Kinesiology 191 Exam #1

6 types of synovial joints + examples of each

1. Ball-and-socket joint (ex: hip & shoulders) Bone w/ a rounded or slightly egg-shaped head that articulatesw/ a cup-shaped cavity of another bone; structure permits movement in all directions + rotational movements 2. Ellipsoid/Condyloid joint (ex: between radius & scaphoid & lunate bones of carpus) " SLIGHT" Convex of one bone fits into the "SLIGHT" concave of another bone; permits movement in different planes, rotation NOT possible 3. Plane/Planar joint *flat surface* (ex: carpals, tarsals) Nearly flat or slightly curved; for weight bearing, gliding, and twisting movements 4. Hinge joint (ex: elbow, phalanges) VERY convex surface of one bone fits into the VERY concave surface of another Permits movement in only one plane 5. Pivot joint (ex: radius) Ligament surrounds it and only lets it spin, rotation 6. Saddle joint (ex: sternoclavicular joint) Other bone will mirror the shape of that bone Shaped like a saddle with a bone resting on it

Why do we need calcium?

1. Brain to function 2. Heart to contract 3. Muscles to contract 4.Makes bones hard

Four principles of training (and their implications for training the skeletal system)

1. Specifity: specific site and structure being stressed Weight bearing exercises (impact loading, adding stress to skeleton) ex:jumping, running VS non weight bearing (body is supported, not working against gravity) ex: swimming 2. Overload: intensity, frequency, duration 3. Individualization: different ppl will react to the same exercise stress differently, you have to think outside the box for each individual, what works for some may not work for others or all 4. Reversibility: if you cease exercising for a period of time, you will lose the benefit of exercising; after you exercise after a while you have to start and keep going gradually from there can not just start what you used to do before

Matrix

50% hydroxyapatite, 25% water, 25% protein, collagen fibers

Lamellae (lamella, singular form)

A bunch of sheets

Organism

A living thing, made up of organ systems

Stress factor

A tiny crack in the bone caused by stress or force, often from overuse

Superior

Above or closer to the head

Amenorrhea + risk factors

Absence of menses 1. Primary amenorrhea- late or delayed menses 2. Secondary amenorrhea- no menses or menses that occur at intervals greater than 90 days after they had a menses Risk factors: menopause, stress, athletes w high intensity, stress

Pressure

Application of force to something; air pressure, blood pressure; necessary for breathing and blood flow

All parts of a synovial joint + what they do/ why they're important

Articular cartilage - to resist wear of the bone and reduce friction as the joint moves Fibrous membrane (capsule) - holds together the bones, keeps them from dislocating, allows movement w/o going to far * has 2 layers 1. Ligaments- aid in holding bone to bone 2. Synovial membrane - goes all the way around bone, highly vascular Synovial cavity- contains synovial fluid Synovial fluid nourishes the Articular cartilage, changes in viscosity (thickness; depending on temp), functions as a lubricant to reduce friction & resistance to movement Meniscus (plural: menisci) - disc of flat fibrocartilage between the surfaces of bone that gives stability to the bone Bursa ( plural: bursae) - sac of fluid that provides lubrication & cushion between bones & soft tissue to reduce friction

Atom

Basic unit of matter

Inferior

Below or closer to the feet

Growth

Bigger version from when you were born, increasing size of existing cells

Responsiveness

Bodies ability to recognize change and do what it needs to do; w/o this you would die

Body movement

Bones and muscles interact as levers

Fibrous + example

Bones in close proximity (fit tight together) bound by dense connective tissue (ligaments) MOST SYNARTHRODIAL, SOME AMPIARTHRODIAL ex: suture (Synarthrodial) Ex: distal ends of radius and ulna (Ampiarthrodial)

Cartilaginous + example

Bones partially held together by cartilage MOST AMPIARTHRODIAL ex: immature long bone

Osteoclasts

Breakdown bone tissue, destroying cells

Digestion

Breakdown of food

Catabolism

Breaking down organic matter; if energy is released, it is a catabolic reaction

Osteoblasts

Building cells, replace the bone as bone forms around them

Anabolism

Building up organic matter; if energy is used, it is an anabolic reaction

Hydroxyapatite

Calcium and phosphate

Physical reaction

Can be reversed; ex: freezing somethin, it can be unfrozen once again

Development

Changes over time, function gets better

Osteons

Circlular Structures in bones that carry the blood supply

Medial

Closer to the imaginary midline dividing the body into equal halves

Proximal

Closer to the trunk of the body

Cortical bone

Compact bone

Synovial joint + example

Complicated, allow for so much movement Contain Articular cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane SOME AMPIARTHRODIAL, MOST DIARTHRODIAL ex: elbow

Osteopenia + risk factors

Condition of decreased BMD, diagnosed when BMD is greater than one standard deviation Risk factors:

Epiphysis

Covered w a thin layer of compact bone, interior is filled with spongy bone which contains trabeculae

Periosteum

Covers every part of bone except Articular cartilage Helps form and repair bone tissue 1. Very strong 2. Highly irregular (not smooth) 3. Highly vascular

Osteoporosis + risk factors

Decreased BMD that is defined as BMD greater than 2.5 standard deviations Risk factors: genetic factors, nutritional factors (low calcium intake, high protein intake, excessive alcohol), lifestyles factors ( lack of physical activity, smoking, inadequate estrogen)

Frontal plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Transverse plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Gender differences in BMD

During menopause women lose the protection of estrogen and have rapid bone loss

Parts of a long bone

Epiphyseal plate/disk/line Diaphysis Articular cartilage Spongy bone compact bone Medullary cavity Periosteum Epiphysis

Metabolism

Every single reaction going on in your body all the time, chemical and physical

Age-related changes in bones

First 20 years of life- active growth in bone mass. Females by age of 18 and males by age of 20 have amassed 85-90% of bone mineral content Skeletal consolidation phase occurs during early adulthood (bones get hard), Peak bone mass is typically attained between ages 30-35. At 40 years rapid loss of bone begins. 2 major effects are demineralization (loss of calcium and minerals) and brittleness due to loss of collagen production

Third class lever

Force is located between the load and the fulcrum Ex: bicep curl; biceps attach between the fulcrum (elbow joint) and the load

Heat

Form of energy; the colder it is the slower the metabolic reactions will occur, the hotter it is the faster the metabolic reactions will occur

Deposition

Formation of new bones

Reproduction

Formation of new cells or new organisms

Anatomy and physiology relate how ?

Function is dependent on structure, without structure function would not be possible

Lateral

Further away from the midline

Distal

Further away from the trunk of the body

Differentiation

Generalized cells become specialized cells in a certain structure and function

Blood cell formation

Hemopoiesis(blood cell formation) then later forms blood marrow.

Diarthrodial joint function + example

Highly movable Ex: elbow, shoulder, and ankle

Medullary cavity

Houses bone marrow where blood cells are produced Continuous w the spaces of spongy bone on the inside of diaphysis and the canals passing through the bone and is lined with a thin membrane called the endosteum

Positive feedback

Initial stimulus elicits a response that quickly exaggerates or enhances the change, FOR SURVIVAL ONLY or when bleeding ex.

Diaphysis

Long,straight portion of the bone that is hollow and outer wall is composed of compact bone Contains the medullary cavity in the interior

Prone

Lying down when facing down

Supine

Lying down when facing up

Homeostatic mechanisms

Maintain variables near an ideal normal set point , negative feedback and positive feedback

Osteocytes

Mature osteoblasts, maintain the bone

Factors that influence the development of bone mass/BMD

Mechanical ( physical activity), nutrition, hormonal levels (estrogen and testosterone) , and genetics

Where is bone marrow located?

Medullary cavity of long bones irregular spaces of spongy bone Larger osteonic canals of compact bone tissue

Cell

Molecules with one another, basic unit of structure and function

Deep

More internal

Water

Most abundant part of the body, required for metabolic reactions

Homeostatic set points

Near an ideal normal value; ex: body temp-98.6 degrees, resting heart rate- ~ 72BPM, resting blood pressure: 120/80

Superficial

Near the surface

Oxygen

Necessary to get air to the mitochondria so that it can make energy for that cell

Collagen in bone

Necessary to make it flexible enough, slightly elastic

Extracellular matrix

Noncellular material of bone tissue which contains collagen It provides strength and slight elasticity

Respiration

Obtain oxygen, use it to release energy

Negative feedback

Opposite response to bring back down towards set point

Absorption

Passage of substance through certain membranes

lacunae (lacuna - singular)

Pits

Midsagittal plane

Plane that divides body into left and right portions

Epiphyseal plate/disk/line

Present in immature long bones, is mainly cartilage which allows growth to continue until it is ossified then called Epiphyseal line

Exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Articular cartilage

Provides a frictionless surface for the bones to meet one another 1. Super strong 2. Super smooth 3. Aneural (Lacks sensation, no nervous supply) 4.Avascular (no blood supply to it)

Food

Provides body with necessary nutrients, and provides energy

Assimilation

Putting things together

Bone mineral density

Quality of the quantity, how much is hydroxyapatite, too flexible? Too hard?

Bone mass

Quantity of skeleton you have

Three components of Negative feedback mechanisms

Receptor, control center, and effector

What does bone marrow produce?

Red marrow and yellow marrow. Red marrow forms red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets *RBC carry oxygen *WBC are for immunity Yellow marrow stores fat *mostly seen in adults* usually deep in bone for survival and energy reserve

Excretion

Removal of waste products

Homeostasis

Resting state, all cells from all systems help each other to maintain a state of equilibrium

Trabeculae (singular-trabecula)

Rod-like structures in spongy bone

Storage

Serves to store and withdraw minerals Ex: calcium, magnesium, potassium

Ampiarthrodial joint function + example

Slightly movable Ex: syndesmosis Ex: tibia and fibula

Macromolecule

Small molecules combined to form larger molecules

Micro trauma

Small unnoticed injuries that build up over time and may cause infection if they are open fractures (not closed fractures)

What is bone marrow?

Soft, net,Ike mass of connective tissue

Cancellous bone

Spongy bone

Anatomical position

Standing upright, facing forward, arms are at the sides, with the palms forward

What groups are more at risk for stress response or stress fractures and why?

Stress fractures between ages 10-15, happens with training errors in athletes

Physiology

Study of function

Functions of the skeletal system

Support/protection, body movement, blood cell formation, mineral homeostasis and lipid storage

Support and protection

Supports the body's weight and protects internal structures Ex: brain, heart, and lungs

Canaliculi

Teeny tiny canals that reach for blood supply or perhaps another cell

Anterior

Toward the front

Posterior

Towards the back

Chemical reaction

Unable to be reversed; ex: brownie can not turn back into flour , etc

Synarthrodial joint function + example

Very little to no movement at all Ex: suture ligament

Maintenance of life

Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure

Stress response

When osteoclasts are going faster than osteoblasts

Endosteum

Where almost all osteoblasts develop

Articulation

Where bone and cartilage come together (articulate w/each other) to form a connection

Organ system

a group of organs that work together to perform a common function

Levels of organization

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Organ

group of tissues that work together to perform one or more specialized functions

Tissue

groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function

Circulation

movement of substances in body fluids

Bone remodeling

ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell

Anatomy

study of structure

Macro trauma

sudden injury (sprain or strain like a stress fracture)

Resorption

the process of removing or breakdown old bone tissue

Molecule

two or more atoms bonded together