v182 exam one

What makes France's healthcare system unique?

-Government acts as primary third-party payer -Most health costs are paid for baby taxes collected by the government -Government also provides a national health system -Private providers are reimbursed at rates similar to the cost of the national system. Individuals are left to pick up the remaining bill -A well defined supplemental insurance network that will cover supplemental health costs by private providers and out of pocket expenses at public hospitals -Medical ID for all legal residents -Electronic records encouraged

How would you evaluate whether your policy for the opioid crisis was a success or failure?

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Why is health insurance predominately offered through employers in the United States?

Ability to pool the risk of many people with varying health conditions, Companies receive tax incentives for contributing towards employee benefits, To attract and retain employees

How is paid family leave different in the United States than other countries?

Americans get 0 weeks of paid leave.

What grouping of countries is expected to experience the fastest population growth?

Asia

why is an informed citizenry important for democracy?

Because citizens vote for the leaders, and it is important to know what they are talking about.

What makes paid family leave a topic compatible for multi-country comparative analysis?

Because the United States is one of the few countries that doesn't have it.

What other countries have exhibited shifts towards authoritarianism?

China, Nicaragua, etc...

What is the purpose of private insurance in a single-payer system like Canada?

Collects all health care fees and pays for all health care costs

What are the attributes of a democracy?

Equality in voting, Competition for public office, Majorities or pluralities primarily rule, Freedom of expression, Wide distribution of political resources, Protection of minority rights

How did the ACA affect Medicaid eligibility?

Expanding eligibility to adults with incomes up to 138 percent of the federal poverty level.

Which actors would be involved in the policy process for the opioid crisis?

FDA, DEA, Pharmacy, etc...

How does individual spending differ when comparing wealthy countries to the poorest countries?

For example a rich countries have 25000 or more USD per capita while power countries are 500 and under. It is highest in the United States

What are political institutions?

Formal rules for allocating political power and responsibilities within a state. They are the rules of a game in a society.

How does Japan keep healthcare costs down?

Government controls pricing

What is a hybrid political system?

Hybrid regimes are categorized as a combination of autocratic features with democratic ones and can simultaneously hold political repressions and regular elections.

How does the size of the employer affect its ability to provide health insurance benefits?

The bigger the firm the better and more likely they are to give you health insurance.

How did the fall of the Soviet Union affect Putin and his policies toward the west?

The fall of the USSR effected Putin in several ways because growing up this is all he knew, he wasn't used to democracy. So, he was determined to bring back what was lost, and Putin quickly began climbing to power.

How is the process to elect political leaders different in Germany than the United States? What are the benefits and drawbacks to this approach?

The first vote is for a direct candidate, who is required to receive a plurality vote in their electoral district. The second vote is used to elect a party list in each state as established by its respective party caucus.

How does Switzerland provide insurance for the poor?

The government pays for it

How has the individual mandate been altered since the ACA's passage?

The individual mandate has been eliminated. There was also a penalty for not having insurance and a subsidy which pays for a portion of your premium.

How did the Supreme Court rule on the ACA?

The law's "requirement that certain individuals pay a financial penalty for not obtaining health insurance may reasonably be characterized as a tax,"

Who is ultimately responsible for health expenses in the US?

The person

What are the obstacles to adopting best practices by other countries in the US healthcare system?

There a lot of obstacles think price, cybersecurity, healthcare staff shortages, etc..

What happens if you refuse to buy health insurance in Switzerland?

They are assigned insurance and have to pay the premium

How are premiums for sickness funds determined in Germany?

They are negotiated for standard prices

How did Taiwan determine which healthcare model to follow when developing its system?

They looked at a lot of countries and took the good things from them

What is corruption? Why does it matter?

Undetected and unchecked corruption in the public sector can cause serious damage including: undermining public trust in government. wasting public resources and money. causing injustice through advantaging some at the expense of others.

What are the consequences of not having insurance or being under-insured in the US?

Uninsured adults are also more likely to face negative consequences due to medical bills, such as using up savings, having difficulty paying for necessities, borrowing money, or having medical bills sent to collections resulting in medical debt.

When is it appropriate to look a single country when doing comparative policy analysis?

When a country has a large number to back up with they do, when they excel at it and are different from other countries.

How are single-payer and government-run healthcare systems funded?

Single: Funds are paid for by taxes collected by the government and government reimburses private providers based on a negotiated fee Government: Tax supported general government fund

How do you receive health coverage in Germany if you are unemployed?

Social insurance system which is emergency situations

How is capitalism different from a state-run economic system?

In a capitalist economy, property and businesses are owned and controlled by individuals. In a socialist economy, the state owns and manages the vital means of production. However, other differences also exist in the form of equity, efficiency, and employment.

How is an authoritative political regime different from a democratic one?

In a democracy, a legislature is intended to represent the diversity of interests among citizens, whereas authoritarians use legislatures to signal their own restraint towards other elites as well as to monitor other elites who pose a challenge to the regime.

What is the difference between inclusive and extractive institutions?

Inclusive is all about equal rights while extractive permit the elite to rule over and exploit others.

How does the fee-for-service model work in the US?

Individuals/Insurers are charged based on the services performed by the doctor

What is the state of inequality in the world?

Inequality is very bad in the world and more than 160 million are in poverty.

Why do some families receive higher subsidies than others when obtaining insurance through the health insurance exchanged created by the ACA?

It is all based on income, family size, age, etc..

How do US health statistics/outcomes compare to other OECD countries?

It is horrible for how expensive it is

What are the limitations to comparative policy analysis?

It is impossible to compare completely different or similar countries

What type of system does the VA (Veterans Administration) resemble when comparing to other countries?

It is low to no cost which is similar to most countries.

What is the OECD? What purpose does it serve?

It is the organization for economic cooperation and development. It is a unique forum where the governments of 34 democracies with market economies work with each other, as well as with more than 70 non-member economies to promote economic growth, prosperity and sustainable development. OECD provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and coordinate domestic and international policies

What is the difference between Medicare and Medicaid?

MEDICARE: Government medical insurance provided to people over 65, Funded by payroll tax and premiums charged to beneficiaries MEDICAID: Government medical insurance provided to low income people- Administered by States, Low reimbursement rates, many doctors limit their number of Medicaid patients

What are the key reforms included in the Affordable Care Act (ACA)?

Make affordable health insurance available to more people, expand medicaid program to cover all adults with income below 138% of the FPL, Support innovative medical care delivery methods designed to lower the costs of health care generally.

How was Taiwan able to make its health system universal?

Taiwan has on government insurance company to collect the money and none can opt out.

Who chooses the head of state in a parliamentary system?

Members of the parliament

How do political factors affect policy formulation and decision making?

Most political decisions are influenced by many things?

Who runs the United Kingdom's healthcare system?

NHS National Health Services

What are the origins of the opioid crisis?

People in hospitals would be hooked on these drugs when they left the hospitals, and they would often be overprescribed.

What challenges face the US healthcare system?

People without health insurance don't just risk financial ruin and limited access for themselves but cost everyone in the system System can encourage curative over preventative care Number and pay of primary care doctors Medical malpractice litigation- Doctors use excessive tests and other procedures to avoid lawsuits ("Defensive Medicine') and stay out of certain areas of medicine, Restricted Choice- You are only able to choose insurance organized by your employer and use the doctors that the insurance company permits, Threat of Bankruptcy, Entrepreneurship could be stunted, Cost to US companies put them at a disadvantage to foreign peers, Unhealthy lifestyles of many Americans

What type of actors/institutions are involved in policy evaluation?

Pretty much everyone and everything

What actions put Russia on a path to be a more authoritarian country?

Putin wanted to change Russian democracy (he did this by slowly dismantling democracy), and what he did was make his version of a restored Russian power.

Rule of Law

Rule of law exists when both state and society are bound by an impartial and neutrally enforced legal framework. In other words, the rule of law means that no one, including the highest-ranking political officeholder, is above the law.

What type of system does Medicare resemble when comparing to other countries?

Single Payer system?

What is the difference between a single-payer and government-run healthcare system?

Single Payer: Funds are paid for by taxes collected by the government and government reimburses private providers based on a negotiated fee Government Run: Public Health Service delivered by public employees on the public payroll, payment for healthcare disbursed from a tax-supported general government fund, and private healthcare is relegated to providers who are outside the national system and whose patients are able to pay the fees or private insurance premiums.

What are the stages of the policy process?

agenda setting, policy formulation, decision making, policy implementation, policy evaluation

What is a universal healthcare system?

all people have access to the full range of quality health services they need, when and where they need them, without financial hardship.

What does the idea of convergence apply to agenda setting?

as countries industrialize, they develop similar policy concerns

How does the pairing of a public and private system work in Australia or Portugal?

between a government agency and a private-sector company that can be used to finance, build, and operate projects, such as public transportation networks, parks, and convention centers???

What are the forms of government?

monarchy, oligarchy, democracy, anarchy

What does cost-benefit analysis set out to achieve?

reaching the goals at an appropriate cost. All items to be evaluated in monetary terms.

What affect did the ACA have on insurance coverage and healthcare costs?

reduced the annual increases in payments to hospitals under the traditional Medicare program.

What is public policy?

the course of action the government takes in response to an issue or problem

What type of healthcare system does Sweden have?

the healthcare system is decentralised, which means that it is managed and run either by the regions, local authority or municipality.

What is governance?

the manner in which authoritative decisions are made and executed in a society

Who employs healthcare workers in Sweden's healthcare system?

they are public employees on a public payroll ****

How did Portugal change its approach to addressing the issue of drug addiction/abuse?

they decriminalized the public and private use of drugs and just focused on public health.

What is the purpose of comparative policy analysis?

to explain policy outputs and outcomes