KIN 4300 FINAL

For nineteenth-century women, _____ percent of their married lives were spent in childrearing.

90

Which of the following statements is NOT a premise of modernization theory?

Economic technology creates new jobs for older workers.

Which of the following statements is true about continuity theory?

Even though aging is associated with multiple losses, life satisfaction among the old remains high.

A central feature of modernization theory is the social construction of reality.

False

A major advantage of the longitudinal research design is that it compares subjects from different cohorts at one point in time.

False

A major criticism of continuity theory is that it defines normal aging around the female model of aging.

False

A transition refers to the social changes that occur as one cohort replaces another.

False

According to activity theory, successful aging is based on individual personality attributes and dispositions.

False

Age discrimination is rare in the health care system.

False

An example of a countertransition is achieving a bachelor's degree at age 18.

False

By the 1970s, the average couple had their first child by their late 30s and had a total of four children spaced two years apart.

False

German veterans who entered the labor market after World War II had ended were least likely to be unemployed.

False

Men are more likely to be widowed than women.

False

Most controversial about disengagement theory was the idea that disengagement occurred primarily because of social factors rather than biological factors.

False

Older workers rarely feel that they have not been given opportunities for advancement.

False

People who were born during the Depression are members of the "Swing Cohort."

False

The millennials are less likely than other generations to hold liberal attitudes toward controversial issues such as gay marriage.

False

The most important factors in subjective age identity are chronological age and being retired.

False

There is little variation in cohorts by gender or ethnic composition.

False

Until recently, middle age was distinct from the rest of adult life.

False

Younger minorities are less likely than their elders to have a college degree.

False

Which of the following statements is NOT a characteristic of age grade?

Individual members of society can select the age grade they want to join.

Which of the following statements is true about subjective age identity?

It appears to be influenced by the social class of an individual.

Which of the following statements is true about the frail elderly?

Need help from others for carrying out their daily activities.

Which of the following is not part of the definition of senescence?

Old age can be a period of renewal and increased wisdom.

Which of the following was a main finding of the Kansas City Study of Adult Life?

People remained fully engaged in their primary occupations in middle age.

All of the following are examples of online age discrimination except:

Some employers weed out older job applicants by requiring references from three previous jobs.

_____ refers to outdated social structures that prevent people from participating fully in society.

Structural lag

Why do most people think of "old age" as starting at 65?

That was the age at which retired workers could begin receiving Social Security benefits under the Social Security Act of 1935.

Which of the following is not a stereotype of older adults?

The majority of men and women retire before age 70.

Identify an accurate statement about the millennials.

They are more likely to be unemployed or underemployed.

A major disadvantage of the longitudinal research design is the cost.

True

An example of age cohort would include all college freshmen.

True

Continuity theory adopts a life course perspective to define normal aging.

True

Continuity theory emphasizes that personality plays a major role in adjustment to old age and views adult development as a continuous process.

True

Most measures of functional age focus on characteristics that decline with age, such as eyesight.

True

Older people often face discrimination in the workplace.

True

One distinctive change in the duration of a life course phase is the extension of adolescence.

True

People who start life at an advantage are likely to experience increasing benefits as they age.

True

Religious faith sustains people through many crises as they age.

True

Social gerontology is a subfield of gerontology, concerned primarily with the social aspects of aging.

True

The basic assumption in measuring age effects is that changes due to aging reflect biological and physiological developments that are independent of specific times, places, or events.

True

The central premise of disengagement theory is that normal aging involves the withdrawal of the older person from social life.

True

The extension of the period of old age is another change in the duration of the life course.

True

The social constructionist approach focuses on older adults as active subjects who participate in the creation of their social realities.

True

Why do women tend to associate more negative connotations with aging than do men?

Women are evaluated on physical attractiveness and reproductive potential, and aging affects both.

Which of the following statements is true about education?

Younger minorities are much more likely than their elders to have a college degree.

Which of the following is usually the most age-integrated institution of all?

a family

The concept of a social clock refers to:

a prescriptive timetable for ordering life events.

Subculture theory shares similar characteristics with activity and disengagement theories. It differs from the two in that its origin is in:

a sociological theory of subcultural development.

An age-integrated institution is characterized by:

absence of chronological age as means of entrance, participation, or exit.

The government has the greatest impact on:

adolescence and old age.

A central concept in age stratification theory is:

age cohort.

Gerontologists define a "cohort" as the:

aggregate of individuals who experience the same event within the same time interval.

An underlying assumption of age stratification is that:

all societies group people into social categories.

The social constructionist approach views an individual:

as capable of interpreting her/his social reality.

A good example of functional age is:

at the age of 58, no longer being able to run 20 miles.

Which of the following is not an example of chronological age?

becoming a grandfather

The first practitioners of social gerontology were:

developmental psychologists.

Which conclusion is correct regarding the finding that older people are more politically conservative than younger people?

differences in political beliefs vary by cohort.

One of the major methodological issues in research on the life course is:

distinguishing among age, period, and cohort effects.

Which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to disengagement among nursing home residents?

eating difficulties

Which of the following is not one of the functional categories devised by gerontologists?

employed elderly

Which of the following is NOT an example of life course transition in the family sphere?

entering full-time employment

Based on the definition of "deferred exchange strategies," the person most likely to be involved in such a strategy would be a:

family member.

A disadvantage of longitudinal research studies is that they:

have a tendency to be biased as some people drop out over a period of time.

According to Rose, within the subculture of the elderly, high status is conferred on those who:

have good mental and physical health.

Which of the following is NOT a central concern of age stratification theory?

how biological decline leads to social isolation between age strata

Which of the following is not a technique used in qualitative research?

interviewing individuals using a survey instrument

Which of the following is NOT true regarding the "crowded nest" phenomenon:

less common among high school graduates than college graduates.

The best research study to distinguish among age, period, and cohort effects is:

longitudinal.

Chronological age poses a problem in social gerontology because it:

lumps people of different generations together.

In age-graded systems, _____.

males are ranked in hierarchical order according to their age group

All of the following are examples of the double standard of aging by gender except:

men are more likely to be evaluated for their sexual appeal and women for emotional support.

All of the following are micro theories of aging with the exception of:

modernization theory.

A fact about aging is that:

most retirees are busy, active, and satisfied with their working lives.

Functional age may be measured by:

no longer being able to drive.

The most controversial element of continuity theory is the definition of:

normal aging.

Persons at the greatest risk of becoming isolated or involuntarily disengaged are the:

nursing home residents.

The central premise of the book Personal Adjustment in Old Age was that:

poor adjustment was correlated with a lack of activity.

An advantage of longitudinal research studies is that they:

provide data about differences between age cohorts.

Transitions are:

role changes individuals make as they leave school, take a job, marry, have children, or retire.

Social gerontologists are concerned mainly with the _____ of aging.

social component

A subfield of gerontology is:

social gerontology.

Mrs. Martin recently became a grandmother. The best term to define the change in her life is:

social role.

Recent studies have found exchange theory useful in explaining:

social support between generations.

According to activity theory, _____.

successful aging is active aging

The term "ageism" refers to:

systematic stereotyping of and discrimination against people because they are old.

What was the main criticism of disengagement theory?

that the process of disengaging was universal and inevitable.

The longitudinal research design that focuses on the role that social support and personal relationships play in healthy aging is _____.

the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project

Cohort aging refers to:

the continuous advancement of a cohort to one age category to another over the life span.

Modernization theory focuses on:

the continuum of societies from least to most developed based on indicators like industrialization and urbanization.

According to the longitudinal study of people in Germany:

the difference between poorer people and more affluent people in happiness increased with age.

In the context of aging, feminist theorists contend that:

the entire life course of individuals is gendered.

Which of the following birth cohorts is the best educated and most diverse of any generation?

the millennials

Which of the following is an example of a cohort effect?

the shift in the attitudes of a country's population toward gay marriage from the 1960s till the early 2000s

The basic premise of modernization theory was that:

there was once a golden age of aging.

A major criticism of political economy theories is that:

they view older people as too passive.

All of the following are characteristics of age norms except:

violation of age norms can result in severe negative sanctions such as getting arrested.

Which of the following is not included in the Age Discrimination in Employment Act?

workers cannot be fired on the basis of race or gender.