Kines 330 UW Madison Exam 1
In a meta-analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure (ES) that is called -error squared -estimate of significance -effect size -efficiency standard
effect size
meta analysis
effect size for meaningfulness, stat meaning for strength of relationship
external criticism
establishing authenticity of the primary source
expert opinion
experience, prone to bias
Which of the following is not a section typically seen in peer-reviewed research? -Introduction -Methods -Intuition -Results -Discussion
intuition
primary source
journal articles
systematic review
less subjectivity, inclusion and exclusion criteria, summary of results around primary outcome, provide answer to research question
regression
line of best fit
What makes a good intro?
logical progression of general info, background info, gaps in the literature, purpose statement, hypothesis
intro
logical story, general, review, gaps, purpose statement, hypothesis
experimental
measurements with intervention
observational research
measurements, description without intervention
median
middle number
basic research
more control
applied research
more direct value for the practitioner
title
relevant, not too short or long, group members
scientific method step 2
research area of interest
case control
retrospective, 2 groups matched by characteristics, determine if exposure led to outcome
case study
retrospective, description unique, detailed training overtime
cross sectional
several age groups at the same time
distribution
shape of data
The fact that a meta-analysis quantifies findings from many studies is a frequently mentioned advantage. Another strong advantage of the meta-analysis over the normal review paper is -the use of the computer in the literature search -the description of the coding of study characteristics and the criteria for excluding studies -the inclusion of theses and dissertations as well as journals -the use of the "scorecard" count of the number of studies that share common findings (such as those that found statistically significant differences)
the description of the coding of study characteristics and the criteria for excluding studies
range
highest and lowest number
methods
how the data is collected, participants, other studies
Which of the following should be included in the discussion section of a research report? -tables but not graphs -graphs but not tables -implications of the results -raw data
implications of the results
reductive
information into insight; using data to establish relationships
scientific method step 6
interpret results
standard deviation
square root of variance and what is reported is relative to mean
effect size
strength and magnitude of relationship between 2 variables
prospective
study following a group with respect to research question
retrospective
study that analyzes data that was collected in the past
5 characteristics of problem solving
systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, replicable
post hoc
test done after significance was found to provide additional strength or info
secondary
textbook, review, systematic review
The dependent variable is the part of the experiment the researcher is manipulating. True False
False
research continuum
basic research and applied research
references
citation manager
scientific method step 1
define the problem
6 step approach
1. title and abstract (key terms) 2. purpose/hypothesis 3. methods (study design, level of strength) 4. results 5. entire paper
In the results section of a research report, the author should include -information contained in tables -information concerning statistical -significance and meaningfulness -conclusions -a and b only -a, b, and c
a and b only
internal criticism
after authenticity has been established, examine interests or biases author might have
Common descriptive research techniques can include: -Questionnaires -Interviews -Observational research -All of the above
all of the above
scientific method step 5
analyze results
hypothesis
anticipated outcome of study; testable
correlation
association between 2 variables
mean
average
When we say that research is empirical, we mean that the researcher -collects data on which to base decisions -solves the problems through rationalization -controls all extraneous variables -finds positive support for the research hypothesis
collects data on which to base decisions
confidence interval
confidence level given to range of values
logical
correct procedures for proper evaluation to draw conclusions
review
critical evaluation of research on particular topic
systematic
data collected on identified variables that allow for evaluation of the problem and hypothesis
empirical
data on which to base decisions (objective observations)
The inclusion criteria in a meta-analysis are very much like -delimitations -limitations -basic assumptions -research hypotheses
delimitations
kinematics
describes motion (angles)
kinetics
describing forces
empirical data
description of data based on objective observation
t test
difference between 2 groups
anova
differences in 2 or more groups
outliers
different from pattern
dependent variable
effect of the independent variable;
The only type of research that can manipulate treatments and establish a cause and effect is -descriptive research -analytical research -correlational research -experimental research
experimental research
non peer reviewed
expert opinion
internal validity
extent to which results of study can be attributed to the treatments used in the study
The generalizability of the results pertains to what kind of validity? -external -internal -construct -logical
external
A mixed methods approach uses a quantitative or qualitative approach to research but never both. True False
false
The ability to identify the custom regions of interest were highly unreliable. True False
false
The authors found that large asymmetries are necessary for maximum countermovement jump performance. True False
false
This was a prospective study where the authors followed the athletes over time. True False
false
A major difference in the purpose of a meta-analysis and a review of literature for a research paper is that the meta-analysis uses the literature -for empirical and theoretical conclusions -to document a need for a particular study -to determine what methods to use to conduct the meta-analysis -to formulate the research hypothesis for the meta-analysis
for empirical and theoretical conclusions
scientific method step 3
form a hypothesis
scientific method step 4
gather data
external validity
generalizability of results of a study
randomized control trials
gold standard, controlled, random assignment, control group vs experimental
repicable
instruction manual, recording the process of research so it can be repeated
The extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the treatments used in the study is the definition of what kind of validity? -criterion -internal -content -external
internal
discussion
interpret findings, relate to intro, recommend or suggest, conclude
journal format
intro, methods, results, discussion
peer reviewed
observational, experimental
It is common when looking at a distribution to encounter extreme or unusual scores that could have a misleading effect on the results. These extreme scores are termed -residuals -outliers -curve busters -deviants
outliers
independent variable
part of experiment researcher is manipulating; what is changing; cause
Which of the following represent(s) a primary source? -A peer reviewed journal article -A textbook -A literature review -both a and b -a, b, and c
peer reviewed journal article
ways to share findings
poster presentation, oral presentation, journal article
results
present findings, stats info, tables and figures
science
process of careful systematic inquiry
Process of research
proposal, review, study, results, share findings
case series
prospective, multiple patients, deliberate execution, detailed log of what was done and what happened
purpose statement
purpose of study, research question
Which of the following should not be included in the results section of a research report? -figures -tables -statistics -raw data
raw data
The most frequent and severe criticism of meta-analysis is that -the number of studies involved is generally too small -the sources used in the literature search are not identified -meta-analysis does not allow the use of dissertations and theses -the studies represent wide differences in methodologies, designs, and measurements
the studies represent wide differences in methodologies, designs, and measurements
A key takeaway from this study is that lean mass is an important component of force and power production. True False
true
Epidemiological research pertains to the frequencies and distributions of health and disease conditions among populations. True False
true
In many cases a research proposal is required for a thesis or dissertation prior to completing the research and final document. True False
true
Secondary sources can be used to better understand what is known about a topic. True False
true
The authors clearly state the purpose of this investigation. True False
true
The hypothesis is the anticipated outcome of a study or experiment. T/F
true
The introduction should adequately address why the research question is important and worth investigating. True False
true
experimental research
type of research that manipulates treatments in attempt to establish cause and effect relationships
modalities
types of evidence
Compared to applied research, basic research -is of more immediate value to the practitioner -is done in the "real world," such as the classroom -usually offers more control, such as that done in a laboratory -questions cannot be easily answered
usually offers more control, such as that done in a laboratory
variance
variability of distribution