Kinesiology 191 Exam #1
6 types of synovial joints + examples of each
1. Ball-and-socket joint (ex: hip & shoulders) Bone w/ a rounded or slightly egg-shaped head that articulatesw/ a cup-shaped cavity of another bone; structure permits movement in all directions + rotational movements 2. Ellipsoid/Condyloid joint (ex: between radius & scaphoid & lunate bones of carpus) " SLIGHT" Convex of one bone fits into the "SLIGHT" concave of another bone; permits movement in different planes, rotation NOT possible 3. Plane/Planar joint *flat surface* (ex: carpals, tarsals) Nearly flat or slightly curved; for weight bearing, gliding, and twisting movements 4. Hinge joint (ex: elbow, phalanges) VERY convex surface of one bone fits into the VERY concave surface of another Permits movement in only one plane 5. Pivot joint (ex: radius) Ligament surrounds it and only lets it spin, rotation 6. Saddle joint (ex: sternoclavicular joint) Other bone will mirror the shape of that bone Shaped like a saddle with a bone resting on it
Why do we need calcium?
1. Brain to function 2. Heart to contract 3. Muscles to contract 4.Makes bones hard
Four principles of training (and their implications for training the skeletal system)
1. Specifity: specific site and structure being stressed Weight bearing exercises (impact loading, adding stress to skeleton) ex:jumping, running VS non weight bearing (body is supported, not working against gravity) ex: swimming 2. Overload: intensity, frequency, duration 3. Individualization: different ppl will react to the same exercise stress differently, you have to think outside the box for each individual, what works for some may not work for others or all 4. Reversibility: if you cease exercising for a period of time, you will lose the benefit of exercising; after you exercise after a while you have to start and keep going gradually from there can not just start what you used to do before
Matrix
50% hydroxyapatite, 25% water, 25% protein, collagen fibers
Lamellae (lamella, singular form)
A bunch of sheets
Organism
A living thing, made up of organ systems
Stress factor
A tiny crack in the bone caused by stress or force, often from overuse
Superior
Above or closer to the head
Amenorrhea + risk factors
Absence of menses 1. Primary amenorrhea- late or delayed menses 2. Secondary amenorrhea- no menses or menses that occur at intervals greater than 90 days after they had a menses Risk factors: menopause, stress, athletes w high intensity, stress
Pressure
Application of force to something; air pressure, blood pressure; necessary for breathing and blood flow
All parts of a synovial joint + what they do/ why they're important
Articular cartilage - to resist wear of the bone and reduce friction as the joint moves Fibrous membrane (capsule) - holds together the bones, keeps them from dislocating, allows movement w/o going to far * has 2 layers 1. Ligaments- aid in holding bone to bone 2. Synovial membrane - goes all the way around bone, highly vascular Synovial cavity- contains synovial fluid Synovial fluid nourishes the Articular cartilage, changes in viscosity (thickness; depending on temp), functions as a lubricant to reduce friction & resistance to movement Meniscus (plural: menisci) - disc of flat fibrocartilage between the surfaces of bone that gives stability to the bone Bursa ( plural: bursae) - sac of fluid that provides lubrication & cushion between bones & soft tissue to reduce friction
Atom
Basic unit of matter
Inferior
Below or closer to the feet
Growth
Bigger version from when you were born, increasing size of existing cells
Responsiveness
Bodies ability to recognize change and do what it needs to do; w/o this you would die
Body movement
Bones and muscles interact as levers
Fibrous + example
Bones in close proximity (fit tight together) bound by dense connective tissue (ligaments) MOST SYNARTHRODIAL, SOME AMPIARTHRODIAL ex: suture (Synarthrodial) Ex: distal ends of radius and ulna (Ampiarthrodial)
Cartilaginous + example
Bones partially held together by cartilage MOST AMPIARTHRODIAL ex: immature long bone
Osteoclasts
Breakdown bone tissue, destroying cells
Digestion
Breakdown of food
Catabolism
Breaking down organic matter; if energy is released, it is a catabolic reaction
Osteoblasts
Building cells, replace the bone as bone forms around them
Anabolism
Building up organic matter; if energy is used, it is an anabolic reaction
Hydroxyapatite
Calcium and phosphate
Physical reaction
Can be reversed; ex: freezing somethin, it can be unfrozen once again
Development
Changes over time, function gets better
Osteons
Circlular Structures in bones that carry the blood supply
Medial
Closer to the imaginary midline dividing the body into equal halves
Proximal
Closer to the trunk of the body
Cortical bone
Compact bone
Synovial joint + example
Complicated, allow for so much movement Contain Articular cartilage, joint capsule, synovial membrane SOME AMPIARTHRODIAL, MOST DIARTHRODIAL ex: elbow
Osteopenia + risk factors
Condition of decreased BMD, diagnosed when BMD is greater than one standard deviation Risk factors:
Epiphysis
Covered w a thin layer of compact bone, interior is filled with spongy bone which contains trabeculae
Periosteum
Covers every part of bone except Articular cartilage Helps form and repair bone tissue 1. Very strong 2. Highly irregular (not smooth) 3. Highly vascular
Osteoporosis + risk factors
Decreased BMD that is defined as BMD greater than 2.5 standard deviations Risk factors: genetic factors, nutritional factors (low calcium intake, high protein intake, excessive alcohol), lifestyles factors ( lack of physical activity, smoking, inadequate estrogen)
Frontal plane
Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
Transverse plane
Divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Gender differences in BMD
During menopause women lose the protection of estrogen and have rapid bone loss
Parts of a long bone
Epiphyseal plate/disk/line Diaphysis Articular cartilage Spongy bone compact bone Medullary cavity Periosteum Epiphysis
Metabolism
Every single reaction going on in your body all the time, chemical and physical
Age-related changes in bones
First 20 years of life- active growth in bone mass. Females by age of 18 and males by age of 20 have amassed 85-90% of bone mineral content Skeletal consolidation phase occurs during early adulthood (bones get hard), Peak bone mass is typically attained between ages 30-35. At 40 years rapid loss of bone begins. 2 major effects are demineralization (loss of calcium and minerals) and brittleness due to loss of collagen production
Third class lever
Force is located between the load and the fulcrum Ex: bicep curl; biceps attach between the fulcrum (elbow joint) and the load
Heat
Form of energy; the colder it is the slower the metabolic reactions will occur, the hotter it is the faster the metabolic reactions will occur
Deposition
Formation of new bones
Reproduction
Formation of new cells or new organisms
Anatomy and physiology relate how ?
Function is dependent on structure, without structure function would not be possible
Lateral
Further away from the midline
Distal
Further away from the trunk of the body
Differentiation
Generalized cells become specialized cells in a certain structure and function
Blood cell formation
Hemopoiesis(blood cell formation) then later forms blood marrow.
Diarthrodial joint function + example
Highly movable Ex: elbow, shoulder, and ankle
Medullary cavity
Houses bone marrow where blood cells are produced Continuous w the spaces of spongy bone on the inside of diaphysis and the canals passing through the bone and is lined with a thin membrane called the endosteum
Positive feedback
Initial stimulus elicits a response that quickly exaggerates or enhances the change, FOR SURVIVAL ONLY or when bleeding ex.
Diaphysis
Long,straight portion of the bone that is hollow and outer wall is composed of compact bone Contains the medullary cavity in the interior
Prone
Lying down when facing down
Supine
Lying down when facing up
Homeostatic mechanisms
Maintain variables near an ideal normal set point , negative feedback and positive feedback
Osteocytes
Mature osteoblasts, maintain the bone
Factors that influence the development of bone mass/BMD
Mechanical ( physical activity), nutrition, hormonal levels (estrogen and testosterone) , and genetics
Where is bone marrow located?
Medullary cavity of long bones irregular spaces of spongy bone Larger osteonic canals of compact bone tissue
Cell
Molecules with one another, basic unit of structure and function
Deep
More internal
Water
Most abundant part of the body, required for metabolic reactions
Homeostatic set points
Near an ideal normal value; ex: body temp-98.6 degrees, resting heart rate- ~ 72BPM, resting blood pressure: 120/80
Superficial
Near the surface
Oxygen
Necessary to get air to the mitochondria so that it can make energy for that cell
Collagen in bone
Necessary to make it flexible enough, slightly elastic
Extracellular matrix
Noncellular material of bone tissue which contains collagen It provides strength and slight elasticity
Respiration
Obtain oxygen, use it to release energy
Negative feedback
Opposite response to bring back down towards set point
Absorption
Passage of substance through certain membranes
lacunae (lacuna - singular)
Pits
Midsagittal plane
Plane that divides body into left and right portions
Epiphyseal plate/disk/line
Present in immature long bones, is mainly cartilage which allows growth to continue until it is ossified then called Epiphyseal line
Exocytosis
Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material
Articular cartilage
Provides a frictionless surface for the bones to meet one another 1. Super strong 2. Super smooth 3. Aneural (Lacks sensation, no nervous supply) 4.Avascular (no blood supply to it)
Food
Provides body with necessary nutrients, and provides energy
Assimilation
Putting things together
Bone mineral density
Quality of the quantity, how much is hydroxyapatite, too flexible? Too hard?
Bone mass
Quantity of skeleton you have
Three components of Negative feedback mechanisms
Receptor, control center, and effector
What does bone marrow produce?
Red marrow and yellow marrow. Red marrow forms red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets *RBC carry oxygen *WBC are for immunity Yellow marrow stores fat *mostly seen in adults* usually deep in bone for survival and energy reserve
Excretion
Removal of waste products
Homeostasis
Resting state, all cells from all systems help each other to maintain a state of equilibrium
Trabeculae (singular-trabecula)
Rod-like structures in spongy bone
Storage
Serves to store and withdraw minerals Ex: calcium, magnesium, potassium
Ampiarthrodial joint function + example
Slightly movable Ex: syndesmosis Ex: tibia and fibula
Macromolecule
Small molecules combined to form larger molecules
Micro trauma
Small unnoticed injuries that build up over time and may cause infection if they are open fractures (not closed fractures)
What is bone marrow?
Soft, net,Ike mass of connective tissue
Cancellous bone
Spongy bone
Anatomical position
Standing upright, facing forward, arms are at the sides, with the palms forward
What groups are more at risk for stress response or stress fractures and why?
Stress fractures between ages 10-15, happens with training errors in athletes
Physiology
Study of function
Functions of the skeletal system
Support/protection, body movement, blood cell formation, mineral homeostasis and lipid storage
Support and protection
Supports the body's weight and protects internal structures Ex: brain, heart, and lungs
Canaliculi
Teeny tiny canals that reach for blood supply or perhaps another cell
Anterior
Toward the front
Posterior
Towards the back
Chemical reaction
Unable to be reversed; ex: brownie can not turn back into flour , etc
Synarthrodial joint function + example
Very little to no movement at all Ex: suture ligament
Maintenance of life
Water, food, oxygen, heat, pressure
Stress response
When osteoclasts are going faster than osteoblasts
Endosteum
Where almost all osteoblasts develop
Articulation
Where bone and cartilage come together (articulate w/each other) to form a connection
Organ system
a group of organs that work together to perform a common function
Levels of organization
atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Organ
group of tissues that work together to perform one or more specialized functions
Tissue
groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function
Circulation
movement of substances in body fluids
Bone remodeling
ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue
Endocytosis
process by which a cell takes material into the cell
Anatomy
study of structure
Macro trauma
sudden injury (sprain or strain like a stress fracture)
Resorption
the process of removing or breakdown old bone tissue
Molecule
two or more atoms bonded together