Kines 330 UW Madison Exam 1

In a meta-analysis, the results of various studies on a topic are quantified using a standard measure (ES) that is called -error squared -estimate of significance -effect size -efficiency standard

effect size

meta analysis

effect size for meaningfulness, stat meaning for strength of relationship

external criticism

establishing authenticity of the primary source

expert opinion

experience, prone to bias

Which of the following is not a section typically seen in peer-reviewed research? -Introduction -Methods -Intuition -Results -Discussion

intuition

primary source

journal articles

systematic review

less subjectivity, inclusion and exclusion criteria, summary of results around primary outcome, provide answer to research question

regression

line of best fit

What makes a good intro?

logical progression of general info, background info, gaps in the literature, purpose statement, hypothesis

intro

logical story, general, review, gaps, purpose statement, hypothesis

experimental

measurements with intervention

observational research

measurements, description without intervention

median

middle number

basic research

more control

applied research

more direct value for the practitioner

title

relevant, not too short or long, group members

scientific method step 2

research area of interest

case control

retrospective, 2 groups matched by characteristics, determine if exposure led to outcome

case study

retrospective, description unique, detailed training overtime

cross sectional

several age groups at the same time

distribution

shape of data

The fact that a meta-analysis quantifies findings from many studies is a frequently mentioned advantage. Another strong advantage of the meta-analysis over the normal review paper is -the use of the computer in the literature search -the description of the coding of study characteristics and the criteria for excluding studies -the inclusion of theses and dissertations as well as journals -the use of the "scorecard" count of the number of studies that share common findings (such as those that found statistically significant differences)

the description of the coding of study characteristics and the criteria for excluding studies

range

highest and lowest number

methods

how the data is collected, participants, other studies

Which of the following should be included in the discussion section of a research report? -tables but not graphs -graphs but not tables -implications of the results -raw data

implications of the results

reductive

information into insight; using data to establish relationships

scientific method step 6

interpret results

standard deviation

square root of variance and what is reported is relative to mean

effect size

strength and magnitude of relationship between 2 variables

prospective

study following a group with respect to research question

retrospective

study that analyzes data that was collected in the past

5 characteristics of problem solving

systematic, logical, empirical, reductive, replicable

post hoc

test done after significance was found to provide additional strength or info

secondary

textbook, review, systematic review

The dependent variable is the part of the experiment the researcher is manipulating. True False

False

research continuum

basic research and applied research

references

citation manager

scientific method step 1

define the problem

6 step approach

1. title and abstract (key terms) 2. purpose/hypothesis 3. methods (study design, level of strength) 4. results 5. entire paper

In the results section of a research report, the author should include -information contained in tables -information concerning statistical -significance and meaningfulness -conclusions -a and b only -a, b, and c

a and b only

internal criticism

after authenticity has been established, examine interests or biases author might have

Common descriptive research techniques can include: -Questionnaires -Interviews -Observational research -All of the above

all of the above

scientific method step 5

analyze results

hypothesis

anticipated outcome of study; testable

correlation

association between 2 variables

mean

average

When we say that research is empirical, we mean that the researcher -collects data on which to base decisions -solves the problems through rationalization -controls all extraneous variables -finds positive support for the research hypothesis

collects data on which to base decisions

confidence interval

confidence level given to range of values

logical

correct procedures for proper evaluation to draw conclusions

review

critical evaluation of research on particular topic

systematic

data collected on identified variables that allow for evaluation of the problem and hypothesis

empirical

data on which to base decisions (objective observations)

The inclusion criteria in a meta-analysis are very much like -delimitations -limitations -basic assumptions -research hypotheses

delimitations

kinematics

describes motion (angles)

kinetics

describing forces

empirical data

description of data based on objective observation

t test

difference between 2 groups

anova

differences in 2 or more groups

outliers

different from pattern

dependent variable

effect of the independent variable;

The only type of research that can manipulate treatments and establish a cause and effect is -descriptive research -analytical research -correlational research -experimental research

experimental research

non peer reviewed

expert opinion

internal validity

extent to which results of study can be attributed to the treatments used in the study

The generalizability of the results pertains to what kind of validity? -external -internal -construct -logical

external

A mixed methods approach uses a quantitative or qualitative approach to research but never both. True False

false

The ability to identify the custom regions of interest were highly unreliable. True False

false

The authors found that large asymmetries are necessary for maximum countermovement jump performance. True False

false

This was a prospective study where the authors followed the athletes over time. True False

false

A major difference in the purpose of a meta-analysis and a review of literature for a research paper is that the meta-analysis uses the literature -for empirical and theoretical conclusions -to document a need for a particular study -to determine what methods to use to conduct the meta-analysis -to formulate the research hypothesis for the meta-analysis

for empirical and theoretical conclusions

scientific method step 3

form a hypothesis

scientific method step 4

gather data

external validity

generalizability of results of a study

randomized control trials

gold standard, controlled, random assignment, control group vs experimental

repicable

instruction manual, recording the process of research so it can be repeated

The extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the treatments used in the study is the definition of what kind of validity? -criterion -internal -content -external

internal

discussion

interpret findings, relate to intro, recommend or suggest, conclude

journal format

intro, methods, results, discussion

peer reviewed

observational, experimental

It is common when looking at a distribution to encounter extreme or unusual scores that could have a misleading effect on the results. These extreme scores are termed -residuals -outliers -curve busters -deviants

outliers

independent variable

part of experiment researcher is manipulating; what is changing; cause

Which of the following represent(s) a primary source? -A peer reviewed journal article -A textbook -A literature review -both a and b -a, b, and c

peer reviewed journal article

ways to share findings

poster presentation, oral presentation, journal article

results

present findings, stats info, tables and figures

science

process of careful systematic inquiry

Process of research

proposal, review, study, results, share findings

case series

prospective, multiple patients, deliberate execution, detailed log of what was done and what happened

purpose statement

purpose of study, research question

Which of the following should not be included in the results section of a research report? -figures -tables -statistics -raw data

raw data

The most frequent and severe criticism of meta-analysis is that -the number of studies involved is generally too small -the sources used in the literature search are not identified -meta-analysis does not allow the use of dissertations and theses -the studies represent wide differences in methodologies, designs, and measurements

the studies represent wide differences in methodologies, designs, and measurements

A key takeaway from this study is that lean mass is an important component of force and power production. True False

true

Epidemiological research pertains to the frequencies and distributions of health and disease conditions among populations. True False

true

In many cases a research proposal is required for a thesis or dissertation prior to completing the research and final document. True False

true

Secondary sources can be used to better understand what is known about a topic. True False

true

The authors clearly state the purpose of this investigation. True False

true

The hypothesis is the anticipated outcome of a study or experiment. T/F

true

The introduction should adequately address why the research question is important and worth investigating. True False

true

experimental research

type of research that manipulates treatments in attempt to establish cause and effect relationships

modalities

types of evidence

Compared to applied research, basic research -is of more immediate value to the practitioner -is done in the "real world," such as the classroom -usually offers more control, such as that done in a laboratory -questions cannot be easily answered

usually offers more control, such as that done in a laboratory

variance

variability of distribution