Kine 2050 Chapter 1

What is most likely to happen when the definition of a sport emphasizes rules, competition, and high performance?

Many people will be excluded from participation.

Which of the following is a belief of ableist ideology?

There is no natural variation in the physical and intellectual abilities of a human being.

In the context of social class ideology, _____ is a system where deserving people become successful and where failure is the result of inability, poor choices, or a lack of motivation.

meritocracy

Most research and writing in the field of sport sociology focuses on _____.

organized, competitive sports

People in positions of power prefer approaches to sports that blame problems on the weaknesses and failures of _____.

individuals

Ideologies are different than the ideas and beliefs of individuals because they

influence the organization of social worlds.

A reason for using sociology to study sports is that they are _____.

clearly connected to major spheres of social life

The author explains that we should study sports as parts of the social world because sports are

closely connected with important ideas and meanings in social life.

As organized sports have spread around the world, so has the myth that sport is _____.

essentially pure and good

The official definitions of sport used by organizations and officials in the United States are more exclusive than the definitions used in some other countries in that they give priority to _____.

formally organized, competitive activities

A local sports club in a city did not allow women to participate in sports that involve the demonstration of power and strength. The government decided to penalize the sports club based on this discrimination. This controversial norm of the club was based on _____ ideology.

gender

consists of interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to define masculinity and femininity, identify people as male or female, evaluate forms of sexual expression, and determine the appropriate roles of men and women in society.

gender ideology

Research on physical culture is important because it helps one understand _____.

how people define and integrate movement into their lives

Racial ideology refers to

ideas and beliefs that people use to give meaning to skin color

Ableist ideology is used to

identify people as disabled.

A(n) _____ is a shared interpretive framework that people use to make sense of and evaluate themselves, others, and events in their social worlds.

ideology

The participation, funding, community support, and general visibility of an activity may increase when _____.

it is classified as an official sport

After reading Sports in Society the author hopes that people will

make informed choices about sports in their lives and their society

When the author says that the human body is social, this means that

meanings given to the body and body parts change over time.

The sociology of sport tells one about the _____.

organization and dynamics of relationships in society

When compared with past research in the sociology of sport, current research is more likely to focus on

physical culture in particular social worlds.

A school implements a policy that European American students should participate only in sports that require intellectual skills, such as chess, and African American students should participate only in sports that require physical skills, such as athletics. If the local government decides to take legal action against the school for discrimination, it will most likely be on the basis of _____ ideology.

racial

Studying sports with a critical eye usually occurs when _____.

researchers have informed visions of what sports and society could and should be in future

Although some people question the truth of the ideas and beliefs of class ideology, the class ideology that they support is heavily promoted and remains in existence because it _____.

serves the interests of people with power and wealth

A sports club evaluates the success of its members based on their annual earnings. The club believes that members who are at the lower end of the economic spectrum have the same opportunities as others but have failed to use these opportunities. The club's beliefs are based on _____ ideology.

social class

In the United States, thinking along the lines of social class ideology leads to the conclusion that _____.

wealth and power are earned by hardworking people of good character

Identify a true statement about the knowledge produced by research in the sociology of sport.

It explains why some sports have higher rates of violence than others and how to effectively control sports violence.

Identify the central ideas and beliefs around which the most widely shared or dominant gender ideology used in many societies is organized. (Check all that apply.)

Human beings are either female or male. Men are physically stronger and more rational than women. Heterosexuality is nature's foundation for human reproduction.

_____ are presented as accurate and truthful representations of the world as it is or as influential people think it should be.

Ideologies

Racial ideology in the United States developed fully after slavery came to an end. Identify the major beliefs around which this ideology was organized. (Check all that apply.)

Intellectual and physiological characteristics vary by race. Human beings can be classified into races on the basis of biologically inherited or genetically based characteristics. People classified as white have only white ancestors, and anyone with one or more black ancestors is classified as black.

Social interaction

It consists of people taking each other into account and, in the process, influencing each other's feelings, thoughts, and actions.

Social structure

It consists of the established patterns of relationships and social arrangements that take shape as people live, work, and play with each other.

Culture

It consists of the shared ways of life and shared understandings that people develop as they live together.

_________ includes all forms of movement and physical activities that people in particular social worlds create, sustain, and regularly include in their collective lives. (Use one word per blank.)

Physical culture

Research in the sociology of sport can be controversial when it provides evidence that _____.

changes are needed in the ways that sports and social worlds are organized

Identify the major ideas and beliefs of the dominant social class ideology in the United States. (Check all that apply.)

All people have opportunities to achieve economic success. The United States is a meritocracy.

The goal of sociology is to _____.

describe and explain social worlds

Sports facilities and programs are most likely to be supported by government agencies and tax money when people see sports as

Contributing the common good

Identify the concepts that represent the central interconnected aspects of all social worlds. (Check all that apply.)

Culture Social Structure Social Interaction

True or false: Social worlds include only intimate and personal groups.

False

True or false: The organization, meaning, and purpose of sports remain the same in all cultural contexts.

False

True or false: Using knowledge in the sociology of sport is a simple process that automatically brings about equal and positive benefits for everyone.

False

Identify a true statement about the sociology of sport.

It studies sports as social phenomena.

Identify an accurate statement about ideologies.

One learns ideologies when one interacts with others and accepts ideas and beliefs that are generally taken for granted in one's culture.

Identify the major ideas and beliefs around which ableist ideology is organized. (Check all that apply.)

People with a disability are inferior to and more needy than enabled people. All people can be classified as either enabled or disabled.

What is most likely to happen when sport is defined to include a wide range of physical activities that are played for pleasure and integrated into local expressions of social life?

Physical activity rates will be high and overall health benefits are likely.

_____ ideology consists of interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely used to classify human beings into categories assumed to be biological and related to attributes such as intelligence, temperament, and physical abilities.

Racial

refers to the social resources that link people positively to social worlds.

Social capital

Good research in the sociology of sport always inspires critical approaches to the _____.

Social conditions that affect human life

Parts of the social world that are created by people as they interact with one another under particular social, political, and economic conditions are referred to as _____.

Social constructions

Sociologists refer to __________, as a relatively self-sufficient collection of people who maintain a way of life in a particular territory.

Society

According to definitions used widely in North America and much of Europe, ________ are physical activities that involve challenges or competitive contests.

Sports

Identify a true statement about the effect of sports in the social world.

Sports create opportunities for conversations that enable people to form and nurture relationships.

The government of a nation is known to follow ableist ideology in sports. Which of the following actions taken by such a government is part of ableist ideology?

The government sorts people as able-bodied or disabled.

The manager of a soccer team is accused of following racial ideologies in his decisions. Which of the following actions of the manager is evidence for the claim?

The manager included only members of Caucasian descent in his final first-team squad.

Identify a true statement about the link of sports to major spheres of life in today's societies.

The media are closely connected with contemporary sports.

Identify the sport-related issues that must be considered when making decisions that affect the process of creating and sustaining sports in a social world. (Check all that apply.)

What is the meaning and primary purpose of sports? Who will play sports with whom and under what conditions? What agencies or organizations will sponsor and control sports?

A sports association follows gender ideology in its decisions and beliefs. Which of the following decisions by the sports association reflects gender ideology?

Women shall not be allowed to coach men's teams.

underlies the ideas and beliefs of ableist ideology and refers to attitudes, actions, and policies that are based on the belief that people perceived as lacking certain abilities are inferior and, therefore, incapable of full participation in mainstream activities.

ableism

A school organizes a sports event for its students. It organizes separate events for students with physical disabilities. This action of the school is a reflection of _____ ideology.

ableist

Ableist ideology denies that abilities _____.

are situation- or task-specific

When people in a society see the body as machine and define sports as high stakes competitions, it is likely that

athletes will use technology to control and manage their bodies.

A sports magazine published an article on Olympic gold medalist Michael Johnson's life. The article spoke of Johnson's rise from his humble background to his stellar performances on the track. In the magazine, the author of the article used _____ ideology to describe Johnson's success.

social class

_____ ideology consists of interrelated ideas and beliefs that are widely shared and used by people to evaluate their material status; explain why economic success, failure, and inequalities exist; and what should be done about economic differences in a group or society.

social class

Understanding the sociology of sport is easier if one learns to think of sports as _____.

social constructions

For those doing research in the sociology of sport, sport provides windows into the _____.

societies and cultures in which they exist

The study of the social worlds that people create, maintain, and change through their relationships with each other is known as _________

sociology

Those who participate in specific activities that qualify as sports often see themselves as _____.

sportspersons

Disagreements and struggles over the purpose, meaning, and organization of sports occur most often when they involve _____.

the funding priorities of government agencies

The great sport myth is that _____.

the purity and goodness of sports is transferred to all who participate in it

People in the sociology of sport are mostly concerned with studying

the social worlds created in and around sports.