Kines 341 Exam 2
What is the average performance gap between the best men's and women's performances?
About 10 percent (it changes depending on the sport)
What is the average length of a professional career in a team sport?
About 5 years (only 3.5 for football specifically)
What happened to Olympic riflery events after Margaret Murdock won a silver medal in the 1976 Olympic Games?
After this event (since 1984) the sport became segregated again and men and women now compete in separate riflery events.
Based on a review of the academic literature, what were the top 5 barriers encountered by people with impairments to various sport activities?
Attitudes Money Accessibility of facilities/architecture knowledge/skill of staff transportation
List 2 examples of gendered differences in the rules of men's and women's sports
Basketball = WNBA quarters are 10 minutes; NBA quarters 12 minutes Tennis = men play best of 5 sets, women best of 3
When spectators — whether they be from England, the United States, or India — see Brazil playing [soccer in the World Cup], they should resist any urge to romanticize the country as a living illustration of racial harmony." Why?
Because there are many racial separations here as well. They did have slavery and non-whites still dominate the top of the economic class. Even darker skin soccer players get called out.
Polygenesis
Believed that different races were separate, distinct, and fixed biological species.
What are the competitive benefits and disadvantages of a runner using blade prostheses?
Benefits - legs weighs less, move them faster. The blades store energy and release it as the runner pushes off the ground (much like a real leg would) Disadvantages - foot on blade does not pivot or generate and of its own energy. Blades can no accomodate for changes in surfaces (turing and weather make it more difficult). Starting blocks are harder to get in and push off from.
What are the competitive benefits and disadvantages of a long jumper using blade prostheses?
Benefits - the blade enables a better takeoff technique Disadvantages - the blade's passive-elastic nature may limit a jumpers top running speed
The "perception of black dominance" doesn't give black athletes enough credit. Why?
Blacks don't get enough credit for their training because "black dominance" implies that blacks use brawn whereas whites use intelligence to get ahead in sports. Intelligence is rarely a word used when discussing elite black athletes. Another thing is that some white parents will nuge their kid to play certain positions and then the other positions will be left for the black players.
What are the connections between the origins of ski jumping and manliness/masculinity?
Connections are that it started with a Norwegian soldier launching himself in the air to show the other soldiers how courageous he was. They were testing their manliness and a jump like that would be far too dangerous for a woman and could cause fatal injuries, but that with a man it was not fatal.
How did the Paralympic Games get started? What were they originally called? Where did they get started & why?
Dr. Luwig Guttman, Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England worked with veterans with spinal cord injuries to use sport as a therapy. They organized games with patients from other hospitals in 1948 while the Olympic Games were happening in London. In 1960 they developed into the Paralymics
On the first day of the Games, people from the fair's "human zoo" took part in ________-style competitions. How did it go?
European, Did not go well at all. It went poorly. People didn't know what they were doing
True or false: The first time professional football desegregated was in 1946.
False
True or false: there is a biological basis for racial categories.
False
Title IX has helped girls' & women's sports, but... how does participation compare with boys and men? Does girls' and women's participation translate to coaching? To administration?
Girls still lag behind boys for participation. Participation doesn't translate into coaching or administration.
Boxing: When did Jack Johnson win the heavyweight title? Almost immediately, a call came out for a ____ ____ Hope." Jim Jeffries came out of retirement to dethrone Johnson in 1910. Who won the fight? How did Americans react? One month after Jeffries defeat, Judge Kennesaw Mountain Landis charged Johnson with what? From clip: "The belief was that blacks were _____ & weak in the stomach." How did Johnson play on this mythology?
Great White Johnson won. Americans were silent. They didn't cheer at all and riots soon started and blacks were killed. One month after Jeffries defeat Judge Landis charged Johnson with transporting women across state lines. Hard Headed
Which youth sports (ages 6-12) have seen an increase in participation? Which have decreased?
Gymnastics, ice hockey and a few smaller, newer activities (most notably lacrosse and ultimate frisbee) have seen increases. basketball, baseball, soccer, football, volleyball and wrestling on a regular basis has dropped since 2008.
What was Baron de Coubertin's attitude toward women in the Olympic Games?
He believed that female participation was impractical, uninteresting, unaesthetic, and incorrect. Olympic committee believed that women should only play sports that they could wear a skirt doing
Which athlete did King Gustav of Sweden call "the greatest athlete in the world." In what sports did this athlete win medals in 1912? How did he lose those medals the following year?
He called Jim Thorpe the greatest athlete in the world after he won medals in four firsts in the pentathlon and six firsts in the decathlon. He lost these medals because he had played in a baseball league for money and lost his amateur status.
Why did Casey Martin sue the Professional Golfers Association (PGA) under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)? What was the outcome?
He has Klippel-Trenaunay-Weber Syndrome which affects his circulatory system. He cannot walk for long periods of time and so he asked if he could use a golf cart to get around from hole to hole. PGA said no and so he sued and the Supreme Court ruled that walking was not an essential part of the game and so they had to let him use the cart.
Powell writes that "the notion of blacks as being better athletes is faulty purely by definition." Why? There are 2 parts to this answer.
He said you can't tell because what exactly makes up an athlete? Is it running fast and jumping high? Because those are not a part of every sport. If blacks were the better athletes then there wouldn't be sports where white men perform better and beat the black men in a race. The variables that go into producing and defining a great athlete are broad and complex and numerous and confusing. Greatness is not limited to genes and certainly not to exclusively tied to a race. The most responsible way to explain why blacks appear to dominate certain athletic movements is: I don't know, and neither do you.
What point does Powell make about slavery and "selective mating"?
He says that African-American blood has been diluted since slavery and you'd be hard pressed to find a single black person in america who is completely pure of white blood. This makes it very difficult for so-called experts to measure athletic success based solely on race and genetics. This tears down Jimmy the Greek's assertion about selective mating.
What's wrong with identifying diver Sammy Lee as the first Asian American Olympic gold medalist? Think in terms of sex and in terms of "who belongs" in racial categories.
He technically wasn't the first. A woman named Victoria Manalo Draves won a medal two days before him. Not only was this a minority group at the time but the woman didn't get the credit because she also had that minority. They just assume that a man did it first and that the woman's accomplishment didn't count because a man hadn't done it yet.
Why did MLB Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis (remember him?) void Jackie Mitchell's contract. How long did MLB officially ban women from playing professional baseball?
He voided her contract on the grounds that baseball was "too strenuous to be played by women" (this happened after she struck out Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig). The MLB officially banned women from playing baseball from 1931-1992 (61 years!!)
Bicycle Racing: Who was Marshall "Major" Taylor? Why did he have to move to Europe to compete?
He was a bike rider and he rode in a military uniform. He was banned by the league of American Wheelman and was forced to move to europe to compete. He is the world 1-mile sprint champion in 1899, 1900, 1901
About his daughter Amari, Andre remarks, "I'm super proud of my daughter but ____."
I can't let her know that kind of stuff until we get where we're trying to go
Why do you think Powell ignores female athletes in this chapter?
I think he ignores females because they face so many more challenges in sports coverage than simply the color of their skin. They barely get any air time as it is and for women of color it is often even worse and harder for them. Since male athletes are widely discussed on ESPN everyday there is a lot of data to talk about.
For runners who use one prosthetic leg (instead of 2) in events of 200 meters or more, why does it matter which leg is prosthetic?
If their left leg is the one with a prosthetic, then they have a disadvantage because their blade leg is on the inside of the counterclockwise turn. This slows them down
The 1904 Olympic Games took place at that year's World's Fair in St. Louis. James E. Sullivan, head of the fair's Department of Physical Culture, worked with William McGee, head of the fair's Department of Anthropology, to stage the "Special Olympics." What were the "Special Olympics" in 1904. What other name did the "Special Olympics" go by at the time? For Sullivan, what would the Special Olympics demonstrate?
In 1904, the Special Olympics were where the "savages" would mimic their white counterparts, they would participate in sports (however they didn't know how to play a lot of them and the difference in languages was a big barrier). The other name the Special Olympics went by was Anthropology Days. For Sullivan the Special Olympics demonstrated the inherent inferiority of the world's indigenous peoples.
What were the biological reasons for keeping women out of ski jumping for so long?
In the 19th century doctors believed that women's organs were incredibly delicate. That they could literally come apart and float free in the body. They thought that women had a limited storage of energy and that if they used it up it would weaken the muscles around the uterus.
Athletes who specialize in one sport are 70 to 93% more likely to be __________ than children who played multiple sports. Children who specialize in one sport early in life were found to be the first to ___________ their sport and ended up having higher _________ rates as adults.
Injured, quit, inactivity
The author notes "a steady, not drastic, decline" in the number of African Americans in sports. To what does he attribute the decline?
It can be directly linked to the rise of the black middle class. This means less of them had sports as their only options but they were able to join academic clubs and go to college and become doctors.
What does it mean to say that para sports and para athletes might be viewed as "other"?
It means that they are seen as different to some people and that they are somehow seen as less-than or inferior.
According to sport policies, trans women and women with DSDs (differences of sex development) must have two qualifications to compete as women. What are they?
Legal recognition and T levels of 5 nmol/L or below
MASH
Maximum Allowable Standing Height (MASH) uses a formula to determine how long a double-amputees legs should be
What are the three rationales used to oppose women's participation in sport? Be able explain each of the rationales and give supporting examples.
Medical = women are physiologicaly unsuited for sport; may be damaged by it -reproduction; sport can loosen the uterus -Frailty Myth; every ounce of energy they could generate needed for maintaining the reproductive process -Vital Energy Theory; women have limited amount of energy Aesthetic = women in sport is unattractive spectacle Social = qualities & behaviors of sport = unfeminine -sport is a male preserve. Or a way to develop, perform, and prove masculinity.
On the second day of the Games, people from the fair's "human zoo" took part in what type of exhibitions?
More "savage-friendly" exhibitions (tree-climbing, archery, fighting, mud throwing).
Of all Americans ages 17-24, what percentage are too obese to serve in the military?
More than 25%
Baseball: Who was the first African American to play professional baseball? What was the "gentlemen's agreement"? When did it happen? Why? For how long?
Moses Fleetwood Walker Gentlemen's agreement was in 1887 and was a form of de facto agreements (not by law). They decided that no more black players would be signed to play baseball and current ones would be pushed out. Lasted until 1947
Is there really any such thing as throwing like a girl?
No, most of the differences between how men and women throw are from experience. Throwing is a learned skill, not a biological one and growing up a lot of boys have more experience and time to learn how to throw.
In the event that the twin brothers, Blake and Tanner, have to face one another in the finals of a tennis match, what do they say they will do?
One of them will forfeit because they might get mad at each other if they play each other
Under the IAAF's Eligibility Regulations for the Female Classification (2018), what are the "restricted events"?
Pole vault, hammer throw
What are the pros and cons of segregating men and women in sport?
Pros are that sexual stereotypes would not be reinforced as much. Cons are that only the most athletic and talented female athletes would have a chance of winning against men if all sports were integrated. This would reduce the number of female athlete role models for young kids. Mandating inclusion would lead to resentment of women in sport
You'll see clip involving Orestes Miñoso, who was born in Cuba and joined the Cleveland Indians in 1949; Orlando Cepeda, who was born in Puerto Rico and joined the San Francisco Giants in 1958; and Luis Tiant, who is from Cuba and joined the Cleveland Indians in 1964. What is the point of showing you this clip? Why were they so surprised to encounter such virulent racism in the US?
Race is identified as cultural; they were surprised because they didn't see themselves as black
According to the video "Most Black Kids Can't Swim. It's Not Just a Stereotype, It's History" (Vice, August 30, 2018), what are three reasons for the racial/ethnic disparities in swimming rates?
Racial Segregation Cultural and familial legacies (parents can't swim) Anti-miscegenation sentiments
This lecture lists 5 major problems with classification in para sport. What are they?
Range of impairment types within one class (multiple gold medal events in same sport just with different classification levels) Challenges what "elite" means Difficult for fans and media to follow Athlete's impairment may change Classifier errors Equipment and technology influence ability Intentional misrepresentation by athletes
What Italian-American Brooklyn Dodger once hit 40 home runs in a single season? Why is this question important?
Roy Campanella. This is important because at the time he was considered black because he was italian and had skin that wasn't completely white
At the 2016 Olympic Games, what were the only sports where men and women competed against one another?
Sailing's Nacra 17 and equestrian events
Why did the first Asian American Olympic gold medalist have to use her mother's maiden name?
She had to use her British mothers maiden name to gain access to swimming facilities that did not allow people of color.
How did Bobbi Gibb enter the 1966 Boston Marathon? What did she wear? What was the response of the officials?
She hid in the bushes wearing a large blue hoodie and snuck into the race while the big group ran by. She finished the race but when officials realized she was a women they said her time didn't count
How did Kathrine Switzer enter the 1967 Boston Marathon? What was the response of the officials?
She registered using only her initials. When the press truck came by and the co-director realized she was a women they literally tried to drag her out of the race and her boyfriend and friends fought them off.
Think about it: What are the cultural, economic, or sociological factors that work to segregate some sports more than others?
Some sports require much more equipment than others and is more expensive and harder to access. There are sports that have a wide fan base of a certain race and so people of a different race won't as readily get involved and want to play that sport.
Psychologist E.J.R. David points out that while Filipinos and ______ Asians compose half of all Asian Americans today, articles on "Asian Americans" often only include people with ______ Asian ancestry — those with Chinese, Japanese and Korean ancestry. Or, as he puts it bluntly: "The majority of Asian Americans today are ______, not ______!"
South, East, brown, yellow
Which girls' team was crowned "World Basket Ball Champions" at the 1904 World's Fair/Olympic Games?
The Fort Shaw Industrial Indian Boarding School
How does the International Paralympic Committee determine the regulations for the length of prostheses for double-leg amputees? Does this remind you of anything we've discussed this semester?
The IPC determines the length of prostheses for double-leg amputees by using wingspan and height.
What are the main differences between the Paralympics and the Special Olympics?
The Paralympics are an elite competition for top athletes with physical disabilities. They train and compete more similarly to the Olympic athletes. The Special Olympics are for people with intellectual disabilities and is more of a "everyone is a winner" kind of competition. Mostly funded through charitable contributions.
What does Powell argue is the "biggest misconception in sports"? How does he defend that position?
The biggest misconception is that blacks dominate the playing courts and playing fields while white people are stuck with supporting roles and crumbs from the sports dinner table. He defends this by saying that it's actually the opposite nowadays and that black participation is actually waning or stagnant. He says that we are seeing more NBA players coming from Germany, France, Italy, and Spain, boxers coming from Russia, and baseball players from Japan, Korea, and Cuba. He says that white people still own and have always owned sports.
What are the "two ways of interpreting" Little League Baseball's creation of Little League Softball in 1974.
The creation of the new league seemed to meet the needs of a growing legion of athletic girls The provision of softball can be seen as way of diverting girls from baseball and leaving it to the province of boys
Inequality gap
The distance between the wealthy and the poor
What is "ironic" about the sports with the greatest monetary awards for women?
The sports with the greatest monetary awards for women are those of the middle and upper class (tennis, golf, and ice-skating)
What are some effects of Brazil's pigmentocracy?
The top 1% of Brazil's economy is 80% white ¾ of the bottom 10% are black or mixed-race Only 13% of age 18-24 are in college More than half of black or mixed race kids 18-24 haven't reached high school
In terms of sport classes and classification, how many players from each team are on the court of a Paralympic wheelchair rugby game? How do you determine which athletes get to be on the court at the same time?
There are 4 players per team in wheelchair rugby and there is a max score of 8 points for the 4 players combined on the court. The higher the number (3.5) the more mobility the player has, the lower the number (0.5) the less mobility.
What is "ironic" about the number and proportion of women coaches and athletic administrators since the passage of Title IX in 1972?
There has been a decline in the number and proportion of women coaches and administrators since title IX passed
What marker identifies race?
There isn't one (it's a socially constructed concept)
What happened when Mt. Vernon, Indiana schools dropped their fees to play high school sports?
There was a 31% increase in sport participation for that fall semester.
What do all of the parents have in common when it comes to their kids' participation in sport?
They are obsessed with it and they are doing it more for themselves. Their kids aren't enjoying it because their parents are hounding them.
"The medical consensus may have shifted away from the wandering womb since then, but the underlying objection has remained the same: Biology presents an insuperable [i.e., incapable of being overcome] handicap." What are other ways that beliefs about women's biology limits their participation in sport?
They believe it will affect reproductive ability, but it doesn't. They also thought women only had a certain amount of energy. The sport is hard on women's knees and bodies in general but that also affects men the same.
When did sports for people with mobility impairments develop? Why?
They developed after World War II because many people with spinal cord injuries and amputees who normally wouldn't have survived in the past did because of the advancing technology. These veterans wanted to be active and so a lot of them started playing adaptive sports. The beginnings of the Paralympics happened in the late 1940s with Ludwig Guttman at the Stoke Mandeville hospital for therapy and recreation for disabled veterans.
Why did the Texas state athletic legislation force Mack Beggs to wrestle as a girl? What are the particulars of this case?
They forced Mack Beggs to wrestle as a girl because his assigned sex at birth was female. He had already begun the process of transitioning with hormone treatment and people didn't like that he was using testosterone and competing against women.
Horseracing: In the late 1800s, black jockeys were over-represented in horseracing. Why? What changed so that "black jockeys slowly disappeared from America's tracks"? Who was Isaac Murphy?
They originally were overrepresented because all of the slaves were the ones who worked closely with the horses. They were slowly pushed out of the sport because when the jockey club was created they denied access to licenses for black people. Isaac Murphy was the first to win 3 Kentucky Derby's and the 1st jockey elected to the national racing hall of fame.
Warner twice uses the term "redskins" to refer to students at Carlisle. Why is that a controversial name for Native Americans? You may have to do a little digging.
This is controversial because it is a way to separate them by race. Just like Americans used to do with african americans.
According to McDonagh and Pappano (2007) in Playing with the Boys: Why Separate is Not Equal, what are the "three I's" historically used to justify sex segregation in sport. List each "I" explain it, and offer an example. What does it mean to say that they are against coercive sex segregation? What's the alternative?
Three I's -Inferior (women are athletically inferior to men) -Injured (women will be injured if they play sports with the men) -Immoral (because of the close contact of sports it is inappropriate for women to be touching other men/women like that. Female presence might incite male arousal) They are 'against coercive sex segregation' means that they are against mandating separate teams, leagues, organizations, and competitions for male and female athletes. The alternative is that they propose a gender neutral view and increased co-ed opportunities at all levels of sport
True or False: The PGA had a de jure "Caucasian clause" in its constitution.
True
Title IX's contact sports exemption
Under Title IX, the sports of boxing, wrestling, rugby, ice hockey, football, basketball, and other high body contact sports are not required to, but allows schools to let a girl/women to try out for a boy/men's team. If the girl makes the team then she must be treated equally to the men on the team.
Who WAS the first Asian American Olympic gold medalist? What? In what sport?
Victoria Manalo Draves was the first women diver to win gold in springboard diving on August 3, 1948
What are the three categories of masculinity in sport, according to sociologist Brian Pronger. Give an example from each category? Do you think this is reversed for femininity?
Violence (boxing, football, hockey) Struggle (basketball, wrestling, tennis, swimming, baseball, soccer, track) Aesthetics (figure skating, diving, gymnastics) *reversed for women and femininity
Who was the first player of color to play in the NBA (National Basketball Association)?
Wat Misaka
How did the ideology of Victorian life influence women's physical culture? Why was the baby carriage seen as "sinister" and "evil"?
Women were not supposed to exert themselves beyond the normal housework. Baby carriages gave women the ability to leave the house and gave them a reason to be mobile.
Middle-passage theory
a journey across the sea where only the fittest survived
Which is true: Female high school athletes are less likely to A) be sexually active; B) use drugs; C) suffer from depression.
all are true
Law of compensation
an inverse relationship between athletic and intellectual development
"Supercrip" stereotype
athletes with disabilities achieve the impossible or incredible which sets unrealistic expectations for others with disabilities. Also, person with disabilities celebrated as heroic for simply performing day to day tasks
boosting
athletes with spinal cord injuries cause painful stimuli on their body to trigger autonomic dysreflexia (AD). It increases blood pressure and adrenaline to increase performance
Problems with sports parents 1: Modeling ___ behavior
bad
In the 1950s and 1960s, what did scientists and journalists believe about how "thick black bones" might affect performance in distance running?
because their bones are heavier it's harder for them to run as far
ableism
bias against people with impairments
sex
biological or physiological characteristics that define male and female
Social class
categories of people with similar economic positions in society based on: income, wealth, education, occupation, social connections
Occupational sponsorship
converting athletic success into high-status occupational opportunities
DSD
differences of sex development
sport classes
each sport has a classification structure in order to equalize competition
Desegregation
efforts to end systematic, institutionalized racism
People-first language
emphasizes the person, not impairment. Impairment is not a person's defining characteristic
Diversification
engage in broad range of sports and activities
Intentional misrepresentation
exaggerating impairment for the purpose of classification. By faking tests, strenuous workout before classification, cold shower to stiffen muscles, muscle relaxers, taping limbs to increase spasticity
scientific racism
examples of this are skull thickness and cranial capacity
True or false: Among college athletes, men are more likely to graduate than women
false
True or false: As the Paralympics have become more popular, the participation of people with impairments in recreational sport and physical activity has also improved.
false
True or false: Brazil was the first country to abolish slavery.
false
True or false: Growth at the elite level of Para sport has "trickled down" into more people with impairments becoming active.
false
True or false: Oscar Pistorius was the first athlete with an impairment to compete in the Olympic Games.
false
True or false: Prior to puberty, there are several physical reasons why we should segregate boys and girls in sport.
false
True or false: The IOC Medical Commission's special report of 2002 found that sports injuries to the uterus or ovaries are fairly common.
false
True or false: Title IX and other initiatives benefit all women equally.
false
True or false: Trans male athletes (female-to-male) can apply for a therapeutic use exemption (TUE) to use synthetic testosterone. Trans female athletes (male-to-female) can apply for a therapeutic use exemption (TUE) to use synthetic testosterone.
false
True or false: men with low testosterone can apply for a therapeutic use exemption (TUE) to use synthetic testosterone. Women with low testosterone can apply for a therapeutic use exemption (TUE) to use synthetic testosterone.
false
Suzanne Lenglen
first women sports superstar. Dresses that showed ankles in tennis. She seemed to go out of her way to perform dance instead of tennis. She would drink Brandy during games
Jackie Mitchell
first women to sign a professional baseball contract. 17-year old pitcher. 1931 she pitched to Babe Ruth and she struck him out. The commissioner Landis was so disturbed that he banned her and all women from baseball
Gertrude Ederle
first women to swim English channel. Swam it freestyle (no one had done that before) 14 hours. Broke record by over 2 hours. New York had a parade for her
How did the findings of anthropologist Franz Boas contradict the connection between "race" and skull shape?
he found that head type was not stable but that it is influenced by environment.
buoyancy myth
idea that black people can't swim because their bones are too dense
The "one-drop" rule or the rule of hypodescent
if a person has even just one drop of "negro" blood in them then they will be considered a black person
In 1904, America was in the process of stepping out onto the world stage as an _______ power.
imperialist
In the 19th century, what did the belief in "thick skulls" imply about intelligence?
implied low intelligence and primitiveness
the color line
in horse racing and bicycle racing. African americans were very good at these sports and then whites took over and outlawed them from sports
skirt theory
included sports like tennis, archery, golf, croquet and boating. These were the only sports the Olympic Committee wanted women to wear because they could wear a skirt while playing
How did a society (like Nazi Germany) reconcile black athletic success with its ideology of racial inferiority? By conceding ______ _______ _______ to African Americans while denying them so-called _________ capacities.
innate athletic superiority, civilized
Problems with sports parents 4: Thinking of youth sport as an _____.
investment
Florida Atlantic University sociologist Thomas C. Wilson writes, "Those rich in economic capital [people who have a lot of money] are more involved in sports generally, presumably because they can better afford their cost, both in terms of _______ and ______ time." Put this in your own words.
money, leisure People with high paying jobs can afford to play in more expensive sports and since they have a good job they also have the free time to dedicate to sports. Whereas other people might be busy working multiple low paying jobs.
For every 100 high school athletes, how many will receive a full-time athletic scholarship?
one
Sex-integrated sports
open to all competitors regardless of sex
Techno-doping
performance enhancing technology; gives an unfair advantage
What did the results of these games demonstrate to Sullivan? They "proved the _________ of "primitive" people.
physical inferiority
cultural assimilation
process in which individuals of different ethnic heritage takes on the culture of the dominant group
He argues that environment is a big factor in athletic success. What does he mean by this and what are 2 examples he gives? Fill in the blanks: "It's not a crime or even _____ to acknowledge basic physical differences and characteristics among the races... The danger occurs when uninformed and unqualified people conclude that so-called superior physical human being translates into a limited human being _________."
racist, intelligence wise Environment plays a factor. This is why we see so many sprinters coming from the South, the Far West, and the Caribbean. If environment didn't play such a big role you'd see more coming from Chicago or Boston or somewhere. Other example is that kids who grow up in certain environments do more physical activity for certain chores (kids in Kenya running miles to do errands). The overworked muscles of some people is what leads to athletic success.
"[T]he complete programmatic separation of the Paralympics from the Olympics continues to be an obstacle to the legitimacy of wheelchair basketball as a '_______' sport per se."
real
impairment
recommended by the international paralympic committee over 'disability'. Impairments can be physical, intellectual/cognitive, or sensory. 'Impairment' shifts the focus more on athletes' abilities and what they are able to achieve.
cis gender
refers to individuals who whose gender identity corresponds with their sex assigned at birth
"The ethnology exhibits at [the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair] ... sought to affirm the 'civilizing' purpose of the white man's rule. Encampments along the Pike, the World's Fair midway, were arranged to show progression from '_________' life to _____________" (Adams, 2012). What was the example of "assimilation" in this exhibit?
savage, assimilation
"But because disability sport structures are _______ from able-bodied sports, they're typically relegated to second-class status, as if only '________' bodies play natural sports and '________' bodies play unnatural sports."
segregated, natural, unnatural
miscegenation
sexual relations, marriage, cohabitation between people of different races
life chances
similar odds for achieving economic success and gaining economic power in society
Specialization
single sport, systematic, year-round training and competition
Pigmentocracy
social hierarchy of those with a certain skin tone. Different levels of skin tone separate you
gender
socially constructed roles, understandings, and expectations we have about how boys and girls, mean and women, should think and act
Meritocratic
society in which social status is is determined by achievement
Fa'afafine
someone of a third gender or "the way of women" for those born male but who identify as female
male preserve
sport has been a male preserve; a way to develop, perform, and prove masculinity
"Not seeing players of color on the ice on a regular basis or not knowing there are players of color ... reinforces the _______. Then it became a ________ prophecy of sorts." Put this in your own words.
steroetype, self-fulfilling If there are no role models of your own race to look up to, you are less likely to join the sport.
Mixed-sex sports
structured to require both male and female participation (paired figure skating, ice dance, mixed double in tennis,
More than any other site of physical activity in America, the history of __________ is the history of discrimination.
swimming pools
What 2 sports did Althea Gibson desegregate?
tennis and golf
transgender
term used to describe people whose sex or gender identity does not match their sex assigned at birth
Upward social mobility
the ability to move up socially - rise above original social class (accomplished through college scholarships, social contacts, professional career)
Monogenesis
the belief that the different races originated from the same source and were of the same species
imperialism
the extension of rule or influence by one government, nation, or society over another
Muscle gap
the gap between men and women on their performance levels
Buoyancy myth (better description)
the idea that black people can't swim because their bones are heavier and they have less body fat so they just sink. However most researchers failed to take into account that a lot of it has to do with a fear/anxiety of swimming, lack of instruction, financial limitation, absence of role models, and motivation.
democracia racial ("racial democracy")
the idea that the races get along and that since there were never any bans on mixed-race marriages that they all get along
Craniometry
the measurement of the skull
Between 2008 and 2015, what happened to the number of youth, ages 6-12, who participated in sports?
the numbers went down
integration
the structure in question, on every level, is significantly altered (full racial equality)
Bred-during slavery myth
there is a myth that during slavery the strongest and best working slaves were bred to do the best work
Researchers analyzed data from the National Football League and determined that, relative to white players, team doctors allowed injured black players to return sooner to competition, "possibly because people assume ______ ______ ______ ______."
they feel less pain
How did beliefs about race and skull thickness play out in boxing?
they used the idea that since blacks had thicker skulls, whites and blacks should not fight each other because there is an unfair advantage to blacks. This kept segregation a thing for a while and eventually when whites and black fought each other, when a black person won the whites blamed it on the thick skull
True or false: Adolescents who play sports are more likely to be active in later life.
true
True or false: African American women played professional baseball.
true
True or false: Athletes can be re-tested & re-classified at any time.
true
True or false: In the early 20th century, major Brazilian soccer clubs barred nonwhite players.
true
True or false: It is illegal for Paralympic athletes to "boost."
true
True or false: Most American children remain in the social class of their parents.
true
True or false: Most youth coaches do not receive any training in key competencies in working with children.
true
True or false: Paralympic athletes have been caught doping.
true
True or false: Since Title IX (1972), men's sports have been cut across all divisions (I, II, III).
true
True or false: That same report found that female reproductive organs are better protected from serious injury than male organs
true
True or false: The "Women's Olympic Games" of the 1920s were successful and popular.
true
True or false: The number of athletes competing in the Paralympic Games has increased since 1960.
true
True or false: The number of people watching the Paralympic Games has increased since 1960.
true
True or false: The parents in Trophy Kids tend to live vicariously through their children.
true
True or false: There was a "human zoo" at the 1904 St. Louis World's Fair.
true
True or false: free play has been shown to produce higher levels of physical activity than organized sports.
true
True or false: transgender athlete no longer have to undergo surgical anatomical changes to compete as their re-assigned sex
true
True or false: women played sports at all-women's colleges in the late 1900s?
true
Double-V campaign
victory abroad and victory at home in their campaigns to end discrimination in the armed forces and employment
International Day (at Brookside Pool in Pasadena)
wednesdays were the only day that non whites were permitted to swim (Thursday the pool was drained and cleaned)
Asymmetrical gender marking
when people talk about women in sports they specifically say "women athlete" instead of just athlete
Which racial-ethnic children in the US reports the highest sport participation rate?
white children, they exceed that of African Americans, Hispanics, and Asian kids
From Andrew Lindsay, Boxing in Black and White: A Statistical Study of Race in the Ring, 1949-1983 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2004), 38-39: "This obsessive quest to find a physical explanation for athletic accomplishments has never been evident for _____________ groups which previously dominated American sports."
white ethnic
Embranquecimento
whitening (making the race whiter overall)
frailty myth
women could not be allowed to follow their own pursuits - physical or mental - because every ounce of energy they could generate was needed for maintaining the reproductive process
vital energy theory
women have limited amount of energy; should be directed to creating healthy offspring, being good wives and mothers
In a survey of African American males, ages 13-18, what proportion believe they can earn a living playing professional sports? How does this compare to young white males? What about their parents?
⅔ believe they can earn a living playing pro. This is more than double young white males beliefs. African American parents 4 times more likely than white parents to believe their kid was destined for the pros.
Biological determinism
"Biology is destiny"
What was the philosophy of Capt. Richard Henry Pratt, founder of the Carlisle Indian Industrial School?
"Kill the indian, save the man"
Define ableism
"Like racism and sexism, ableism entails discrimination on the basis of a social status, and it assumes some people (and bodies) are "normal" and superior while other people (and bodies) are "abnormal" and inferior" "to some people, in fact, the notion of an athlete in a wheelchair is an oxymoron"
How do you feel about the "reverse integration" of Para sport?
"Reverse integration" is the involvement of able-bodied people in disability sport. Some believe that this will undermine the opportunities for people with disabilities to compete. I think that it is a good thing. It can help bring attention to disability sports.
How did Paul Gallico and others explain Jewish dominance in basketball in the 1920s-1950s?
"The reason that basketball appeals to the Hebrew is that the game places a premium on an alert, scheming mind, flashy trickiness, artful dodging and general smart aleckness," Paul Gallico Also described them as savage, primitive, and wild
para sport
'para' means alongside. Implies 'para'llel to able bodied sports. Also called adaptive sport or disability sport
There are at least three possible reasons for why "being an athlete does have the potential to move the individual up in social class." What are those 3 reasons?
-Athletic participation may lead to various forms of "occupational sponsorship" -Selection process for many jobs want a well-rounded applicant and sports participation is a great extracurricular activity -Participation in highly competitive situations may lead to the development of attitudes and behavior patterns highly valued in the occupational world
What are the 6 myths about social mobility through sport?
-Sport provides a free college education -Sport leads to a college degree -A professional Sports career is possible -Sport is a way out of poverty, especially for racial minorities -Title IX has created many Opportunities for upward mobility through sport for women -A professional sports career provides economic security for life
There are three major impairment groups in the Paralympic Games. What are they?
-physical -visual -intellectual
What are three criticisms of this passage from Roger Bartlett's 2002 edition of Introduction to Sports Biomechanics? "Various researchers (for example Cureton, 1951; Malina, 1969) have established that most caucasians [sic] can float with full inhalation and that most negros [sic] cannot float even with full inhalation because of their different body composition (this is surely a factor contributing to the paucity of world class black swimmers)."
1. Despite advances in knowledge and technique he relies on data published more than 50 years ago 2. He uses the outdated racial terminology of 19th century physical anthropologists 3. He asserts that physiology is responsible for the lack of top black swimmers without qualifying his statement with any historical or social considerations
Know and explain the 5 "contributing factors" involved with desegregating Major League Baseball. Jackie Robinson had to agree to Branch Rickey's request for 3 years. What was it?
1. World War II - hypocrisy of fighting racism abroad and endorsing it at home, 3 million + African Americans enlisted in military, the Double-V campaign 2. The power of the press 3. The Death of Commissioner Landis (kept blacks out of baseball) 4. The efforts of Branch Rickey 5. The strength of Jackie Robinson Jackie Robinson had to agree that he would not fight back against anyone for any racist comments, actions for 3 years
Although 76% of Division I men's college basketball players believe they have a shot to play in the NBA, only ____ will be drafted. Although 52% of Division I men's college football players believe they have a shot to play in the NFL, only ____ will get to play.
1.2%, 1.6%
What were five strategies historically used to keep women athletes from becoming "too masculine"? How do those strategies play out today?
1.Restrict what sports they can play 2.restrict where they can play 3.restrict time, distance, weight, body contact 4.restrict what they can wear (skirt theory) 5.reward feminine athletes (endorsements, media, fans) in feminine sports
What is the 3-part test for compliance with Title IX? Is Penn State in compliance with Part 1?
1.Substantial Proportionality = opportunities for males and females substantially proportionate to their respective enrollments 2.history and continuing practice = where one sex has been underrepresented, a history and continuing practice of program expansion responsive to the developing interests and abilities of that sex 3. Interests and abilities = where one sex is underrepresented and cannot show a continuing practice of program expansion, whether it can be demonstrated that the interests and abilities of that sex have been fully and effectively accommodated by the present program
Problems with sports parents 3: The "_______-hour Rule": What is it? How many years would it take to achieve this if you practiced 20 hours a week?
10,000 hour rule. 10,000 hours of quality practice are needed to reach the highest level of skill for a given activity. 10 years for 20 hours a week.
What was the controversy surrounding Spain's intellectual impairment basketball team at the 2000 Paralympic Games?
10/12 players did not actually have an intellectual disability. They were told to act stupid. They had to give back their gold medal.
Kalenjins represent _______% of Kenya's population; Kalenjins represent ~ 75% of the nation's elite runners; ______ of that 75% come from _______ tribe (1.8% of Kenyan population)
12%, 1/2, Nandi
"The period between ______ and ______ marked the most repressive and violent period in the history of race relations in the United States" (Rhoden, 2006, p. 69). The period between 1852 (the Harvard-Yale Regatta—the first intercollegiate contest and 1916 (when the Professional Golfers Association was established) saw the rise of ____ ____ in the US. Why is it significant that these two periods overlap?
1890, 1915
play days
1920s, time set aside for girls to play with rather than against each other. Originate in school setting (must have at least 3 schools) At play days people from different schools combine to make a team. Meant for socializing. No winners
Babe Didrikson Zaharias
1932 olympics - medaled in 3 olympic events. She was muscular and boastful. She then turned to golf. She became the greatest female golfer in the world. People questioned her sexuality and then she got married and grew her hair out. She believed that women damaged their reproductive organs during exercise.
Women are 40% of all athletes in the U.S. On average, how much attention to they get in sport media?
6-8% sport media coverage
What % of kids drop out of organized sport by age 13? What's the #1 reason?
70%. #1 reason is it's not fun anymore
An estimated _____ percent of African American children cannot swim the length of the pool and _____ percent cannot swim at all. What are some reasons for this disparity.
70, 15, Reasons for this disparity are the buoyancy myth and the fact that racial classifications, while not biological, can still impact one's health, safety, and wellbeing due to racism and discrimination
A study of 400 female corporate executives found that ___% played a sport
94%
Hyperandrogenism
A condition where an individual's body naturally produces high amounts of androgens ("male" hormones: testosterone)
empire
A group of states or countries under a single supreme authority
What roles did sport and exercise play at Native American boarding schools
A way to impart American values and ideals to civilize the "savages" Used to address health problems at the schools Sports became a public relations tool for the boarding school system Offered a source of fun, pride, and a chance to get away from campus
Problems with sports parents 2: Basing identity on child's accomplishments. What is ABPD and what does the acronym stand for?
ABPD is Achievement by Proxy Distortion. It is a psychological state where adults live vicariously through their kids
