end sc visibility (sc orchestration <- track & trace <- long-term forecasting)
What are the 5 trends forcing innovation in sc?
machine learning, natural language processing (NLP), speech, computer vision, expert systems, planning and optimization, robotics and manufacturing optimization
What are the AI classifications?
wide area network (WAN), local area network (LAN), & personal area network (PAN)
What are the available connection options for communication in IoT?
biases (racial, ethnic), privacy (gov surveillance), and machine decisions (human or society in the loop)
What are the ethical concerns of AI?
hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), internet protocol version 6 (IPv6), message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT), and constrained application protocol (CoAP)
What are the various protocols for communication in IoT?
an open, distributed platform which can quickly and reliably record data transactions between two parties in an irreversible way that can have many applications in the sc
What is blockchain?
tools that enable flow of info between other components
What is communication (IoT)?
subfield of AI that uses algorithms to understand images and videos, the same way a human eye does
What is computer vision?
the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one human group over another (Geert Hofstede)
What is culture?
subunits of an organization can focus on specific tasks in order to develop expertise and economies of scale
What is differentiation (IoT)?
computing that happens between the cloud and the organization that allows organizations to analyze and act on time-sensitive IoT data before it is backed up in the cloud
What is fog computing?
linking activities of specialized subunits to achieve a higher goal
What is integration (IoT)?
analysis capability that makes sense of data and determines desired actions (machine learning decisions or humans can use the data to make decisions)
What is intelligence (IoT)?
algorithms detect patterns and learn how to make predictions and recommendations by processing data and experiences, adapting over time in response to new data improving efficiency
What is machine learning (ML)?
subfield of Al that uses algorithms to understand, interpret, and manipulate human language
What is natural language processing (NLP)?
the application of the IoT, use of advanced robotics, and the application of advanced analytics of big data in sc management: place sensors in everything, create networks everywhere, automate anything, and analyze everything to significantly improve performance and customer satisfaction
What is supply chain 4.0?
real-time location-tracking, storage condition monitoring, forecast the movement and the arrival of the product, improve contingency planning
What is the application of IoT in logistics: delivery?
locate goods in the warehouse for increased efficiency, better inventory management, and employee safety
What is the application of IoT in logistics: warehousing?
ex: magic bands at Disney
What is the application of IoT in operation: entertainment (downstream)?
building automation systems, coordinate maintenance, monitor equipment
What is the application of IoT in operation: facility managements (upstream to downstream)?
predictive/proactive care, improve treatment, enhance patient experience
What is the application of IoT in operation: healthcare (downstream)?
increase coordination and managerial control, automatically implement maintenance
What is the application of IoT in operation: productivity (midstream & upstream)?
higher speed and accuracy, improved flexibility, better segmentation, increased efficiency
What is the application of IoT in retailers sc (downstream)?
"farm-to-fork" using weather station data, scanners to analyze soil and map fields to maximize yield, product forecasts
What is the application of IoT in the agriculture sc (upstream & downstream)?
sensors monitor natural resource availability
What is the application of IoT in the agriculture sc (upstream)?
inventory management, process efficiency, asset monitoring, process automation, sc integration, real-time feedback, customization management, wearables and smart clothing
What is the application of IoT in the apparel sc?
uses very small amount of battery but also provides low bandwidth
What is the benefit and downfall of Bluetooth?
significant bandwidth but heavy on battery usage
What is the benefit and downfall of Wi-Fi?
capture collective intelligence of humans and do a given task better than any individual human could
What is the goal of artificial intelligence from a CS perspective (AI)?
51% vs. 29%
What is the percentage of firms that gather IoT data versus those that use it to inform real-time decision-making (2016)?
use differentiation and integration to match information-processing capacity to the information-processing requirement of different tasks
What is the rule of thumb for organizational design?
15% of North American and 25% of western European
What percent of manufacturers no longer manufacture in their home markets?
unit cost vs. global cost, operational issues, business models, risks, finance
When designing global sc, enterprises consider?
sustainability and culture
When designing global sc, enterprises rarely consider?
cloud-based storage (not all data has to be housed in local memory)
When sufficient bandwidth exists, how can the IoT store data?
use storage and processors closer to the sensors
Where bandwidth is insufficient, or can't tolerate any delays in receiving data, how can the IoT store data?