KIN 168

Sport group norms exist in all contexts

- Competition/practice: group members will put maximum effort in practice and competition - Offseason: group members will continue training and maintain contact with each other - Social: group members will attend social events and respect each other

component of Emotional Intelligence:

- Emotional intelligence: intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligence - Includes self awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills

The sources of extrinsic motivation and intrinsic motivation are respectively

- Extrinsic = performing an activity to obtain some external reward - Intrinsic = people are motivated for its own sake " love of the game"

The following are future needs or expectations for the field of sport psychology:

- How can we induce social-structure change in sport and exercise to enhance the psychological and physical well-being of participants?" , Social-cultural factors, sport psychology should do more than help athletes perform better, military performance, positive sport psychology-developing positive emotion and building strengths - Should help promote empowerment and social justice

Sport psychology in Eastern Europe gave a great deal of attention to:

- Peak performance-enhancing elite athletes performance through applied research and direct intervention - Self Regulation training-control psychological responses while in space.

Early in the athletic season, coaches form performance expectations on an athlete based on

- Person cues: individuals socioeconomic status, family background, racial or ethnic group, gender, physique, etc. - Behavioral information: performance based; certain physical tests, other coaches comments about performance, practice or tryout - Psychological characteristics: preseason expectations about coachability, role acceptance, self-discipline

Important for athletes to understand all the following in terms of their role

- Scope of their responsibility - Behaviors that are necessary to successfully fulfill their role responsibilities - How their role performance will be evaluated - What the consequences are should they not succeed

typical leadership theories

- Transformational Leadership Theory - Emotionally Intelligent Leadership - Authentic Leadership - Multidimensional model of Leadership

According to Carron & Eys, "Every group is like

- all other groups, like some other groups, and like no other group." - Means that every group contains characteristics that are common to every other group, but also has unique characteristics.

A characteristic(s) of coaches that may be linked to tendencies to exhibit expectancy based behavior:

- coaches of male athletes who buy into gender stereotyped and sexually prejudice beliefs (masculinity in males) - coaches of female athletes who treat the more "feminine" athletes better

The pattern and frequency in which reinforcement is administered

- continuous = every correct response is reinforced - partial = some responses are reinforced and others are not

Cross et al.'s continuum of cultural competence ranges from page

- culture ineptness to cultural proficiency

general characteristics used to describe a group

- dynamic, not static - exhibit life and vitality, interaction, and activity - common identity, common goals, common fate, structured pattern of interaction, personal and task dependence, interpersonal attraction

The 1960s era of Sport Psychology was known for

- evaluating athletes mental capabilities (book developed called "Problem athletes and how to handle them") - Witnessed its first attempts to bring together groups interested in sport psych (ISSP)

kind of individual is least likely to be affected by a coach's expectations?

- high-achieving students in an academic classroom are invulnerable to negativity

Pygmalion-prone coach's behavior

- initiates less interpersonal contact with athletes she believes to less skilled. -more reinforcement and praise to high-expectancy athletes

Ram, Starek and Johnson (2004) report the lack of research page

- lack of research on race and ethnicity with only 205 to race and 1.2% to sexual orientation

quality of motivation is inferred by the athlete's:

- sustained and positive as well as healthy engagement in the sport - Includes both the athletes accomplishments and development over time as well as the degree of enjoyment and psychological and physical benefits associated with sport

the definition of heterosexism?

- the institutionalized oppression of nonheterosexual people

Butryn's article on white privilege in sport demonstrated that

- there is invisible privileges that come with being of white skin

groups may experience expectation-bias behavior:

-African AmericansL: coaches believe that african americans have natural talent but not mental capabilities - women in sport compared to men especially during youth

personal factor that influences team cohesion?

-characteristics, beliefs, or behaviors of group members -satisfaction, competitive state anxiety

diversity in sport and athletics?

-minorities have less of a chance to do good in sport. White people are told they are more strategic while black people are told they have a natural talent

three areas of multicultural competencies?

1. Context is everything 2. culture, race, and ethnicity as separate indexes do little to inform us. 3. Using paradigms reflecting differing worldviews

The D.E.S.C. method is recommended: for conflict resolution within teams

1. Describes or defines an undesired behavior 2. Expresses why the behavior is problematic 3. Specifies possible solutions and alternatives 4. Identifies the consequences that will ensue if the behavior is not altered

Ego can impair performance in all of the following ways:

1. Protect ones perceptions may cause an athlete to select sport tasks that are too easy or difficult 2. Expectations of looking incompetent can result in a lack of trying when failure is looming and when it looks like one will appear less able compared to others 3. Expectations of demonstrating low ability leading to regular and high levels of anxiety and a loss of interest in the sport

expectation-performance process, when a coach does not believe a given athlete has the athletic competencies to be successful, the coach wil

1. Reduce amount of material or skills those players are expected to learn 2. Allow less time in practice drills 3. Less persistent in helping low-expectancy athletes learn a difficult skill

Those who succeeds through aversive control usually do so because

1. They are also able to communicate caring for their players as people, so athletes do not take the abuse personally 2. They have very talented athletes 3. They recruit thick-skinned athletes who are less affected by aversive feedback 4. They are such skilled teachers and strategists that these abilities overshadow their negative approach.

Nicholls' research (1989) on goal perspectives argued that

Achievement goal orientations are not bipolar opposites, rather, they are independent dimensions

A person's judgment of their competence and how they perceive success

Are the critical antecedents to quality and particularly the quality of our motivation

Era was known for making considerable progress regarding professional issues in applied sport

Association of Applied Sport Psychology was formed by John Silva in 1980s-designed to promote applied research in the areas of health, social, and performance enhancement psychology; the appropriate application of these findings, and examination of ethical standards, qualifications for becoming a sport psychologist, and certifications of sport psychologists. Also designed to connect psychology and sport psychology.

The attempt to lead through earning respect and trust by being genuine describes what leadership style?

Authentic Leadership

true about cohesion

Broken down into group integration and individual attraction of task and of social. Group integration refers to individual perceptions about closeness and similarity. Individual attraction refers to motivation to stay within the group

The relationship between performance and cohesiveness is such that

Circular one: cohesiveness contributes to performance success, and performance success increases cohesiveness

What are the "four C's" comprising the Team Captains Leadership Model?

Commitment, Confidence, Composure, and Character- all necessary in developing the respect and credibility among coaches and players to lead vocally

correlates of sport team cohesiveness

Environmental factors, personal factors, team factors, and leadership factors

One of the ways to empower effective team leaders is to

Give them leadership opportunities such as running warm up in practice, organizing pre-practice and/or post practice huddles, managing team logistics, facilitating team building activities, making difficult decisions about keeping uncommitted teammates

The following is an example of a positive reinforcement program

Global: number of rebounds per minute Specific sub-skills: boxing out to get rebounds

Feedback motivates in the following ways

Goal setting Correct misconceptions Self motivation

Achievement goal theory states

Individuals in a state of ego involvement who have high perceptions of perceived ability are likely to respond in a fashion similar to competitors who are task involved

Roles that occur from the interactions between group members are defined as

Informal roles such as the "vocal leader" who takes ownership for it

The stage in which team-building protocols are introduced and maintained by the coaches

Intervention stage: lasts through entire season, as coaches continually use team building strategies and evaluate the process and suitability of strategies

An individual who participates in sport for its own sake is:

Intrinsic motivation where they personally choose to participate

The most effective use of "reward power" is

Is to strengthen skills an athlete is just beginning to master. Breaking the master skill into subskills and focusing on those one at a time until mastered

What must be established before effective team leadership can take place

It must began with an internal identification of a shared purpose and mission. This is why team goals are important. The longer the duration of the team development and team building processes, the greater its effectiveness

One general goal of sport psychology interventions is to: best

Learn to consistently create the ideal mental climate that enables athletes to perform at their best

groups have been shown to exhibit the most cohesiveness?

Moderate sized groups

Entity theorists believe that

Peoples traits and abilities are fixed. These people think stubbornly. More pygmallion prone

Using the Positive Sandwich Approach is an example of what optimal leadership behavior:

Positive sandwhich technique is finding something to commend about the play, then following it with specific critique, and then ending with encouragement.

For their leaders to continue to grow, coaches must

Provide feedback and engage in reflection

help in evaluating skills and provide more opportunities for practicing these skills

Reflection: coaches must help the leaders evaluate what worked and what didnt. Coaches must have team leaders write goals and evaluate these goals.

What do sport psychologists study all the following

Scientific study of psych factors that influence participation and performance in sport and exercise, and the psychological effects derived from these activities

________ describes when the coach's expectations regarding the ability of an athlete serve as a predictor that dictates or determines the level of achievement for the athlete:

Self-fulfilling prophecy theory

Team building is defined as

Team enhancement or team improvement for both task and social purposes

Rosenthal and Jacobson's (1968) teacher expectations research showed that

The random targeted Children were held to higher expectations and stimulate better performance from teachers and in turn gained intellectually overal

Athletes who perceive their team to be higher in task cohesion experience less anxiety

These athletes see cognitive (worry) and somatic (sweaty palms) anxiety as beneficial and necessary for performance. More resources at their disposal, less pressure

The leadership style that has been shown to produce the most cohesive team

Transformational Leadership

type of positive reinforcement

Verbal praise, smiles, nonverbal signs such as applause, or physical contact such as pat on back

Attempting to eliminate unwanted behaviors through punishment and criticism describes

aversive punishment

Punishment works by arousin

by arousing fear, it arouses fear of failure

The sum of forces that cause members to remain in the group is referred to as

cohesion

grandfather of sport psychology in North America

coleman griffith, the first one to research sport psychology for a long period of time

Improving role clarity and role acceptance might occur through which intervention(s)?

communication

The priority of most coaches is to

create good learning situations, create social environments to build team cohesion and a supportive environment as well as teamwork, dedication, mental toughness and more.

Shared values, beliefs and practices of an identifiable group of people" is the definition of which of the following terms

culture

antecedents

environmental stimuli

negative attribution for low-expectancy athlete

example: kid with low expectancy steals a base- coach says it's because other team made a mistake

Sport opportunities are influenced by page

geographic region and social class and economic resources

Behavior that is undertaken not out of free choice but as a means to an end, with no pleasure, is described as

identified regulation

a measurable behavior in sports

improved strength

the opposite end of amotivation on the self-determination continuum is the classic state of:

intrinsic motivation

Those who participate in sport due to feelings of having to play

introjected regulation

Authentic Leadership

involves the integrity of leading from ones true core

What is applied sport psychology

is concerned primarily w/ how theoretical concepts can be used in "real world" settings to enhance performance and well-being of athletes.

Transformational Leadership Theory

leaders and participants engage in a mutual, ongoing process of raising one one another to higher levels of motivation

Athletes with low self-confidence perceive ________ supportiveness and composure from their coach compared to athletes with high self-confidence

less

approximate percentage of women coaching women in collegiate athletics today

less than 50%

that a particular goal state is manifested in training or competition.

motivational climate

A standard of behavior that is expected of members in a group is referred to as

norms

Interactionism paradigm

person and environmental variables and their potential interaction, surfaced and gained considerable credibility

behavior

person engages

Emotionally Intelligent Leadership

predicated on enhanced understanding of self and others for maximized performance

Gender (as discussed in the APA guidelines for professional practice with girls and women and in the chapter) refers to

psychological, social, and cultural experiences and characteristics associated with being male or female

punishment

reduces the likelihood of a behavior; eliminate unwanted behavior

The relationship between behaviors and their consequences is termed

reinforcement contingencies

The removal of a positive stimulus is called:

response cost

key indicators of intrinsic motivation

self determination, inspired by the pleasure of the activity

consequences

strengthen or weaken

The positive approach is aimed at

strengthening desired behaviors through the use of encouragement, positive reinforcement, and solund technical instruction carried out within a supportive atmosphere.

Multidimensional model of Leadership

team member satisfaction and performance are two outcomes for leadership behaviors which are influenced by situational, leader, and member characteristics. Coaches and leaders must balance the demands of the situation and the required behaviors with the individual preferences of team members to take the most appropriate action that will lead to peak performance and satisfaction.

construct is metaphorically growing as sport scandals are becoming increasingly more public, due to the influence of viral videos and other media?

their is a trust gap between leaders and their people. Future needs leaders who will make strong decisions, balancing the needs of athletes and the pressure to deliver results