Kaplan FL #3 Review
What is the pons primarily involved with?
-arousal -controlling autonomic functions -sleep
What is the medulla oblongata primarily involved with?
-controlling autonomic functions -coordinated body movements
What are microscopic clues that a cell is in the M phase?
-dissolution of the nuclear membrane -visible chromatin in various states
What is 1 Watt equivalent to?
1 J/ sec
What are Erikson's stages of development?
1. Trust vs. mistrust (Birth to 12-18 months) 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (12-18 months to 3 years) 3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3 years to 5-6 years) 4. Industry vs. Inferiority (5-6 years to adolescence) 5. Identity vs. role diffusion (Adolescence) 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (Early adulthood) 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation (Middle adulthood) 8. Ego-Integrity vs. Despair (Late adulthood)
What is a missense mutation?
Point mutation in which a single nucleotide is changed, resulting in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.
For air at atmospheric pressure, the partial pressures of nitrogen, oxygen and argon are 593 mmHg, 160 mmHg, 7 mmHg, respectively. The mole fraction of oxygen in the alveoli is most nearly: a. 0.10 b. 0.15 c. 0.20 d. 0.80
Poxygen = Ptotal x mole fraction of oxygen P total = 760 mmHg P oxygen = 160 mmHg 160/760 = ~0.20
What is the equation for torque?
T= rFsin(theta)
What is a nonsense mutation?
When a stop codon is formed prematurely.
A colorblind male XcY is crossed with a normal female who is a carrier of fragile X and colorblindness (XfXc). What is the probability that a male child will be phenotypically normal? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75%
a. 0% Any male born from that mating will receive an X chromosome from his mother and a Y from his father. The X chromosome he receives from the mother will either carry fragile X syndrome or color blindness, so he has a 50% change of having fragile X syndrome and a 50% change of being color blind, neither of which are phenotypically normal
Strong, soluble bases such as alkaline earth metal hydroxides are not used as antacids, but are often used in laboratory titrations. What volume of an aqueous 1.5 M Ba(OH)2 solution would be required to neutralize 10mL of stomach acid? a. 0.5 mL b. 1.5 mL c. 10 mL d. 15 mL
a. 0.5 mL For neutralization to occur, the number of equivalents of base must be the same as the number of equivalents of acid. 0.15 N HCl corresponds to 0.15 M HCl since it is a monoprotic acid. The number of moles of H+ contained in 10mL of stomach acid is therefore: 0.15mol/L x 0.010L = 1.5 x 10^-3 mol This is the number of moles of hydroxide ions, OH-, needed to neutralize the acid. Each mole of the base used, Ba(OH)2, can give up two moles of hydroxide ions upon dissociation, and so a 1.5 M solution of the base has a normality of 3 N, the molarity of hydroxide ions is twice the nominal value given for Ba(OH)2. The volume of the base solution that would yield 1.5 x 10^-3 mol of OH- is: 3 mol/L x L = 1.5 x 10^-3 mol xL = 1.5 x 10^-3/3mol/L = 0.5 x 10^-3L = 0.5mL
An 80kg human body uses about 14 MJ of energy per day. What is the average power of the human body? a. 162 W b. 591 W c. 9.72 kW d. 583kW
a. 162 W Power = energy/time Substituting in the appropriate values, 14,000,000 J / 86,400 sec (in one day) = 162 W
A patient's maximum blood pressure (systolic) is 113 mmHg and minimum (diastolic) is 60 mmHg. If his total peripheral resistance is 20.5 mmHg*min/L, what is the difference in his cardiac output between systolic and diastolic pressure? a. 2.59L/min b. 25.92L/min c. 108.6L/min d. 1086.5L/min
a. 2.59L/min Blood pressure = cardiac output * total peripheral resistance cardiac output = Psystolic - Pdiastolic
A culture of red blood cells is grown on a nutrient medium containing dinitrophenol, which is a poison that blocks the electron transport chain. Under these conditions: a. ATP production will remain the same b. ATP production will decrease c. oxygen consumption will increase d. lactic acid production will increase
a. ATP production will remain the same recall that red blood cells do not have mitochondria. Therefore, they must produce energy anaerobically, and are unaffected by drugs that disrupt the ETC
Prior research has shown that whether an individual belongs to an individualist or collectivist society affects how they explain their own and other people's behaviors. Which theory best accounts for these findings? a. Attribution Theory b. Egocentrism c. Ethnocentrism d. Self-concept and Identity
a. Attribution Theory
Which of the following will affect the frequency of sound waves traveling through air, as measured by a detector? I. Surface area of the detector II. Speed of the source of sound III. Distance from source to detector a. II only b. I and II only c. I and III only d. II and III only
a. II only This requires application of the Doppler effect: the idea that the speed of both the source and detector of a wave will influence the perceived frequency of that wave. If fine-tuning of that frequency is required, experimenters can change the detected frequency by moving the source at some constant velocity. The surface area of the detector and its distance from the source will only affect the intensity of the wave experienced by that detector.
Which of the following is an electron acceptor? a. Lewis Acid b. Lewis Base
a. Lewis Acid
The passage cites depression as an increasingly prevalent work-related mental illness. Which category of mental illness would depressive disorders fall under? a. Mood disorders b. Anxiety disorders c. Somatoform disorders d. Dissociative disorders
a. Mood disorders
A non-profit organization is hoping to increase their number of volunteers for events. A psychologist suggests using a technique that follows the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. Which of the following would the psychologist be most likely to suggest? a. People are asked initially to volunteer to complete a small task and then approached later on about volunteering a greater number of hours for events b. people who are already volunteers are encouraged to ask their friends and families to participate in upcoming events and raise awareness c. creating a better marketing plan where the non-profit organization partners with a well-liked business within the community d. creating a token-economy system within the organization, where volunteers get points for each volunteer activity and can redeem the points for prizes
a. People are asked initially to volunteer to complete a small task and then approached later on about volunteering a greater number of hours for events
ZnCO3 (Ksp = 2 x10^-10) is added to a saturated solution of Zn(OH)2 (Ksp = 3 x10^-16) and a precipitate is noted. The identity of the precipitate is most likely: a. Zn(OH)2 b. Zn c. H2CO3 d. ZnCO3
a. Zn(OH)2 A saturated solution of Zn(OH)2 implies that the addition of any Zn2+ or OH- ions would cause a precipitate to form. ZnCO3 is more soluble than Zn(OH)2 and as such, would dissociate into Zn2+ and CO32- ions. This would lead to the precipitation of Zn(OH)2
Which of the following is the electron configuration of Zn^2+? a. [Ar]3d^10 b. [Ar]4s^2 3d^8 c. [Ar]4d^10 d. [Ar]4s^2 4d^8
a. [Ar]3d^10 To form cations, remove electrons beginning with the highest principal quantum number.
Nitric oxide (NO) is a vasodilator in humans, but is quickly converted into nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in air according to the reaction 2NO + O2 --> 2NO2. In this reaction, nitrogen is acting as: a. a reducing agent b. an oxidant c. a catalyst d. a cofactor
a. a reducing agent Nitrogen gets oxidized in this reaction by the O2 and is this the reducing agent
Glucagon synthesis is inhibited by insulin in a paracrine fashion. Diabetic patients, who do not produce insulin, can experience a response similar to that found in starvation, known as ketoacidosis. Which of the following experimental findings would be expected in a patient with this type of diabetes? a. administration of glucose slightly decreases the level of glucagon, but not significantly b. administration of insulin decreases blood glucose but not glucagon secretion c. administration of growth hormone increases the production of insulin d. administration of glucagon would inhibit the production of insulin
a. administration of glucose slightly decreases the level of glucagon, but not significantly
Further research has shown that individuals with psychopathic personality traits are overly concerned with details and have more trouble with big-picture concepts. What method of perception might these individuals primarily use? a. bottom-up processing b. top-down processing c. Gestalt principles d. somatosensation
a. bottom-up processing
Which of the following parts of the CNS is responsible for voluntary movement? a. cerebrum b. cerebellum c. medulla d. pons
a. cerebrum
A person who regularly cooks Brussel sprouts sees them being prepared and immediately senses the sulfur smell even though it is not present. The erroneous sensation is most likely the result of: a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. parallel processing d. observational learning
a. classical conditioning
If only structural zinc-protein interactions are disrupted in a zinc-binding enzyme, Vmax (the maximum rate of catalysis) for that enzyme would most likely: a. decrease, because the conformational stability of the protein is compromised b. decrease, because the alpha helices and beta sheets cannot form as effectively c. remain the same, because structural zin binds outside the active site d. remain the same, because the binding of substrate is unaffected
a. decrease, because the conformational stability of the protein is compromised By destabilizing the tertiary structure of an enzyme, the Vmax is almost certainly going to be altered
A sociologist is interested in whether an individual's education levels affects their perception of a teacher who identifies as homosexual. Which of the following is the best study modification to test his theory? a. expanding the study to include individuals in the surrounding community b. extending the study longitudinally, so students are tested throughout college c. using the university's alumni connections to recruit a greater variety of participants d. compensating participants with a cash reward to incentivize more participants
a. expanding the study to include individuals in the surrounding community
Which of the following best explains why, after several weeks of starvation, acetyl-CoA is primarily converted into ketone bodies? a. gluconeogenesis depletes the supply of oxaloacetate, which is essential for the entry of acetyl-CoA into the Krebs cycle b. starvation leads to the selective production of the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ketone bodies c. acetyl-CoA is converted into pyruvate which cannot enter the gluconeogenic pathway d. triacylglycerols are mobilized from adipose tissue
a. gluconeogenesis depletes the supply of oxaloacetate, which is essential for the entry of acetyl-CoA into the Krebs cycle During starvation, large amounts of acetyl-CoA are generated by the degradation of fatty acids. In addition, the oxaloacetate concentration is depleted, because it is converted into phosphoenolypyruvate and then used to synthesize glucose. So although excess acetyl CoA is made during starvation, very little of it can be incorporated in the Krebs cycle because of low oxaloacetate concentrations. Instead, acetyl-CoA is used to produce ketone bodies
For many applications, it is necessary for physiologists to approximate the resistance of the human body. In order to measure this, a physiologist might ask a willing subject to: a. hold the positive terminal of a known voltage source with one hand and the negative terminal with the other hand, while the physiologist measures the current b. connect his body in series with a circuit and, as the physiologist slowly increases the current, indicate at which amperage the current is perceptible c. connect his body in parallel with a known resistor, while the physiologist measures the voltage across the known resistor d. connect his body in series with a known resistor, while the physiologist measures the current running through the known resistor
a. hold the positive terminal of a known voltage source with one hand and the negative terminal with the other hand, while the physiologist measures the current In order to determine the resistance of the human body, a known voltage can be applied and the current can be measured
Which of the following would be an effective policy for improving the upward mobility of women in male-dominated fields? a. increased mandatory gender quotas in upper level positions for fields historically male-dominated b. increasing women's wages by 5-10% in fields that have been historically male-dominated c. volunteer programs that expose women to and encourage them to enter male-dominated fields d. an increased awareness of sexual harassment in the workplace and harsher penalties for violations
a. increased mandatory gender quotas in upper level positions for fields historically male-dominated
An amino acid is subjected to electrophoresis at pH 8.5 and is observed to migrate to the anode. The isoelectric point of this amino acid: a. is less than 8.5 b. is more than 8.5 c. is equal to 8.5 d. cannot be determined without more information
a. is less than 8.5 Since the amino acid migrates to the anode at pH 8.5, it must have a net negative charge. To attain neutrality and hence reach the isoelectric point, the ammonium group has to be protonated, which can be achieved by lowering the pH. Therefore, the isoelectric point must be lower than 8.5.
The presence of aspartic acid in a protein has a substantial impact on protein folding. A mutation altering a structurally important amino acid like aspartic acid will often lead to a misfolded protein. Which of the following organelles breaks down misfolded proteins? a. lysosome b. peroxisome c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. none of the above
a. lysosome lysosomes contain numerous enzymes which can break down proteins
An r-selected species of protist uses pseudopodia for movement. Which cellular component has the most prominent role in the cleavage and contractility of the cytoplasm during such movement? a. microfilaments b. intermediate filaments c. microtubules d. centrioles
a. microfilaments
Skeletal muscles have: a. multiple nuclei b. a single nucleus
a. multiple nuclei
Monoacylglycerols are produced through the reaction of glycerol with a long-chain fatty acid. In such a reaction, the hydroxyl group of glycerol acts as the: a. nucleophile, because it attacks the carbonyl carbon b. electrophile, because it is attacked by the carbonyl carbon c. nucleophile, because it attacks the carbonyl oxygen d. electrophile, because it is attacked by the carbonyl oxygen
a. nucleophile, because it attacks the carbonyl carbon the formation of monoacylglycerols is a straightforward esterification reaction - i.e a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which the oxygen of the hydroxyl group of glycerol attacks the carbonyl carbon, resulting in dehydration and formation of an ester linkage
Which of the following is produced by the hypothalamus? a. oxytocin b. prolactin
a. oxytocin
How might game theory be applied to explain behavior that appears altruistic in nature? a. people will only help others if they can rationalize a benefit from helping b. we help others who we perceive to be on the same "team" as us c. we help others only after knowing we have a decisive advantage to win d. helping others confers us a biological advantage as it labels us a "heroic" and thus superior
a. people will only help others if they can rationalize a benefit from helping
A child with brain damage was told a disheartening story, threatened by another child, and subjected to a loud noise; he exhibited no emotional displays. The child was able to express positive emotion in appropriate scenarios. Which area of the brain was likely damaged? a. prefrontal cortex b. cerebellum c. pons d. medulla oblongata
a. prefrontal cortex The right hemisphere, and specifically the right prefrontal cortex deals with processing and displaying negative emotions
A chemist wishing to activate a carboxyl group could effectively do so by: a. reacting it with SOCl2 b. heating the solution c. adding aqueous base d. adding excess alcohol and HCL
a. reacting it with SOCl2 The reaction of thionyl chloride with a carboxylic acid substitutes a chlorine atom for the carboxyl hydroxyl group, producing an acyl chloride. An acyl chloride is the most reactive of the various kinds of carboxylic acid derivatives, and certainly more so than the corresponding carboxylic acid. This is because the chloride ion is a much better leaving group than the hydroxide anion and is therefore more easily displaced by the nucleophilic attack of the amino group
In an attempt to decrease the time respondents took to fill out the questionnaires correctly, twins were asked to complete them independently but in the same room and at the same time. With this new policy in place, the time it took respondents to complete the questionnaire decreased by 30%. This is an example of: a. social facilitation b. groupthink c. peer pressure d. social loafing
a. social facilitation
A patient who has gained 40 pounds in the past 3 months complains of fatigue to her physician. She is found to have a goiter and a decreased metabolic rate. Based on this information, the patient most likely has a deficiency of: a. thyroxine b. aldosterone c. estrogen d. cortisol
a. thyroxine
What is the carbonyl carbon of an amino acid susceptible to?
an nucleophilic attack
Under standard conditions, what is the entropy change for the formation of acetic acid from its elements? delta Hf = -484 delta Gf = -389 a. -389kJ/molxK b. -0.31 kJ/molxK c. 3 J/molxK d. -484kJ/molxK
b. -0.31 kJ/molxK need the equation: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS ΔG + ΔH/-T = ΔS -389 + 484/-298 = -95/298 = ~-0.31
The average human's eardrum can be approximated to be half a sphere, 1 cm in diameter. If a sound wave is heard with I = 10^-10W/m^2, how much energy is transferred to the eardrum every second? a. 1.26 x 10^-16 J b. 1.57 x 10^-14 J c. 1.57 x 10^-10 J d. 1.26 x 10^-9 J
b. 1.57 x 10^-14 J I = P/A
Which of the following is the best approximation of the thermodynamic equilibrium constant forReaction 1 at 298K? (Note: lnx = 2.3 log10x and the universal gas constant, R, is 8.3145 J/molxK ΔG° = 8.5kJ/mol a. 2x10^-17 b. 3x10^-2 c. 1 d. 20
b. 3x10^-2 The value of Keq can be determined by using the equation ΔG° = -RTlnKeq. ΔG° for reaction one is 9.5kJ/mol, or 8500J/mol lnKeq = - 8500/8.314x298 = -8500/8.5x300 = ~-3.3 2.3log10Keq = ~-3.3 log10Keq = -1.5 Keq = ~ 10^-1.5
Malonyl-CoA is produced from acetyl-CoA through the action of acetyl-CoA carboxylase. The byproducts of this reaction are: a. CO2 + ATP b. ADP + Pi c. CO2 + ADP + Pi d. ATP + Pi
b. ADP + Pi Since the enzyme is a carboxylase, this implies that it adds a CO2 molecule to acetyl-CoA. Therefore, CO2 cannot be a byproduct; it must be a reactant. Further, there are no reactions that produce ATP and Pi; either consumes ATP and produces ADP + Pi or it consumes ADP + Pi and produces ATP
Which of the following is an electron donor? a. Lewis Acid b. Lewis Base
b. Lewis Base
Huntington's disease primarily affects the central nervous system. Which of the following structures would be least impacted? a. Dorsal root ganglia b. Meissner's corpuscle c. basal ganglia d. optic nerve
b. Meissner's corpuscle A peripheral structure will be least impacted, thus eliminating portions of the central nervous system. The dorsal root ganglia are associated with the spinal cord, the Basal ganglia is a component of the movement association areas of the brain, and the optic nerve is a CNS extension.
Which of the following is an example of an individual using cultural capital to enhance their upward mobility? a. a 25-year-old who uses his inheritance to fund his political career b. a 29-year-old female who uses a business degree to further her career c. a 37-year-old actress who uses her disadvantaged background as motivation to excel in her career d. a 50-year-old male whose wealthy wife funds his start up business
b. a 29-year-old female who uses a business degree to further her career
Individuals I-1 and I-2, along with the married couple II-5 and II-6, decide to move to a deserted island and start a community that would likely have a higher frequency of individuals who either have the disorder or carry the allele for the disorder than most other areas of the world. This is an example of: a. disruptive selection b. a founder effect c. a bottleneck effect d. genetic drift
b. a founder effect
Suppose an individual with dry skin has come in contact with a high-voltage DC circuit. In an attempt to rescue the individual, another person, with wet skin, makes contact with the first, forming a parallel connection. Consequently, the amount of time required for 10 C of charge to exit the power source will: a. increase b. decrease c. remain the same d. there is not enough information to determine a change in current
b. decrease the first person acts as a resistor with resistance 10^4 Ohms. If a second person latches on to the first, he too would be a resistor - one that has been added in parallel. Moreover, the second person has wet skin, so will have a lower resistance. Adding resistors in parallel acts to decrease the overall resistance of a circuit. Therefore, if resistance decreases, total current passing through the circuit will increase. Since current is charge/time, an increase in current implies that less time will be required to pass the same amount of charge.
How can the two concepts of altruism and inclusive fitness work together to explain an individual's actions? a. the two concepts are wholly distinct, with widely disparate conclusions and therefore cannot be combined b. inclusive fitness theory can partially be explained through the concept of altruism c. altruism provides a biological explanation within which inclusive theory can operate d. altruism describes the type of people that would be most likely to engage in inclusive fitness behaviors
b. inclusive fitness theory can partially be explained through the concept of altruism
As bradykinin is released from the neonatal lungs, the decrease in cross-sectional area of the ductus arteriosus: a. increases resistance, and so blood flow increases through the ductus arteriosus b. increases velocity, and so blood flow increases through the ductus arteriosus c. increases velocity, and so blood flow decreases through the ductus arteriosus d. increases resistance, and so blood flow decreases through the ductus arteriosus
b. increases velocity, and so blood flow increases through the ductus arteriosus as the ductus arteriosus constricts, blood has a different path that is able to take (it can remain in the pulmonary artery). So it is perhaps useful to think of the circulatory system as a circuit. Where there is greater resistance there is less current. As the tube gets thinner its resistance goes up, and less fluid will flow through i, as long as there is another path
Which of the following is most likely to occur immediately following a meal? a. oxidation of fatty acids b. inhibition of glucagon secretion c. increased cellular fermentation d. gluconeogenesis
b. inhibition of glucagon secretion
A developed vertebrate contains skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle types, yet only skeletal muscle: a. is striated b. is under voluntary control c. contains one nucleus per cell d. lines blood vessels
b. is under voluntary control
Stenosis is a condition in which the leaves of a heart valve adhere to each other, decreasing the volume of blood flow through the valve. A patient diagnosed with stenosis of the mitral valve would experience the greatest increase in blood pressure in his: A. left ventricle. B. left atrium. C. right atrium. D. aorta.
b. left atrium the mitral valve sits between the left atrium and the left ventricle, preventing backflow of blood into the left atrium. Since, with the stenosis, the size of the opening for the valve is decreased, there will be less blood pumped through the valve. In the case of this individual, that means that blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle will be impeded, resulting in increased blood volume, and therefore increased blood pressure, in the left atrium
Which of the following experiments could be conducted to determine the type of enzyme inhibition caused by a new compound? a. measure the rate of reaction with the enzyme and a known concentration of substrate. Repeat this procedure with the same enzyme and substrate concentrations, but add inhibitor. Compare the rates of reaction. b. measure the rate of reaction with the enzyme with progressively increasing concentrations of substrate. Repeat this procedure with the same enzyme and substrate concentrations, but add inhibitor. Compare Km and Vmax. c. Measure the rate of reaction with the enzyme and known concentrations of substrate. Repeat this procedure with the same enzyme and substrate concentrations, but with progressively increasing concentrations of inhibitor. Compare Km and Vmax d. Mix known concentrations of enzyme and inhibitor, then perform column chromatography, selecting for enzyme inhibitor complexes. Measure the Rf value and compare it to a table of known values for different inhibitors.
b. measure the rate of reaction with the enzyme with progressively increasing concentrations of substrate. Repeat this procedure with the same enzyme and substrate concentrations, but add inhibitor. Compare Km and Vmax. To determine the type of inhibitor, the values of Vmax and Km must be compared.
A 39-year-old woman is diagnosed with otosclerosis, an ear disorder in which excessive bony growth develops around the stapes. As a result of the ostosclerosis, the woman has developed a mild to moderate hearing loss. Which part of the woman's ear has been affected? a. outer b. middle c. inner d. cochlea
b. middle The ear is composed of three different sections: outer, middle, and inner ear. The middle ear is an air filled cavity that has ossicle bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes)
Which of the following methods could be used to determine the influence of cell position on differentiation during embryological development? a. Shake a two-celled embryo to separate the cells from one another, then allow to each cell to develop b. reverse the position of two cells from opposite poles at the blastula stage, allow development c. remove a single cell from a blastula and implant it on the surface of a fully developed fetus d. observe a hybrid embryo because the distinct parentage will contribute to the positional effects
b. reverse the position of two cells from opposite poles at the blastula stage, allow development
What level of protein structure is characterized by alpha-helices and beta-sheets? a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. quaternary
b. secondary
Glycogen is localized mainly in muscle and liver tissue. Migratory birds' fuel storage system is another example of the biological value of triacylgycerols, which hold six times the energy of glycogen. If a migratory bird used glycogen instead of triacylglycerol as its main stored fuel for a long flight, which of the following would most likely occur? a. the bird would be able to migrate and would use glucose as its main metabolic fuel during flight b. the bird would not be able to migrate because it would have to carry too much weight in fuel for the flight c. the bird would be able to migrate and its brain cells would use acetoacetate as their primary fuel during migratory flight d. the bird would not be able to complete the migratory flight because it would lack a ready supply of glucose
b. the bird would not be able to migrate because it would have to carry too much weight in fuel for the flight
When the foramen ovale fails to close, it can be diagnosed using an echocardiogram. During the sonogram, sound waves enter the body and are partially reflected at the interface between different materials. How does the speed of the sound wave change for different tissues? a. the sound wave will travel faster in blood than it does in muscle b. the sound wave will travel faster than it does in blood c. at the same temperature, sound will travel the same speed in blood and muscle d. the speed will vary based on the frequency of the sound wave
b. the sound wave will travel faster than it does in blood sound is a mechanical wave, so it relies on molecular collisions for propagation. For this reason, sound travels fastest in solids (where the molecules are closer together), slower in liquids, and slowest in gases. Therefore, sound waves will travel faster through the solid phase of muscle than it would through liquid blood
Both immediately before and during exercise, there is increased sympathetic activity. As revealed by the slopes of the lines in Figure 1, there is a rise in both systolic and diastolic pressure during exercise. Which of the following best accounts for this observation? a. vasoconstriction of all blood vessels in active muscle b. vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels, except for those in active muscle c. vasodilation of systemic blood vessels, except for those in active muscle d. build-up of lactic acid in active muscle tissue
b. vasoconstriction of systemic blood vessels, except for those in active muscle when the body is ready for action, the sympathetic nervous system stimulates the heart to increase its rate. To increase the blood supply to active muscle during exercise, the blood vessels in the muscles themselves become dilated, while the blood vessels elsewhere in the body are constricted.
Which of the following has a greater frequency? a. red b. violet
b. violet
What is the cerebellum mostly responsible for?
balance and proprioception
What is escape reinforcement?
based on behavior eliminating an existing negative consequence
Hemophilia A is an X-linked recessive condition where the blood cannot clot properly. If a woman who is a carrier for hemophilia A marries a man who does not have the disease, what is the probability their first daughter will be a carrier? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75%
c. 50%
Which of the following pH values is likely to favor the form of the alanine molecule that is in its basic form? a. 3.0 b. 7.0 c. 9.0 d. It cannot be determined
c. 9.0
In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), hydrogens in tissues are subjected to a magnetic field. In response, the protons emit radio frequency radiation, which is imaged as a bright area. Which of the following tissue is LEAST likely to show up as a bright region in an MRI scan? a. Kidney b. Eyes c. Femur d. Biceps
c. Femur Since, as stated in the question stem, MRI relies on the imaging of protons, and the brightness is proportional to the number of protons, this question is really asking which tissue is likely to not have very many protons. That is, since most of the protons in biological tissues are found in water, the question is really "which of the following tissues has the lowest water content?" Soft tissues like internal organs (for example, the kidney), eyes and muscles (like the biceps) will have a higher water content than bones like the femur
Which statement about the hydrophobic nature of surfactant is true? a. only the phospholipid components of surfactant can contribute to its hydrophobic properties b. only the protein components of surfactant can contribute to its hydrophobic properties c. both phospholipids and proteins can contribute to its hydrophobic properties d. neither phospholipids nor proteins can contribute to its hydrophobic properties
c. both phospholipids and proteins can contribute to its hydrophobic properties Phospholipids usually have two very hydrophobic fatty acid chains with some polar group attached. Proteins as a whole are more hydrophilic, however, they can have a series of very hydrophobic R groups lending hydrophobic properties to some portion of a protein
When light is absorbed by chlorophyll in plants, it is always true that: a. the light energy ionizes the pigment b. the light provides energy to form new bonds c. electrons are excited to a high energy level d. electrons return to their ground state
c. electrons are excited to a higher energy level It is always true that when an atom absorbs energy, its electrons move from their ground state to a higher excited state
A 5 year old participant is told by a researcher that she will receive a candy bar if she is able to correctly identify 90% of the emotional cues. What tactic is employed by the researcher? a. classical conditioning b. intrinsic motivation c. extrinsic motivation d. operant conditioning
c. extrinsic motivation
CFTR is active in most epithelial tissues, but not in structural tissues such as bone. The form of the CFTR gene found in bone cells, unlike the form found in epithelial cells, exhibits: a. a 5' cap b. introns c. increased DNA methylation d. a poly (A) tail
c. increased DNA methylation
Which of the following terms best defines the tendency to have more severe symptoms and earlier onset with greater numbers of CAG repeats? a. increased dominance b. decreased penetrance c. increased expressivity d. decreased mortality
c. increased expressivity
Cadmium (Cd) does not behave similarly to Zn in the human body and can be toxic at very low levels. It likely differs in its behavior from Zn because: a. without a fully filled d-subshell it undergoes redox chemistry b. its higher electronegativity causes it to bind too tightly to proteins c. its size prevents it from coordinating effectively within enzymes d. its ion has no empty s-orbital in which to accept coordinating electrons
c. its size prevents it from coordinating effectively within enzymes The periodic table indicates that Cd is directly below Zn, in the same group. The two, therefore, have the same predicted valence electron configuration. This rules out A and D. As Zeff decreases, atomic radius increases, so C is the only viable answer.
Which one of the following is a method of replication for epithelial cells? a. fertilization b. meiosis c. mitosis d. gastrulation
c. mitosis epithelial cells are identical to one another, and are produced via mitosis
The nucleoli in the alpha cells will be the largest in a patient with: a. Type I diabetes b. diabetes insipidus c. pancreatic cancer d. acute pancreatitis
c. pancreatic cancer Since the nucleolus is the site of production of rRNa transcription and processing, the size of the nucleolus in a cell will be proportional to the amount of protein produced by that cell. The more protein that a cell needs to produce, the more ribosomes it will require. Therefore, cancerous cells usually have the largest nucleoli, since they are replicating and have high metabolic activity
After surveying 1,000 people, a sociologist finds a positive correlation between wealth and happiness for individuals living at or below poverty level and a negative relationship for individuals living in households where the family income exceeded $100,000. Based on the results, which of the following is true? a. people who live at or below poverty level are dissatisfied with their lives b. people who live about poverty level are satisfied with their lives c. people who live at poverty level report higher satisfaction than people who live below it d. there is no correlation between wealth and life satisfaction for individuals living above the poverty line
c. people who live at poverty level report higher satisfaction than people who live below it
When researchers altered the topic of the lecture, they found an interesting gender effect. When the lecture contained scientific or math related material, female respondents' retention scores significantly dropped. Which sociological process may help explain these findings? a. prejudice b. self-fulfilling prophecy c. stereotype threat d. fundamental attribution error
c. stereotype threat
If it was found that open communication about sexual orientation by the instructors was effective in making the learning environment less hostile for homosexual students, then which of the following strategies would also most likely be effective? a. a written universal policy prohibiting students from rating teachers based on their gender, race, or sexual orientation b. increased university efforts to hire more administrators that identify as being heterosexual c. student and teacher groups that promote awareness and provide support for individuals that identify as homosexual d. a mandatory school-wide workshop focused on the importance of treating fellow students with respect
c. student and teacher groups that promote awareness and provide support for individuals that identify as homosexual
Which of the following observations would lead a geneticist to suspect that an inherited disorder of cell metabolism is due to a defective mitochondrial gene? a. all daughters of a male who has the trait will also have the trait b. there is no male to male transmission of the trait c. the trait is passed down only from mothers and not fathers d. the trait often skips generations
c. the trait is passed down only from mothers and not fathers
What is representative heuristic?
categorizing items based on whether they fit the prototypical image of that category
What are dissociative disorders?
classified as conditions in which the building blocks of reality, such as memory, identity, or awareness, are broken down
What kind of inhibitor is present if Vmax is the same but Km is higher?
competitive inhibition
What is Goffman's theory of dramaturgy?
concerns an individual's sense of self and self-presentation that changes depending on the situation
In a neutral solution, a region of a protein has a solvation shell with the hydrogens of water directed towards the protein. Which of the following are most likely to predominate in the segment? a. Phenylalanine and tyrosine b. Histidine and lysine c. Alanine and tryptophan d. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid
d. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid Since the hydrogens are directed towards the protein, it can be reasonably concluded that the region is predominantly negatively charged.
During periods of starvation, the average human can generate glucose form: I. glycogen II. the glycerol portion triacylglycerol III. amino acids a. I only b. I and II only c. I and III only d. I, II, and III
d. I, II, and III Since roman numeral 1 is a part of all of the answers, this means that glucose can be generated from glycogen. In fact, glucose is stored as glycogen in liver and muscle tissues, essentially providing a metabolic energy source for between meals. Glycerol, derived from triacylglycerol, can be used to synthesize glucose via gluconeogenesis
Experimenters set up a protocol to separate Cu+ from Zn+2 in aqueous solution. Assuming all three methods are practical, which of the following could be the basis of their separation? I. Ionic radius II. Electrostatic force III. Nuclear size a. III only b. I and III only c. II and III only d. I, II, and III
d. I, II, and III although they have the same number of electrons, Cu+ and Zn2+ have different effective nuclear charges because they have a different nuclear charge (number of protons). This results in a difference in ionic radius and nuclear size. They will also experience a different electrostatic force (from some outside electric field) because they carry different charges
The rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction can be influenced by which of the following? I. Temperature II. pH III. salinity a. I b. II c. I and II only d. I, II, and III
d. I, II, and III the activity of an enzyme is heavily influenced by its environment. The temperature, acidity, and salinity all have significant effects on the ability of an enzyme to carry out its functions
While the active ingredients in most antacids are soluble in the acidic environment of the stomach, their solubility is significantly reduced in pure water. If a very finely ground powder of one such compound (CaCO3, for example) is mixed in a 1:5 ratio by mass with deionized water, which of the following is most likely true? I. the mixture will be homogenous II. a colloidal mixture will be formed III. separation of the mixture will produce a non-electrolytic aqueous phase a. I only b. III only c. I and II only d. II only
d. II only The question stem indicates that compounds such as CaCO3 are not very soluble in pure deionized water, so only a small proportion of it dissociates into its component ions, in this case Ca2+ and CO32- most of the powder remains undissolved, resulting in a suspension of particles that are larger than the size of an individual molecule. Such a mixture is known as a colloid, and it is not a normal solution because the particles are not dissolved.
Which of the following diseases is NOT associated with increasing urbanization? a. Diabetes b. Asthma c. Influenza d. Lyme disease
d. Lyme disease lyme disease is an infectious disease associated with bites from deer tick
Which of the following is an example of parallel processing? a. two students in a math class learn the material better when presented with visual aids b. a student consistently approaches problems by first considering the larger context and then examining the smaller details c. two students are able to improve the efficiency and quality of their writing by developing a general organizational plan and consistently applying it d. a student is capable of simultaneously perceiving the color, shape, and motion of a steel ball during a physics experiment
d. a student is capable of simultaneously perceiving the color, shape, and motion of a steel ball during a physics experiment
To investigate whether culture influences communication, a psychologist paired U.S. citizens with either another U.S. citizen or a foreign visitor. Participants were then asked to choose a happy or sad message to convey to their partner through nonverbal communication. Which of the following is an independent variable? a. country of origin b. type of message c. type of nonverbal communication d. communication partners pairing
d. communication partners pairing the independent variable in the study refers to the variable being manipulated to see if it has an effect on the result. In this study, the communication pairings are being manipulated to see if they have an effect.
Which of the following elements would be best to use for the plates of a defibrillator? a. fluorine b. phosphorus c. lead d. gold
d. gold elements with metallic character are best for conducting electricity and lowering resistance to help shock better. Thus, gold appearing farthest towards the lower left, will be the best option for creating the plates of the defibrillator
A company-wide survey found that employees age 55+ worked an average of 5 hours less per week than employees age 40-55, and 7 hours less per week than employees age 25-29. Based on the survey, the company could conclude which of the following about worker's productivity? a. experience and age allows individuals to become more efficient and thus work less hours b. younger individuals work harder to prove their worth to the company and thus produce more c. as an individual ages, they tend to become less productive d. no conclusion about the productivity of the workers can be drawn
d. no conclusion about the productivity of the workers can be drawn
While modern America has enjoyed a decline in prejudicial attitudes, some sociologists argue that surveys do not reflect people's true beliefs. Instead, they argue that Goffman's theory of dramaturgy can be applied to modern racism, arguing that overt racism is unacceptable. How might Goffman's theory explain "modern racism"? a. People may not consciously hold prejudicial beliefs but subconsciously hold such attitudes b. people are most likely to lie when confronted by a stranger (or researcher) than when asked by a friend c. people will only convey their true feelings in situations in which they already have a strong sense of self d. people are hesitant to share their true feelings in public if they know such beliefs are not acceptable
d. people are hesitant to share their true feelings in public if they know such beliefs are not acceptable
The mRNA codons GAT and GAC both code for aspartic acid. If the mRNA codon reading GAT experienced a point mutation causing thymine to be replaced by cytosine, which of the following correctly classifies this mutation? a. frameshift mutation b. missense mutation c. nonsense mutaiton d. silent mutation
d. silent mutation
Individuals with psychopathic personalities have difficulty with which of the following social aspects? a. deindividuation b. groupthink c. assimilation d. socialization
d. socialization
Sensory information for taste is perceived by chemoreceptors in the tongue and projected to the brainstem. Before being routed to the cortex, through which of the following structures must the sensory information for taste pass? a. inferior colliculus b. hippocampus c. hypothalamus d. thalamus
d. thalamus the thalamus is the brain's sensory relay station responsible for sorting sensory stimuli before routing to the target areas in the cortex
Which of the following would potentially explain the failure of a person seeing Brussels sprouts being unable to identify a present sulfur odor? a. the person is very familiar with the smell of Brussels sprouts, but can tell that the smell entering the room is not the genuine smell of Brussels sprouts b. the person had previously been given only situations in which a present smell correctly matched the food that was being prepared c. the person that is familiar with the smell of sulfur, but has not cooked or been around cooking Brussels sprouts in many years d. the person sees sulfur as a dangerous smell, but the Brussels sprouts presence averts a fearful reaction, and thus does not consider the smell sulfur
d. the person sees sulfur as a dangerous smell, but the Brussels sprouts presence averts a fearful reaction, and thus does not consider the smell sulfur
What is the attribution theory?
describes the way a person uses info to develop causal explanations
The cathode is at the end of the gel with a _______ pH.
high
What are mood disorders?
illnesses affecting an individual's long term emotional state
What is the cerebrum responsible for?
integration of sensory input, conscious thought, and all voluntary actions
What are somatoform disorders?
involve circumstances where the physical symptoms an individual is experiencing cannot be fully explained by a general medical condition
What are microtubules important for?
key for maintaining cell shape
The anode is at the end of the gel with a _______ pH.
low
What are the two major illnesses that exemplify mood disorders?
major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder
What are heuristics?
mental shortcuts
What are centrioles?
microtubule organizing centers
What is ethnocentrism?
occurs when individuals compare their own cultural practices with others
What is spreading activation?
one cue/memory stimulates retrieval of other related memories
Where is trypsinogen produced?
pancreas
What is the foot-in-the-door phenomenon?
people's tendency to be more likely to comply with larger requests after first agreeing to complete a smaller request
What is social facilitation?
phenomenon by which individuals are more likely to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of others
What are the front stages in Goffman's theory of dramaturgy?
refers to interactions with society, in which an individual knows his/her behaviors will be openly judged
What is egocentrism?
refers to the inability to take the perspective of another person
What are the back stages in Goffman's theory of dramaturgy?
refers to the private areas of our lives, where we do not have to "act" but rather can be our true selves
Where is pepsin produced?
stomach
Both skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle are ________-
striated
What are intermediate filaments important for?
structurally important in the cytoskeleton
What is expressivity?
the measure of the severity of a disease or the intensity of a phenotype
Goiters are in response to low _________
thyroxine
What is lithium aluminum hydride usually used for?
to reduce a ketone to an alcohol
What kind of inhibitor is present if both Km and Vmax have been altered?
uncompetitive inhibitor
What is bottom-up processing?
when individuals start with details and then create the bigger picture
What is top-down processing?
when people form their perceptions by starting with the larger concept or picture and then work their way down to the finer details