Jamie`s Psychology Exam Study Guide
According to Lazarus, our first task when faced with a potential stressor is to estimate its severity and to determine whether it is a challenge or threat. This evaluation is referred to as a ________. a) primary appraisal b) secondary appraisal c) stress-related decision d) hassle-related decision
A
At birth, newborns seem most responsive to________. a) high pitches and low pitches b) hip hop music c) moderate voice pitches d) rock and roll music
A
Changing one's own behavior to match that of other people is known as _________. a) conformity c) individualism b) acculturation d) collectivism
A
Concepts are ideas that represent ________. a) a class or category of objects, events, or activities b) patterns of behavior c) higher-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers d) none of these
A
Extrinsic motivation is defined as the pursuit of an activity ________. a) for external reward b) for its own sake c) to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation d) in order to increase one's competence and skills
A
For Freud, thoughts and feelings that are well below the surface of awareness and are difficult to recall are in the ______ mind. a) unconscious b) preconscious c) collective unconscious d) conscious
A
In any given year, about ______ percent of adults over the age of 18 suffer from a mental disorder. a) 26 c) 33 b) 12 d) 43
A
Mei is Chinese American, and very loyal to her family. Her sister lives with her, and she mails money back to China to her family. Mei's way of life is typical of someone who comes from a culture that is _________. a) collectivistic b) low in power distance c) feminine d) low in uncertainty avoidance
A
Perception is the ________. a) process by which people take all the sensations they experience at any given moment and interpret them in some meaningful fashion b) action of physical stimuli on receptors leading to sensations c) interpretation of memory based on selective attention d) act of selective attention from sensory storage
A
Psychiatrists most likely place a greater emphasis on the _______________ roots of psychological disorders, compared to other psychological professionals. a) biological c) cognitive b) behavioral d) humanistic
A
The best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts is in ________. a) the biology classroom b) an auditorium to prevent cheating c) the English classroom d) the special testing room used for all exams
A
The kind of therapy that involves talking things out with a professional is called ________. a) psychotherapy c) physical therapy b) biomedical therapy d) electroconvulsive therapy
A
The psychodynamic model views anxiety as __________. a) a danger signal that repressed conflicts are threatening to surface b) a learned reaction c) the result of illogical, irrational, thought processes d) linked to an imbalance in several neurotransmitters in the nervous system
A
The tendency to perceive and approach problems in the same ways that have worked in the past is called ________. a) mental set b) means-end analysis c) noncompensatory modeling d) prototypical idealization
A
The use of learning techniques to modify or change undesirable behavior and increase desirable behaviors is called _______. a) behavior modification b) empty chair technique c) reflection d) selective thinking
A
What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response? a) punishment b) positive reinforcement c) negative reinforcement d) positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
A
Which of the following is a sleep disorder? a) narcolepsy b) REM rebound c) activation-synthesis d) rapid eye movement
A
Which of these careers is available to someone with a master's degree? a) licensed marriage and family therapist b) clinical psychologist c) counseling psychologist d) social psychologist
A
. Learning that occurs but is not immediately reflected in a behavior change is called ______. a) insight c) vicarious learning b) innate learning d) latent learning
D
A circadian cycle is about ________ hours long. a) 1.5 c) 6 b) 12 d) 24
D
A medical doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating psychological disorders is a a) psychologist. b) psychotherapist. c) psychiatric social worker d) psychiatrist
D
Alfred Binet designed the first ________ test. a) aptitude c) perception b) performance-based d) intelligence
D
Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of ________. a) self-awareness b) self-absorption c) waking consciousness d) altered states of consciousness
D
REM sleep refers to ________. a) dreamless sleep b) sleep induced by sleeping pills c) sleep periods in which sleepwalking is likely d) sleep periods in which a person's eyes move rapidly
D
Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ________ rehearsal. a) repetitive c) elaborative b) imagery d) maintenance
D
Sandy has a tendency to make everything seem much worse than it actually is. Beck would say that Sandy has a tendency to engage in ___________. a) over generalization b) minimization c) all-or-nothing-thinking d) magnification
D
Stage 4 sleep is marked by ________ waves. a) alpha c) theta b) beta d) delta
D
The goals of psychology are to _______. a) explore the conscious and unconscious functions of the human mind b) understand, compare, and analyze human behavior c) improve psychological well-being in all individuals from birth until death d) describe, explain, predict, and control behavior
D
Under what circumstances will a reinforcer make the target response more likely to occur again? a) if it is a primary reinforcer b) if it is a positive reinforcer c) if it is a negative reinforcer d) regardless of whether it is a positive or negative reinforcer, a reinforcer makes a response more likely to occur.
D
What is the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages? a) latency, anal, oral, genital, phallic b) oral, genital, latency, phallic, anal c) anal, oral, latency, phallic, genital d) oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
D
Which of the following is a form of social influence? a) attidude c) obedience b) cognitive dissonance d) altruism
D
Which term refers to a way to define abnormality by comparing an individual's behavior to the norms or standards of the society in which an individual lives? a) social discomfort b) social mores c) social context d) social norm deviance
D
________ occur when the sensory organs - the eyes, ears, nose, skin, and taste buds - are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain. a) Perceptions c) Cognitions b) Emotions d) Sensations
D
Dr. Kendrick has recently received her Psy.D. degree. What does Psy.D. stand for? a) doctor of medicine b) doctor of psychology c) doctor of philosophy d) doctor of education
B
Fear of public speaking and stage fright are both examples of ______ phobias. a) specific c) complex b) social d) interactive
B
Hormones are___________. a) the female gonads b) chemicals released into the bloodstream by the endocrine glands c) chemicals found in the synaptic vesicles, which when released have an effect on the next cell d) the male gonads
B
If the president says, "Everything in the war is going as planned. Trust me, I am the president," he is using which path of processing? a) under-route processing b) peripheral-route processing c) central-route processing d) classic-route processing
B
In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages. a) cohort b) longitudinal c) behavior genetics d) cross-sectional
B
People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above ________. a) 120 c) 140 b) 130 d) 150
B
Piaget's term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is ______. a) conservation b) object permanence c) centration d) egocentrism
B
Sydney said, "I don't care much about my grades as long as I'm the most popular girl in the class!" What need is this? a) need for achievement b) need for affiliation c) need for power d) need for sex
B
The Latin word meaning ________ connects both motive and emotion. a) "emote" c) "mote" b) "move" d) "mate"
B
The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be a_________. a) revolving door c) desktop b) filing cabinet d) television
B
The social group viewed as the one with which a person identifies is called a(n) ________. a) pariah c) threat-group b) in-group d) out-group
B
What part of the brain acts as a relay station for incoming sensory information? a) hypothalamus b) thalamus c) cerebellum d) pituitary gland
B
Where are the taste receptors located? a) on the papillae b) on the taste buds c) on the microvilli d) in the gustatory bulb
B
Which of the following hormones plays a role in producing pleasurable feelings during sexual activity and during breastfeeding? a) testosterone c) insulin b) oxytocin d) adreline
B
Which of the following is a relatively small part of a school psychologist's job? a) testing students to diagnose possible educational problems b) counseling students with various everyday problems c) acting as a consultant to teachers, school boards, and administrators d) creating programs to help combat obesity among students
B
Which part of the nervous system takes the information received from the senses, makes sense out of it, makes decisions, and sends commands out to the muscles and the rest of the body? a) spinal cord b) brain c) reflexes d) interneurons
B
Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell? a) axon b)soma c) dendrite d) cell membrane
B
Which perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization? a) psychoanalysis b) humanism c) cognitive perspective d) behaviorism
B
Which sequence of events in emotional responses is characteristic of the James-Lange theory of emotion? a) stimulus -> emotion-->physiological reaction b) stimulus -> physiological reaction -> emotion c) physiological reaction-> stimulus -> emotion d) stimulus -> emotion AND physiological reaction (simultaneous)
B
Who was an early proponent of functionalism? a) Ivan Pavlov b) William James c) Wilhelm Wundt d) Max Wertheimer
B
_______ is the retention of memory for some period of time. a) Encoding c) Retrieval b) Storage d) Evaluation
B
"Boys are strong and manly" and "girls are emotional and caring" are both examples of _______. a) empirically-backed sociological research findings b) biological realities about gender c) stereotyped thinking about the sexes d) cultural norms on gender inequality
C
"Out of sight, out of mind" is a cliché that is consistent with the _____________ rule of interpersonal attraction. a) physical attractiveness b) similarity c)proximity d) reciprocal liking
C
A shared set of beliefs, behaviors, values, and attitudes held by a group of people or a society are known as that society's _______. a) etics c) culture b) emics d) norms
C
According to Carl Rogers, anxiety and neurotic behaviors occur when _______. a) a person has low self-esteem b) there is matching between the real self and ideal self c) there is a mismatch between the real self and ideal self d) the individual receives too much unconditional positive regard
C
An illusion ________. a) is the same thing as a vision b) is due to the action of the rods versus the cones in the retina c) is a perception that does not correspond to reality d) corresponds directly to something that you dreamed
C
Because the culture in the United States is broadly to NOT accept that the power within the culture is held in the hands of a very select few, the United States is said to be _________. a) low in power distance b) high in power distance c) masculine d) feminine
C
Bob has been under a physician's care for bipolar disorder. Bob's doctor is most likely to prescribe which of the following to treat Bob's disorder? a) Ritalin b) tricyclics c) lithium d) Prozac
C
Gardner and his associates are known for proposing ________. a) the generalized theory of intelligence b) the triarchic theory of intelligence c) the theory of multiple intelligences d) the theory of emotional intelligence
C
Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________. a) dislike; hatred b) hatred; dislike c) behavior;attitude d) attitude; behavior
C
Sheldon is a sports psychologist. His tasks include _______________. a) developing weight training and agility drills b) creating sports programs for professional athletes c) assisting athletes to develop their concentration skills d) testing athletes to diagnose possible educational problems
C
The Internet, with its series of links from one site to many others, is a good analogy for the organization of ________. a) short-term memory b) episodic memory c) long-term memory d) nondeclarative memory
C
The form of behavioral therapy in which an undesirable behavior is paired with an unpleasant stimulus to reduce the frequency of the behavior is called _______. a) token economy b) operant conditioning c) aversion therapy d) participant modeling
C
The two main divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. a) brain; spinal cord b) autonomic; somatic nervous systems c) peripheral nervous system; central nervous system d) glands; muscles
C
What do we call judgments about people, situations, objects, or thoughts? a) cognitions c) attitudes b) stereotypes d) attributions
C
___________ develop when two eggs each get fertilized by two different sperm, resulting in two zygotes in the uterus at the same time. a) Monozygotic twins b) Fraternal twins c) Dizygotic twins d) Wombmates
C
________is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group, but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group. a) The double-blind study b) Field research c) The single-blind study d) Correlational research
C
. Changes controlled by a genetic blueprint, such as an increase in height or the size of the brain, are examples of ___________________. a) maturation c) habituation b) learning d) growth cycles
A
. Freud would say that phobias are ________whereas Watson would say that phobias are ________. a) learned; inherited b) repressed conflicts; learned c) sexual; unconscious d) conditioned; unconditioned
B
. Which of the following properties of sound is the most similar to the brightness of light? a) pitch c) purity b) volume d) timbre
B
A(n) ______________________ is a section of DNA containing a sequence of amines. a) compound b) gene c) chromosome d) amine
B
At what age does children's language have the fluency of adult language? a) 4 years c) 7 years b) 6 years d) 5 years
B
