KINE 1301 Chapter 5

Identify a true statement about a person performing a closed skill

The individual performing the skill is self-paced

According to the information processing model, what happens after visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and other sensory information is transmitted through the nervous system to the brain?

The information is sifted, evaluated, and interpreted

Rank the processes of the information processing model in the order in which they occur.

1. Input 2. Decision Making 3. Output 4. Feedback

Which of the following occurs in the cognitive stage of learning?

A learner tries to understand the nature goal of an activity

Identify a performance characteristic of learners during the associative stage of learning.

A learner works on mastering the timing needed for a skill

Match the motor skill acquisition theories that emerged during the present period (1970-today) to their descriptions

Adam's Closed Loop Theory: It explained how feedback is used to update. the cognitive representation of movement and improve subsequent performances of the motor skill Schmidt's Schema Theory: It proposed the idea that movement patterns such as kicking or throwing could be generalized to a variety of sports and settings. The Dynamical Systems Theory: It suggested that the neuromuscular system plays a prominent role in the selection of physical movements

Identify a performance characteristic associated with skill learning as identified by Magill and Anderson

Adaptability

In the context of motor learning, how can instructors help learners understand the task to be learned?

By helping learners establish an executive or motor plan for action.

Identify the reasons for the occurrence of plateaus in an individual's performance

Lack of motivation Loss of interest

True or False: Continual reinforcement tends to be more effective than random reinforcement.

False

Who is often considered the father of motor behavior?

Franklin Henry

What should a teacher do when a plateau occurs in an individual's performace?

He or she should be cognizant of the conditions under which a learner makes little or no apparent progress in the activity.

Which of the following is one of the first steps in the motor learning process?

Helping learners acquire a cognitive understanding of the nature of the task to be learned

Identify a characteristic of bending

It may be done in several directions

______ refers to a condition within an individual that initiates activity directed toward a goal

Motivation

______ is concerned with the learning or acquisition of skills across the lifespan

Motor behavior

Match the types of reinforcement with their appropriate descriptions

Positive reinforcement: It is given following a desired response Negative reinforcement: It is withheld following a desired response

Match the different types of reinforcement with their examples

Positive reinforcement: Providing encouragement, praise, commendation, or a pat on the back following successful execution of a skill Negative reinforcement: Belittling an individual's unsuccessful effort to perform a skill and discontinuing this behavior when the individual successfully executes the skill

How should practice sessions be structured to promote optimal conditions for learning?

Practices should be organized so that distracting elements are eliminated from the setting.

______ can be defined in terms of physiological and psychological factors influencing an individual's ability and willingness to learn.

Readiness

______ is using events, actions, and behaviors to increase the likelihood of a certain response recurring.

Reinforcement

Which of the following individuals is in the cognitive stage of learning?

Sarah is asked to watch a game of soccer familiarize herself with the game before she begins coaching

Which of the following would be considered a manipulative skill?

Striking, Throwing, and Catching

Identify a theory that explains human movement as a result of the interaction between three systems: the individual or the organism, the environment, and the task

The dynamical systems theory

Identify a true statement about a person performing an open skill.

The performer of the skill must adapt his or her responses to this ever-changing environment.

What happens in the elementary emerging stage of the developmental sequences approach?

The spatial and temporal elements of the movements are better synchronized.

Identify a characteristic of the initial state of the developmental sequences approach

There is little body rotation or sometimes exaggerated use of the body

Identify a characteristic of manipulative skills

They involve the propulsion and control of objects

True or False: According to the dynamical systems model, characteristic of individual, environment, and task interact to influence movement.

True

Which of the following would be considered a nonlocomotor skill?

Twisting

Identify the locomotor skills commonly seen in elementary school children

Walking Jumping Running

In the ______ stage of learning, the basics of a skill have been learned and a learner concentrates on refining a skill.

associative

Skills performed in a predictable, stable environment are called ______

closed skills

According to Fitts and Posner, the first stage of learning is the ______

cognitive stage

The ______ of the developmental sequences approach reflects the time needed to develop different approaches of the skill being learned.

emerging stage

The ______ of the developmental sequences approach reflects the time needed to develop different aspects of the skill being learned

emerging stage

In the context of the information processing model, ______ is information about the performance of a movement and its quality, appropriateness, or outcome.

feedback

The ability of an individual to modify a skill to adapt to changing demands in the environment is termed as ______

generalizability

Research suggests that reinforcement is more effective when ______

given immediately after a response

Research suggests the reinforcement is more effective when ______

given immediately after a response

Gallahue developed and continues to refine the ______ to illustrate how development is a continued process

hourglass model

According to Magill and Anderson, a performance characteristic associated with skill learning is ______

improvement

In the context of the information processing model of motor learning ______ is the process of obtaining information from the environment

input

Teachers help learners become wise decision makers by ______

instructing learners on how to use the available feedback

Feedback may be described as ______ when the source of information is the outcome of the task or skill itself

intrinsic

The ______ of the developmental sequences approach reflects the mechanically efficient performance of the skill.

proficient stage

During the maturational period, early researchers focused on the ______

sequences of motor development in young children

In the. context of nonlocomotor movements, a ______ is a circular or pendular movement of a body part or of the entire body part around a stationary center point.

swing

Researchers in motor control are interested in ______

the processed underlying the learning and performances of motor skills

The influence of a previously learned skill on the learning or performance of a new skill is called ______

transfer of learning

During the early period, motor learning researchers focused on ______

trying to understand how the mind worked

The range of twisting movement is determined by the ______

type of joint

The effectiveness of a pull can be enhanced by ______

widening the base of support

During the middle period, motor learning research focused more on ______

investigating such areas as transfer of training

The effectiveness of a push is enhanced by ______

proper body position

Arrange the steps in the information processing model that occur after the inout is transmitted to the brain in the order of their occurrence.

1. An appropriate response is selected using relevant environmental cues and past experiences 2. A response is organized, and a motor program that will control the response in retrieved from memory 3. The muscles are directed to produce a desired movement

Which of the following would be considered a locomotor skill?

Sliding

Which of the following is true about the autonomous stage of learning?

The learner can perform a skill without consciously thinking about it at all.

The ______ stage of learning is reached after much practice where a learner can perform a skill consistently with few errors.

autonomous