KIN 2500 Final (Chapter 16)

True/False: A significant difference between neurons and neuroglia is that mature neuroglia can divide whereas mature neurons generally cannot divide.

True

True/False: Dendrites conduct signals toward the neuron cell body; the axon conducts nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body.

True

True/False: Most unipolar neurons are sensory neurons that transmit information along afferent pathways to the central nervous system.

True

True/False: The afferent (sensory) portion of the autonomic nervous system carries sensory information from the viscera to the central nervous system.

True

True/False: The afferent (sensory) portion of the somatic nervous system carries sensory information from the eyes and ears to the central nervous system.

True

True/False: The efferent (motor) portion of the autonomic nervous system consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

True

True/False: The portion of the plasma membrane of a neuron that surrounds the axoplasm is called the axolemma.

True

True/False: The vast majority of neurons in the body are interneurons.

True

True/False: There are two types of neuroglia that produce myelin sheaths: oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes).

True

True/False: Gray matter is only located in the brain.

False

True/False: Neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons, does NOT happen in adult humans.

False

True/False: Neuroglia derived from monocytes are called astrocytes.

False

True/False: The name given to rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons is lipofuscin granules.

False

True/False: A neurolemma (sheath of Schwann) is a characteristic of cells located in the peripheral nervous system, but NOT in the central nervous system.

True

True/False: Neurons that originate in the central nervous system and that function to carry information to smooth, skeletal, or cardiac muscle are efferent (motor) neurons.

True

A nerve is a structure that may contain: 1. axons 2. blood vessels 3. neuron cell bodies 4. connective tissue 5. myelin 6. oligodendrocytes a) 1, 2, 4, 5 b) 1, 3, 5, 6 c) 1, 4, 5 only d) 2, 3, 4

a) 1, 2, 4, 5

In order to flex your fingers, which type of impulse will the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle need to receive? a) efferent (motor) b) afferent (sensory) c) visceral d) autonomic

a) efferent (motor)

Select the best description of the oligodendrocytes: a) form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system b) help maintain the blood-brain barrier c) form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system d) surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia

a) form myelin sheaths in the CNS

Select the best description of nerve fiber: a) may refer to either an axon or dendrite b) joins axon to cell body c) fine processes at the ends of axons d) contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm

a) may refer to either an axon or dendrite

A multipolar neuron consists of three parts: cell body, _____ and _____.

axon, dendrites

The following are all functions of astrocytes EXCEPT: a) they help maintain the blood-brain barrier. b) they synthesize neurotransmitters. c) they participate in brain development. d) they help maintain proper K+ balance.

b) they synthesize neurotransmitters.

A neuron having one axon and one dendrite, such as those located in the retina or inner ear, are classified as _____ neurons.

bipolar

The two principal divisions of the nervous system are the _____ and _____ nervous systems.

central, peripheral

A synapse is a functional junction between: a) two neurons. b) a neuron and a muscle cell. c) a neuron and a glandular cell. d) all of these choices

d) all of these choices

White matter includes: a) ganglia b) a thin outer layer of most of the brain c) nuclei in the brain d) tracts in the spinal cord

d) tracts in the spinal cord

Which of the following pairs of terms is most closely matched? a) gray matter, myelinated axons of the peripheral nervous system b) white matter, neuron cell bodies in a ganglion c) gray matter, Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) in the peripheral nervous system d) white matter, tracts in the central nervous system

d) white matter, tracts in the central nervous system

One class of neuroglial cells is cuboidal to columnar cells arranged in a single layer that possess microvilli and cilia that line fluid-filled spaces in the CNS. These neuroglia are called _____.

ependymal cells

A Schwann cell (neurolemmocyte) contributes to the myelin sheath of _____ (one or several) axon(s).

one

The three basic functions of the nervous system are _____ function, _____ function, and _____ function.

sensory, integrative, motor

An oligodendrocyte contributes to the myelin sheath of _____ (one or several) axon(s).

several

A bundle of axons in the central nervous system is called a/an _____.

tract

The efferent (motor) portion of the somatic nervous system is _____ (voluntary or involuntary).

voluntary

State two conditions necessary for the regeneration of the processes of a neuron in the peripheral nervous system.

1) The cell body must be intact 2) The Schwann cells must be functional

Arrange the following terms in a chart that exhibits your understanding of the functional organization of the nervous system: somatic nervous system, central nervous system, sympathetic division, peripheral nervous system, parasympathetic division, autonomic nervous system.

CNS: brain and spinal cord PNS: 1) Somatic nervous system , (2) Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic division parasympathetic division *All sections are connected by afferent and efferent pathways, except for the autonomic sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways, which are efferent only

Select the best description of neurotransmitter molecules: a) stored in synaptic vesicles b) accumulate as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages c) fine processes at the ends of axons d) usually short and branched

a) stored in synaptic vesicles

Which structure of the neuron is included in the neuromuscular junction? a) the axon terminal b) the axon hillock c) the cell body (perikaryon) d) the dendrites

a) the axon terminal

At a synapse between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron, the axon would be part of a _____ neuron; the dendrite would be part of a _____ neuron. a) presynaptic, postsynaptic b) visceral, somatic c) postsynaptic, presynaptic d) somatic, visceral

a) presynaptic, postsynpatic

Which of the following neuroglia would be found in the peripheral nervous system? a) satellite cells b) astrocytes c) oligodendrocytes d) microglia

a) satellite cells

When compared to unmyelinated axons, myelinated axons: 1. are electrically insulated 2. are gray in color 3. have a faster speed of nerve impulse conduction 4. are more numerous a) 1, 2, 3, 4 b) 1, 3, 4 only c) 2, 3, 4 only d) 1, 2, 4 only

b) 1, 3, 4 only

_____ (or motor) impulses travel from the _____ to the _____ (muscles or glands). a) Efferent, effectors, central nervous system b) Efferent, central nervous system, effectors c) Afferent, central nervous system, effectors d) Afferent, effectors, central nervous system

b) Efferent, central nervous system, effectors

Accidentally stepping on a nail with the sole of your foot causes you quite a bit of discomfort. Which type of pathway is involved in relaying information about the nail to the central nervous system? a) efferent (motor) b) afferent (sensory) c) visceral d) autonomic

b) afferent (sensory)

Which neuroglia would be most responsible for helping to prevent pathogens and toxins from entering the brain from the blood? a) Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) b) astrocytes c) oligodendrocytes d) ependymal cells

b) astrocytes

The axon hillock is the part of a neuron that: a) passes nerve impulses directly to another cell. b) connects the axon to the neuron cell body. c) gives rise to axon collaterals. d) stores neurotransmitters in vesicles.

b) connects the axon to the neuron cell body

Select the best description of astrocytes: a) form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system b) help maintain the blood-brain barrier c) form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system d) surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia

b) help maintain the blood-brain barrier

A main difference between neurons (nerve cells) and neuroglia (glia) is: a) neuroglia are found only in the central nervous system. b) mature neurons do not normally divide; neuroglia do. c) neurons are more numerous than neuroglia. d) neurons are generally smaller than neuroglia.

b) mature neurons do not normally divide; neuroglia do.

Diverging circuits allow for transmission of nerve impulses from _____ neuron(s) to _____ neuron(s). a) several, one b) one, several c) unipolar, multipolar d) multipolar, unipolar

b) one, several

Select the best description of the microglia: a) help maintain the blood-brain barrier b) phagocytes of the central nervous system c) phagocytes of the peripheral nervous system d) form lining of brain ventricles

b) phagocytes of the CNS

Select the best description of Nissl bodies: a) form(s) part of the cytoskeleton b) rough endoplasmic reticulum c) accumulate as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages d) usually short and branched

b) rough ER

_____ (or sensory) impulses travel from the _____ to the _____. a) Efferent, central nervous system, receptors b) Efferent, receptors, central nervous system c) Afferent, receptors, central nervous system d) Afferent, central nervous system, receptors

c) Afferent, receptors, central nervous system (CNS)

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding oligodendrocytes? a) They are smaller than astrocytes. b) They form myelin sheaths around central nervous system axons. c) They line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain. d) They are not as numerous as astrocytes.

c) They line the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain.

Select the best description of lipofuscin: a) form(s) part of the cytoskeleton b) rough endoplasmic reticulum c) accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages d) usually short and branched

c) accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages

Select the best description of axon terminals: a) stored in synaptic vesicles b) join axon to cell body c) fine processes at the ends of an axon d) side branches along the length of an axon

c) fine processes at the ends of an axon

Select the best description of the Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes): a) form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system b) help maintain the blood-brain barrier c) form myelin sheaths in the peripheral nervous system d) surround cell bodies in peripheral nervous system ganglia

c) form myelin sheaths in the PNS

Which of the following convey information from the central nervous system (CNS) to skeletal muscles only? a) sympathetic motor neurons b) parasympathetic motor neurons c) somatic motor neurons d) afferent motor neurons

c) somatic motor neurons

Select the best description of the satellite cells: a) form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system b) help maintain the blood-brain barrier c) surround cell bodies in peripheral nervous system ganglia d) form lining of brain ventricles

c) surround cell bodies in PNS ganglia

Select the best description of dendrites: a) stored in synaptic vesicles b) accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages c) usually short and branched d) usually myelinated

c) usually short and branched

Regeneration of nerve fibers in the central nervous system is highly unlikely because: a) there are no neurolemmas (sheaths of Schwann). b) oligodendrocytes inhibit axon regeneration. c) astrocytes rapidly form a physical barrier of scar tissue. d) all of these choices

d) all of these choices

The peripheral nervous system includes: a) cranial nerves and their branches. b) spinal nerves and their branches. c) ganglia d) all of these choices

d) all of these choices

Select the best description of an axon: a) accumulates as yellow-brown granules as the cell ages b) contains a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm c) receiving or input portion of a neuron d) carries nerve impulses toward another neuron, a muscle fiber, or a gland cell

d) carries nerve impulses toward another neuron, a muscle fiber, or a gland cell

Select the best description of the ependymal cells: a) form myelin sheaths in the central nervous system b) help maintain the blood-brain barrier c) surround neurons in peripheral nervous system ganglia d) form lining of brain ventricles

d) form lining of brain ventricles

A _____ refers to a small mass of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron cell bodies, outside of the brain and spinal cord. a) nucleus b) nerve c) tract d) ganglion

d) ganglion

Dendrites are processes of a neuron that: a) carry nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body. b) are usually myelinated. c) are usually longer than axons. d) none of these choices

d) none of these choices

Which structure of the neuron will contain the greatest number of neurotransmitter receptors? a) the Nissl bodies b) the axoplasm c) the synaptic vesicles d) the dendrites

d) the dendrites