KINE 1301 Chapter 5
Identify a true statement about a person performing a closed skill
The individual performing the skill is self-paced
According to the information processing model, what happens after visual, auditory, kinesthetic, and other sensory information is transmitted through the nervous system to the brain?
The information is sifted, evaluated, and interpreted
Rank the processes of the information processing model in the order in which they occur.
1. Input 2. Decision Making 3. Output 4. Feedback
Which of the following occurs in the cognitive stage of learning?
A learner tries to understand the nature goal of an activity
Identify a performance characteristic of learners during the associative stage of learning.
A learner works on mastering the timing needed for a skill
Match the motor skill acquisition theories that emerged during the present period (1970-today) to their descriptions
Adam's Closed Loop Theory: It explained how feedback is used to update. the cognitive representation of movement and improve subsequent performances of the motor skill Schmidt's Schema Theory: It proposed the idea that movement patterns such as kicking or throwing could be generalized to a variety of sports and settings. The Dynamical Systems Theory: It suggested that the neuromuscular system plays a prominent role in the selection of physical movements
Identify a performance characteristic associated with skill learning as identified by Magill and Anderson
Adaptability
In the context of motor learning, how can instructors help learners understand the task to be learned?
By helping learners establish an executive or motor plan for action.
Identify the reasons for the occurrence of plateaus in an individual's performance
Lack of motivation Loss of interest
True or False: Continual reinforcement tends to be more effective than random reinforcement.
False
Who is often considered the father of motor behavior?
Franklin Henry
What should a teacher do when a plateau occurs in an individual's performace?
He or she should be cognizant of the conditions under which a learner makes little or no apparent progress in the activity.
Which of the following is one of the first steps in the motor learning process?
Helping learners acquire a cognitive understanding of the nature of the task to be learned
Identify a characteristic of bending
It may be done in several directions
______ refers to a condition within an individual that initiates activity directed toward a goal
Motivation
______ is concerned with the learning or acquisition of skills across the lifespan
Motor behavior
Match the types of reinforcement with their appropriate descriptions
Positive reinforcement: It is given following a desired response Negative reinforcement: It is withheld following a desired response
Match the different types of reinforcement with their examples
Positive reinforcement: Providing encouragement, praise, commendation, or a pat on the back following successful execution of a skill Negative reinforcement: Belittling an individual's unsuccessful effort to perform a skill and discontinuing this behavior when the individual successfully executes the skill
How should practice sessions be structured to promote optimal conditions for learning?
Practices should be organized so that distracting elements are eliminated from the setting.
______ can be defined in terms of physiological and psychological factors influencing an individual's ability and willingness to learn.
Readiness
______ is using events, actions, and behaviors to increase the likelihood of a certain response recurring.
Reinforcement
Which of the following individuals is in the cognitive stage of learning?
Sarah is asked to watch a game of soccer familiarize herself with the game before she begins coaching
Which of the following would be considered a manipulative skill?
Striking, Throwing, and Catching
Identify a theory that explains human movement as a result of the interaction between three systems: the individual or the organism, the environment, and the task
The dynamical systems theory
Identify a true statement about a person performing an open skill.
The performer of the skill must adapt his or her responses to this ever-changing environment.
What happens in the elementary emerging stage of the developmental sequences approach?
The spatial and temporal elements of the movements are better synchronized.
Identify a characteristic of the initial state of the developmental sequences approach
There is little body rotation or sometimes exaggerated use of the body
Identify a characteristic of manipulative skills
They involve the propulsion and control of objects
True or False: According to the dynamical systems model, characteristic of individual, environment, and task interact to influence movement.
True
Which of the following would be considered a nonlocomotor skill?
Twisting
Identify the locomotor skills commonly seen in elementary school children
Walking Jumping Running
In the ______ stage of learning, the basics of a skill have been learned and a learner concentrates on refining a skill.
associative
Skills performed in a predictable, stable environment are called ______
closed skills
According to Fitts and Posner, the first stage of learning is the ______
cognitive stage
The ______ of the developmental sequences approach reflects the time needed to develop different approaches of the skill being learned.
emerging stage
The ______ of the developmental sequences approach reflects the time needed to develop different aspects of the skill being learned
emerging stage
In the context of the information processing model, ______ is information about the performance of a movement and its quality, appropriateness, or outcome.
feedback
The ability of an individual to modify a skill to adapt to changing demands in the environment is termed as ______
generalizability
Research suggests that reinforcement is more effective when ______
given immediately after a response
Research suggests the reinforcement is more effective when ______
given immediately after a response
Gallahue developed and continues to refine the ______ to illustrate how development is a continued process
hourglass model
According to Magill and Anderson, a performance characteristic associated with skill learning is ______
improvement
In the context of the information processing model of motor learning ______ is the process of obtaining information from the environment
input
Teachers help learners become wise decision makers by ______
instructing learners on how to use the available feedback
Feedback may be described as ______ when the source of information is the outcome of the task or skill itself
intrinsic
The ______ of the developmental sequences approach reflects the mechanically efficient performance of the skill.
proficient stage
During the maturational period, early researchers focused on the ______
sequences of motor development in young children
In the. context of nonlocomotor movements, a ______ is a circular or pendular movement of a body part or of the entire body part around a stationary center point.
swing
Researchers in motor control are interested in ______
the processed underlying the learning and performances of motor skills
The influence of a previously learned skill on the learning or performance of a new skill is called ______
transfer of learning
During the early period, motor learning researchers focused on ______
trying to understand how the mind worked
The range of twisting movement is determined by the ______
type of joint
The effectiveness of a pull can be enhanced by ______
widening the base of support
During the middle period, motor learning research focused more on ______
investigating such areas as transfer of training
The effectiveness of a push is enhanced by ______
proper body position
Arrange the steps in the information processing model that occur after the inout is transmitted to the brain in the order of their occurrence.
1. An appropriate response is selected using relevant environmental cues and past experiences 2. A response is organized, and a motor program that will control the response in retrieved from memory 3. The muscles are directed to produce a desired movement
Which of the following would be considered a locomotor skill?
Sliding
Which of the following is true about the autonomous stage of learning?
The learner can perform a skill without consciously thinking about it at all.
The ______ stage of learning is reached after much practice where a learner can perform a skill consistently with few errors.
autonomous