Judaism
in US ___ in __ Jews doesn't marry, or marries out of Judaism
1 in 2
Symbols of Sukkot
1) Palm frond 2) Citron 3) Leaves of Myrtle and Willow tree
Israelite Religion
1,000 - 586 BCE
How many of the Jews were exterminated ?
1/3
Moses Maimonides
1135-1204
When did Christians attempt to recapture Spain from the Muslims?
12th cent.
In the 2000 there were approximately ____________ Jews worldwide
13 million
When did Koseba Lead another revolt against Roman occupation?
132 CE
in ______, Jews could convert, or leave; thousands fled
1492
Antisemitic movements began in France and Germany in
1880's
When was the last deportation?
1944
When did Israel become a nation?
1948
Jews obtained equal rights in
19th C
for the past ____________, Jews have returned to being wanderers in lands under which they had no control
2 millennia
in 1800 there were approximately _____ Jews
3 million Jews worldwide
There are over ___________ million Jews in Israel.
4.8
How many Jews live in america?
5,600,000
How many jews live in north america?
5.8 Million
Second Temple Judaism
515 BCE - 70CE
Pentecost is how many days after passover
52
Babylonians conquer the kingdom of Judah in
586 BCE
How many Jews live in Israel?
6,200,000
__________ commandments are pulled from their context in the Torah, which also contains historical information
613
The Talmud contains ______ tractates on agriculture, holy days, civil and criminal law, marriage, temple sacrifices, ritual purity & pollution
63
when did many Jews came under Muslim rule?
634-750 CE
How many Jews does France have?
650,000
When did the Jews rise against the Romans?
66 CE
When was Jerusalem taken and the temple destroyed?
70 CE
Rabbinic Judaism
70 CE - Present
Assyrians conquer kingdom of Israel in
722 BCE
What percent of Jews live in Israel and USA
80%
new Roman city established on ruins of Jerusalem
Aelia Capitolina
Which city becomes a leading city in Egypt?
Alexandria
Judeans revolted against _________
Antiochus IV
Eventually Judaism was influenced by
Aristotle
Who destroyed Jerusalem and Solomonic temple?
Babylonian, Nebuchadnezzar
Traditional blessing is recited
Blessed are you, O Lord our God, King of the universe, who brings forth bread from the earth."
Kiddush
Blessings
Sefer Ha-Zohar
Book of Splendor
many Hasidim live in
Brooklyn, New York
Mezuzah
By the front door is a small box containing scripture Upper part of the right doorpost of front door Similar boxes on doorposts of living rooms
large populations of Jews are in
Canada France United Kingdom Argentina Russia Germany Australia
Facts about Hanukah
Celebrates the rededication of the temple after its defilement in 165 BCE Miracle of the oil; Hasmoneans could only find one cruse of oil needed for rededication; only enough for a day; the cruze lasted for all eight days Chief symbol is the menorah; candlestand of nine candles, or lamps Celebrated in December
after 9th cent., persecution of Jews in Christian France expanded to
Christian Europe
What was forbidden after the 132 CE revolt?
Circumcision
How were jews identified?
Circumcision Observing the sabbath Obeying sabbatical year Recognizing the Torah Obeying temple Only marrying jews
Herod is remembered as a builder of
Cities of Sebaste and Caesarea Fortresses of Masada and Herodium Palaces, theatres, and amphitheaters The Jerusalem temple and temples abroad
Bat Mitzvah
Coming-of-age ceremony for a young Jewish girl
Who gains control of the Babylonian empire
Cyrus, the Persian
Yom Kippur
Day of Atonement
3 elements of the covenant
Description of what maker of covenant has done Set of stipulations for Israel List of woes and blessings
Shema prayer
Deuteronomy 6:4-9 "Hear, O Israel, the Lord is our God. The Lord is one."
What replaced the ark in the 2nd temple?
Empty cubed space
celibate with strict diet
Essenes
could be qumran , authors of Dead Sea Scrolls
Essenes
established monastic communities apart from temple
Essenes
made sharp distinctions between insiders and outsiders
Essenes
pooled their resources
Essenes
strict interpreters of the law and ritually pure
Essenes
Ferdinand and Isabella scattered the Kabbal across ______ in _______
Europe, 1492 CE
True or false Judaism was made illegal under the rule of Constantine
False
True or False it was not difficult for Jews dispersed throughout the Mediterranean world to make pilgrimage to the temple for festivals
False it was difficult for Jews dispersed throughout the Mediterranean world to make pilgrimage to the temple for festivals
True or false All Jews support existence of the state
False some orthodox Jews do not support existence of the state
True or false rites of animal sacrifice occur in synagogue
False no rite of animal sacrifice in synagogue
Sukkot
Feast of Tabernacles
When is purim celebrated?
February
Judas Maccabeus' victory celebrated today is the ______________
Festival of Lights (Hanukkah)
Three senses of Torah
First five books The whole of Jewish scripture Ethical teachings of the rabbis
Hebrew Canon
Five Books of the Law (Law of Moses; Torah) were brought back from exile
What became a focal point in Jewish life?
Five Books of the Law Law of Moses; Torah
Third largest JEwish population lives in
France
Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac
French Scholar and interpreter of text Wrote commentaries on the Hebrew scriptures (OT) and Talmud His commentary on the Torah was the first book ever printed in Hebrew
Jesus was a
Galilean Jewish teacher
Where became the center of Jewish life after revolt of 132 CE?
Galilee
Where did the gathering together of exiles in Babylon carried over into?
Galilee and Judea
hashgaha
God controls and guides the universe
Covenant with Moses
God delivered the Hebrews from the Egyptians and gave them the 10 commandments
divine transcendence of god
God is other than what God has created Above and beyond human comprehension Merciful, listens to prayer, acts in history, maintains covenant relationship
Covenant with Abraham
God promise is to make Abraham ancestor of a great nation, and give land of Israel to him and his descendants
Covenant of Adam and Eve
God supplies their needs but they must not eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil
one ___, one ____, one _____
God, humanity, world
What was Jewish thought influenced by?
Greek philosophy
Festival of Lights
Hanukkah
Tanakh
Hebrew Scriptures
Commonalities of Alexandrian and Babylonian Judaism
Hebrew writings Primacy of Jerusalem and the temple Priests were undisputed rulers High priest were the glory of the city.
Those who opposed romans hated who?
Herod
Who was king of the Jews in 40 BCE?
Herod
two famous rabbis
Hillel and Shammai
Where is considered a strong haven for Jews?
Israel
Three phases of Jewish history
Israelite Religion Second Temple Judaism Rabbinic Judaism
Where is the West wall of the temple
Jerusalem
two Talmuds
Jerusalem and Babylonian, which is largest and most widely used
Rosh Hashanah
Jewish New Year
what is Shema?
Jewish affirmation of monotheism
Why do some jews have reason to be confident in the future?
Jews managed to outlive a succession of oppressors Have increased depth & richness of Jewish spirituality
Ashkenazi Judaism
Judaism in northern France and Germany
Sephardic Judaism
Judaism in spain
what arose as a challenge to rationalism of Maimonides and the legalism of Talmud study?
Kabbal
Torah
Law of Moses First 5 books
Conservative Judaism
Leadership in US provided by Solomon Schechter Committed to tradition, but with adjustment if necessary Some congregations use organ, some not; some observe dietary rules, some not
What is the key reference for decision making among the Diaspora Jews from its beginning, CE 200
Mishnah
what is compiled in the Mishnah and Talmud?
Mitzvah
Moshe ben Maimon
Moses Maimonides
Who wrote the text Sefer Ha-Zohar?
Moses de Leon of Spain in13th cent
Judaism's foremost Jewish philosopher
Moshe ben Maimon
Later on Judaism was influenced by
Neo-Platonism
The Kabbal was influenced by what?
Neoplatonic philosophy of divine descent and ascent
The largest Jewish group lives in
North America
How often was Yom Kippur?
Once a year
Ethical teachings of the rabbis
Oral Torah
Babylon came under who's control after Alexander's death?
Parthian control
pesach
Passover
Three Pilgrim Festivals
Passover, Pentecost, Tabernacles
First five books
Pentateuch; Law of Moses
Johanan ben Zakkai's school was
Pharisaical in tone
considered "fathers of rabbinic Judaism"
Pharisees
only group to survive the destruction of Jerusalem
Pharisees
willing to accommodate Roman rule and Greek culture
Pharisees
Who annexed Judea in 63 BCE?
Pompey
Covenant with Noah
Preservation of Noah and his family during the flood Through Noah a promise was made not to repeat the flood
Who led jerusalem?
Priests
Nevi'im
Prophets Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings Major: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel Minor: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi
Which psalm was written during the period of exile?
Psalm 137
Who supported Koseba?
Rabbi Akiba as Messiah
Who taught negative theology aka what god is not?
Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon
Who wrote Mishnah Torah; code of rules and laws of Judaism (halakhah)
Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon
three main branches likely to be encountered in the United States:
Reform Judaism Orthodox Judaism Conservative Judaism
In orthodox Judaism
Regard for rabbi as teacher and interpreter of Torah Strong emphasis on education Zionistic; support the state of Israel Hope for a Messiah
Rejected bodily resurrection
Sadducees
friendly to the Romans
Sadducees
priestly party in Jerusalem
Sadducees
rejected oral torah
Sadducees
rejected postmortem rewards and punishments
Sadducees
suspicious of Greek culture
Sadducees
Four Sects in 1st Century
Sadducees Essenes Zealots Pharisees
first woman Rabbi,
Sally Jane Priesand, was ordained in Reform Judaism, 1972
Core text of Kabbal
Sefer Ha-Zohar
Who gave Herod the title "King"?
Senate
Most important Jewish holiday
Shabbat
what does Shabbat commemorate?
Shabbat commemorates both the creation of the world and deliverance from Egyp
immanence
Shekinah
what appears to prophets that is not God himself
Shekinah glory
some mystics say
Shekinah is in exile, the world is in need of repair
Who builds the first temple?
Solomon
Who was King David's son?
Solomon
golden age of literary achievement
Spain 10th and 11th cent
Christians attacked Jews in
Spain, 1391; forced to convert, called "swine"
Logos
Stoic Idea of Reason
Early on Judaism was influenced by
Stoic philosophy
Jerusalem was under who's rule after alexander died?
Syrian
Judas Maccabeus led a revolt against the _______
Syrians
What blurs distinction between sacred and profane
Talmud
What is not concerned with answers, but with questions & the process of answering them?
Talmud
What was the oral Torah put into writing after 2nd revolt failure
Talmud
Three textual traditions
Tanakh Mishnah Talmud
When young
Taught the Shema Studies Hebrew and sacred books Girls learn how to keep a Jewish home
God's indwelling
Temple and the world
What kind of community was Jerusalem?
Temple community
Shabbat
The Jewish Sabbath; begins at sundown Friday and ends at sundown Saturday.
Israelites viewed God as
The Lord of history
Talmud
The collection of Jewish rabbinic discussion pertaining to law, ethics
What happened to empire after alexander's death?
The empire broke off into smaller units
Solomon build which temple?
The first and only temple
Where was the ark of the covenant kept
The temple
Which crust of society was taken into exile in Babylon to manage captured territory
The uppercrust
Kotel
The west wall
Where do many jews believe is the holiest place on earth
The west wall
What happens during purim?
There are parties and sending of gifts to those in need The scroll of the book of Esther is read in the synagogue Raucous event with noise makers for every time the word "Haman" is spoken
What happened to the Jews in Babylon after Alexander's death?
They were cut off from Jerusalem - separated by politics and language (spoke Aramaic)
Maimonides drew up "________________"
Thirteen Principles of the Faith
symbolic foods of passover
Three wafers bitter herbs sweet paste salt water rosted bone roasted egg 4 cups of wine
Division of the Hebrew Scriptures
Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim
Modern judaism
Torah not considered as factual and binding Dietary laws abandoned - prayers in the vernacular - organ introduced in worship Family pew replaced segregation of sexes Women can be rabbis Reason and experience establish truth of idea Emphasize ethical teachings of the prophets
Romans imposed ________ on Antiochus who increased taxes in Judea
Tribute
True or False Jewish is not a race, Judaism is not an unchanging institution
True
True or False Tanakh does not detail what it means to follow the commandments
True
True or False serious tensions among Jews in Israel in their attitudes toward Israel
True
True or False the Mishnah can be published separately, or in the midst of the Talmud
True
True or false A law is observed not because God said so, but because it is meaningful to modern religious experience.
True
True or false Conversion of Emperor Constantine to Christianity affected the Jews
True
True or false Covenant was unilateral
True
True or false Jewish scholars sought to reconcile Aristotle with biblical religion
True
True or false Jews believe universe owes its existence to one God
True
True or false Jews rose against Byzantine rule, the Byzantine army re-entered Jerusalem, Jews expelled
True
True or false Jews spoke Greek instead of Aramaic in Egypt?
True
True or false Jews were slaughtered by Crusaders on the way to and in Jerusalem
True
True or false Shekinah is an intermediary between God and humans during prophetic encounter
True
True or false Shekinah is identical with the glory of God
True
True or false Some change their names to hide jewishness
True
True or false for some, situations can be adjusted so that the law no longer applies
True
True or false some jews consider militarism of preserving it a contradiction of Jewish values
True
True or false strangers are lodged, poor helped, discipline enforced, public gatherings held, children taught
True
True or false the followers of Jesus retained their Jewish identity
True
True or false there was strict separation in Judea between Judean and non-Judean
True
True or false today, most believe that adjustment to modern world is essential if it does not conflict with the Torah - characteristics
True
True or false Jews are permitted to return to Jerusalem after 539 BCE
True
True or false being a Jew was made difficult by hatred of Christian leaders
True
true or false Hasidistics are isolated from the gentile world
True
When did hope for a Messiah to come and rescue his people arise?
Under roman rule
What is dealt with in a synagogue?
Worship and practical matters
Ketuvim
Writings Psalms, Proverbs, Job, Song of Songs, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes, Esther, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Chronicles
Did following the greek way of life create social tension?
Yes
Is Hasidim Ultra conservative?
Yes
Was there a large Jewish community in Egypt?
Yes
When did the high priest enter the temple to pray?
Yom Kippur
many perished in Jerusalem, others escaped to the fortress of Masada where they committed suicide 74CE
Zealots
Thomas Aquinas
a Christian theologian who quoted maimonides
Describe the Ark of the Covenant
a box with 2 cherubim containing the 10 commandments
what did the school function as?
a council, even called Sanhedrin
Israel is chosen not for privilege but for
a mission
Jews are described as
a nation or a people
Tanna
a rabbi of this period
what are jews not described as
a race
limitations called for
a restructuring of Jewish law a reimagining of Jewish theology
Israel is chosen (election) as
a special people among the peoples of the earth
What did Caligula order ?
a statue of himself as Zeus be placed in the temple
Judaism became
a textual tradition without offerings of animals, grain, and drink
Judaism is
a way of life - that practitioners stake their lives on - even if it means they must suffer and die
God is omniscient
all-knowing
God is omnipotent
all-powerful
During the reign of Philo of Alexandria Hebrew scriptures were explained using _________
allagory
What is a covenant?
an agreement between two people
What was offered at the temple?
animals, grain, and wine
when do jews read from the scroll of the Torah for the first time?
at 13
Koseba
bar Kokhba
When did the Talmud writings begin?
began with Mishnah in 3rd century
What must Israel do to obey mission?
believe that there is divine purpose for humanity in which they have a special role
get
bill of divorce
maror
bitter herbs
Hasidism attire
black dress and forelocks
challah
braided bread
since all human beings are created in this image, all men and women are
brothers and sisters
holocaust
burnt offering made to god in the temple
When were Christians excluded from synagogues?
c. CE 90
Shoah
catastrophe
Sign of God's Covenant with Abraham
circumcision
kosher
clean food
What did Judas Maccabeus do to the temple?
cleansed it
chant expressing
congregation's commitment to the unity of God is sung
in some branches of Judaism women can:
count in a minyan be included as a witness in court petition for divorce study Torah read Torah in worship wear prayer shawls and tefillin
What does purim celebrate?
deliverance of the Jews under King Ahasueras of the Persians through the work of Mordechai and Queen Esther against the scheming of Haman
God provides for the
destiny of individuals and nations
halacha
discussions of legal material
aggadah
discussions on folklore and ethics
one half of Jews in US
do not belong to a synagogue or a temple
When did Muslim, Jewish, and Christian religious leaders dialogued peacefully with one another
during the golden age of literary achievement
Pirqe Avot
earliest surviving work is a book of sayings
Ein Sof
endless one
The Kabbal encourages Jews to
engage in the task of repairing the world (tikkun olam) instead of waiting for the Messiah to do it
Judaism can be described as
ethical monotheism
Mitzvah
ethical or traditional requiremennts commandment
mitzvoth
every aspect of life governed by commandments
Talmud
exposition of the Mishnah and Torah
Shekinah
feminine image of God
eruv
fence or wire
Partisan groups were __________ that attacked the German army
formed in the Warsaw, Poland ghetto
Johanan ben Zakkai
founded a school at Jamnia
synagogue translated
gathering together
Theodicy
if God is all-knowing and all-powerful, why doesn't God identify and deal with evil? Especially since God is good
closing of the gates emphasizes
importance of last hour, that the gates remain open for a returning to God
Jews participated in
intellectual ferment of the Islamic Era of the 8th - 13th Centuries
Resurrection
interest in the fate of individual human beings led to notions of afterlife and belief in bodily resurrection
What replaced sacrifice and pilgrimage to Jerusalem when the temple was destroyed
it was replaced with the study of scripture, other sacred texts, prayer, and works of piety
God is ____________ of the world
judge
shochet
kosher butcher
only these meats can be eaten
lamb, beef, chicken
Shema
last words of a dying jew
when did Hasidism develop?
late 17th cent Poland
When did judaisms reform begin?
late 19th cent
God is both ______ and ______.
lawgiver and judge
Scribes
lawyers
Rabbi Samson Hirsch
leadership in US is provided at end of 19thC
Women in judaism
learning and teaching were closed off to women their testimony was not allowed in court women were in exile from their own communities for some, the source of exclusion of women was the maleness of God
Shekinah is compared to
light
unilateral
made by one side to the other
What is Pentecost
marks the beginning of the first fruits in the days of the temple, and the giving of the Torah to Moses
ketubbah
marriage contract
advances were made during the Islamic Era of the 8th - 13th Centuries in
mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, chemistry, and philology
what must not be served at the same meal?
meat and dairy
tikkun olan
mending the world
on day 8 boys are circumcised by a
mohel
prayer times
morning afternoon and evening
Kabbalah
mystical branch of Judaism
Kristallnacht
night of broken glass
What also was destroyed in 70 CE?
no more priests no more Sadducees no more Sanhedrin court
restrictions of sabbath
no work is permitted on the Sabbath no fires may be lit on the Sabbath no long journeys may be taken on the Sabbath
a jew is
one born of a jewish mother
Sara Hurwitz
ordained a Rabbi in Orthodox Judaism in 2009
God give words in the form of law to
organize the lives of his people
In Israel
patriarch was a descendent of Hillel Patriarchate abolished by Romans in 429CE Sanhedrin continued until 640CE
Shavout
pentacost
affirmed life after death and bodily resurrection
pharisees
hoped for a messiah who would usher in a kingdom of peace and justice
pharisees
Tefillin
phylacteries black leather boxes containing passages of scripture - strapped on forehead and left upper arm
Hasidim means
pious ones
these two are not permitted to be eaten
pork and shellfish
Jews are separated more by ________ than doctrine
practice
what became sacrifice?
prayer
What took place in synagogues?
prayer singing reading discussion teaching
kaddish
prayer for the dead
Zionism prioritizes
preservation of Jewish people over Jewish religion
God can use other nations to ______ or _______ Israel
punish, deliver
Gemara
rabbinic discussions
halakhot
regulations that span every conceivable area of Jewish life and ritual purity
What is the west wall of the temple
remnant of the only Israelite temple
Jews believe they will flourish so long as they can
retain their sense of peoplehood, their humor, in the face of adversity, and hope
teshuva
return to god
Maimonides saw "________" as of great importance
right belief
one half of Jews in Israel call themselves _______
secular
God turned David from _________ to __________________, ruling a nation centered in Jerusalem
shepherd, victorious king
final blow is sounded on the
shofar
prayer attire
skull cap (yarmelka) Prayer-shawl (tallit) in the morning Tassels on the four corners Black leather boxes containing passages of scripture (tefillin) Strapped on forehead and left upper arm
meat must be __________
soaked in water and salted to remove blood
Bar-Mitzvah
son of the commandment
haroset
sweet paste
What is the house of study if scripture?
synagogue
girls are named in ______ after birth
synagogue
Orthodox Eschatology believe
teaching about the 'last things,' end of time, heaven and hell Traditional view is that God will send his Messiah and usher in a messianic age Later elaboration in Talmud is based on writings of the Second Temple period
Torah Reminders
tefillin mezuzah
only one temple in Judaism
that of Jerusalem
legal interpretations of the commandments were compiled in
the Talmud
Jewish new year terms
the beginning of the last ten days of a penitential period (The Days of Awe) of 40 days Foods on New Year's eve symbolize sweetness, blessing, and plenty; bread dipped in honey On New Year's Day there are prayers at a six-hour morning service emphases - God as creator, king, and judge - who shows mercy and compassion to those who turn to him - ram's horn (shofar) is sounded as a "wake-up call"
the word Shoah is used to describe
the experience of European Jews during the Nazi Third Reich, CE 1933-1945
after Solomon the kingdom is split between
the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah
Tabernacles commemorates
the time when God protected the people in the desert, when they lived in tents
Kabbal's key term for God is
the transcendent Ein Sof
what is the mission for israel?
to bear divine truth to humanity
What is a scribes job?
to understand the Torah to interpret its rules to be bearers of tradition to be bearers of conduct
Mishnah
tractates and regulations on the Law
Maimonides was concerned with ________, not in concept of '___________'
universal rules, the chosen people
What happens when circumcised?
when circumcised, he receives the Hebrew name used at his Bar-Mitzvah, wedding, and on his gravestone
orthodox jews believe it is the______ responsibility to maintain laws
wife's
Israelite Religion begins
with the rule of King David in Jerusalem
What does god use to bring things into being
word
Not allowed on yom kippor
work is forbidden abstain from eating and drinking abstain from anointing with oils abstain from sexual relations abstain from washing for pleasure abstain from wearing leather shoes
Hasidisms found joy in
worship, song, dance, cutting wood, cleaning laundry
The whole of Jewish scripture
written Torah
Rachel Adler and Judith Plaskow
wrote articles on the plight of women in Judaism
Must animals be slaughtered a certain way?
yes
holiest day in the Jewish liturgical calendar
yom kipper
last of the 10 days
yom kipper
led a revolt against Romans in 66CE
zealots
political revolutionaries
zealots
sacred duty was to overthrow Roman occupation by force
zealots