Kinesiology Practice test exam 1
Which of the following statements is true regarding the Glenohumeral joint? •Glenohumeral joint has ball and socket joint structure •Glenohumeral joint allows motions in all three planes •Glenohumeral joint is formed by the greater tubercle articulating with the distal clavicle •all of the above •a & B
A& b
Which of the following movements occurs in the sagittal plane? Extension of hip Flexion of shoulder Internal rotation A&B All of the above
A&B
Which of the following statements is true regarding shoulder depression? •incorporates scapulothoracic depression and Glenohumeral depression •can be used in closed chain to elevate trunk •relies mostly on combined action of upper and middle trap muscles •a&b
A&B
A muscle that performs Glenohumeral ____ must have a line of pull superior to anterior-posterior axis of rotation
ABD
Which of the following movements occurs about an anterior-posterior axis of rotation? Extension of hip Supination of forearm Abd of hip Internal rotation of shoulder
Abd of hip
Decreased ability of a two joint (multi articular) muscle to produce significant force to complete an action because it has become too actively shortened
Active insufficiency
Which of the following statements is true regarding the deltoid muscles ? •anterior deltoid performs shoulder flexion •posterior deltoid performs shoulder extension •all heads of deltoid are innervated by axillary nerve •all of above
All of above
Which of the following is a result of prolonged immobilization? Tissue weakness Tissue dehydration Tissue stiffness All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following motions occurs about a vertical axis of rotation? Internal rotation of shoulder External rotation of shoulder Rotation of head & neck A&B All of the above
All of the above
Which of the following muscles work to medially rotate the Glenohumeral joint? Teres Major Latissimus dorsi Subscapularis All of the above
All of the above
What is the common similarity among Latissimus dorsi, posterior deltoid, & long head of triceps?
All three of these muscles can extend the shoulder.
The radial nerve innervates which of the following muscles? Biceps Brachii Flexor carpi Radialis Palmaris longus Anconeus
Anconeus
Primary Glenohumeral joint flexors
Anterior deltoid, pec major , coracobrachialis, biceps Brachii
A PTA is working with a patient with C6 quadriplegia. The patient is unable to extend the elbow which is interfering with their ADLs(activities of daily living). What muscle could help compensate for the lack of elbow extensors while the patient is transferring out of their wheelchair? Rhomboids Extensor Carpi Radialis longus Extensor carpi Radialis brevis Anterior deltoid
Anterior deltoidq
Which of the following statements is true? •knee flexion occurs in the frontal plane •second class lever system favor rom & speed •transitioning from sitting to standing is an example of a closed chain motion •a second class lever system is analogous to a wheelbarrow •C&D
C&D
____ bone is porous and typically lines the inner portions of the bone
Cancellous
Which carpal bone is located just proximal to the third metacarpal? Scaphoid Trapezoid Capitate Hamate
Capitate
The primary function of the annular ligament? •help transmit forces from ulna to humerus •bind the Radial head to the proximal ulna •bind distal radius to distal ulna •serve as an attachment for triceps
•bind the Radial head to the proximal ulna
performing abduction in the scapular plane helps avoid impingement because? •Teres minor & Teres Major are put on slack •greater tuberosity is positioned under highest point of acromion •scapula becomes fixed to the medial aspect of the posterior thorax •subscapularis becomes external rotator of shoulder in this position
•greater tuberosity is positioned under highest point of acromion
Which of the following statements is true regarding upward rotation of the scapula? •occurs as a natural component of shoulder extension •occurs as a natural component of raising ones arm over head • occurs primarily through activation of the Teres Major and Teres minor muscles •results in inferior tip of the scapula pointing Medially
•occurs as a natural component of raising ones arm over head
A closed chain motion: •always provides larger rom than an open chain motion • occurs when the distal segment of the joint moves relative to a stationary proximal segment •occurs when the proximal segment of a joint moves relative to a fixed distal segment •typically is not used when treating a Pt
•occurs when the proximal segment of a joint moves relative to a fixed distal segment
Which of the following includes three of the muscles that make up the thenar eminence? •abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, adductor pollicis •opponens pollicis, lumbricals, palmar interossei •opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis •none of above
•opponens pollicis, flexor pollicis brevis, abductor pollicis brevis
Impingement can best be described as: •reduced activation of internal rotators of shoulder •superior migration of humerus resulting in humeral head colliding with acromion •combined actions of scapular depression & Glenohumeral protraction
•superior migration of humerus resulting in humeral head colliding with acromion
A 47 year old patient comes to physical therapy with increased numbness along the lateral side of the hand. The patient states that he is an accountant and has been working on his computer for nearly 50 hours a week. Given this info above, what diagnosis might we find in this patients chart? Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) Bicipital tenodesis Cubital tunnel syndrome Carpal tunnel syndrome
Carpal tunnel syndrome
A joint must allow motion in at least two planes for it to?
Circumduct
A 67 year old patient comes in complaining of wrist pain. Upon further investigation, you learn that the patient lost their balance and fell with their hand outstretched while out for a walk with their dog. Based on this info, which of the following injuries would you suspect this patient has sustained? Humeral head fracture Colles fracture Palmar radiocarpal ligament sprain Radial collateral ligament sprain
Colles fracture
____ muscle activation, slower speed contraction produces greater force. Reasoning: maximal time for actin myosin cross bridge formation
Concentric
Regardless of whether a muscle is lengthening or shortening a muscle can produce only a ____ or pulling force
Contractile
During a concentric muscle contraction, the origin generally moves towards the insertion ? True or false
False
Open chain abduction of the shoulder, arthroKinematic roll and slide occurs in same direction? True or false
False
The term strength refers solely to the force that a muscle can produce, not its torque production?
False
The intervertebral discs of the spine are primarily composed of which type of CT?
Fibrocartilage
A muscle with a line of pull anterior to the medial lateral axis of rotation of the shoulder will perform?
Flexion
The larger a muscles cross sectional area, the greater is it's _____
Force producing potential
Which muscle shape is known for providing large ranges of motion? Fusiform Pennate Triangular Rhomboidal
Fusiform
Cephalad toward _____ Caudal toward ____
Head Feet (or "tail")
Which of the following joints allows only 1 degree of freedom Ellipsoid Ball and socket Hinge Saddle
Hinge
If a muscle has a line of pull that is posterior to the medial lateral axis of rotation of the hip, which motion can it perform? Hip ABD Hip extension Hip internal rotation Hip flexion
Hip extension
Which of the following motions would be produced by a muscular line of pull that courses anterior to the medial-lateral axis of rotation? Hip flexion Shoulder extension Plantar flexion Shoulder ADD
Hip flexion
Vertical or longitudinal axis of rotation ____ plane of motion. Example shoulder internal/external rotation & rotation of the trunk
Horizontal plane
The trochlea is a structure on which bone? Humerus Radius Ulna Scapula
Humerus
muscle hypertrophy occurs due to? Increased number of muscle fibers Increased size of muscle fibers Decreased number of muscle fibers Decreased size of muscle fibers
Increased size of muscle fibers
Which of the following terms describes the proximal attachment of a muscle ?
Insertion
Which of the following movements occurs about a longitudinal or vertical axis of rotation? Internal rotation of shoulder Extension of shoulder Flexion of hip Abd of hip
Internal rotation of shoulder
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Diarthrosis (Synovial) joint? Synovial membrane Articular cartilage Blood vessels Intervertebral disks
Intervertebral disks
A PTA treats a patient who has undergone a recent rotator cuffed surgery. The patient is now 6 weeks post op and has come in for their first physical therapy appointment. Assuming this patient has muscular weakness and lack of stability in the GH joint, what type of exercise would you have this patient form? Isometric Isokinetic Concentric Eccentric
Isometric
Force from ____ activation is greater than concentric contraction of any speed. Reasoning: velocity of isometric contraction is zero, allowing more time for maximal cross bridge formation
Isometric
What ring shaped structure deepens the joint socket creating stability and a suction effect? Articular cartilage Labrum Fat pad Joint capsule
Labrum
A cubitus Varus producing force is most likely to injure the? Lateral collateral ligament of the elbow Medial collateral ligament of the elbow Annular ligament Interosseus membrane
Lateral collateral ligament of the elbow
A 38 year old carpenter comes in with swelling and pain in the right elbow. When palpating the patients elbow, you find inflammed tissue along the extensor carpi Radialis brevis. Which of the following diagnosis is MOST likely the cause of this patients discomfort? Medial epicondylitis (golfers elbow) Lateral epicondylitis Olecranon bursitis Cubital tunnel syndrome
Lateral epicondylitis
A 45 y/o female comes into your outpatient facility experiencing frequent headaches and general upper body tightness. She tells you that she begins experiencing symptoms shortly after starting work as a secretary for a busy law firm. Which of the following muscles is MOST likely the culprit for this patient complaint? Rhomboids Pectoralis minor Levator Scapulae Supraspinatus
Levator scapulae
What structure connects Bone to bone and functions primarily to resist internal and external forces?
Ligaments
internal rotation of the shoulder occurs about an ____ axis of rotation: Anterior-posterior Medial-lateral Longitudinal (or vertical) Reciprocal
Longitudinal (vertical)
The Latissimus dorsi & ____ often work together to depress the entire shoulder
Lower trapezius
Primary scapular depressors are?
Lower traps, Latissimus dorsi, pectoralis minor, subclavius
Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton? Mandible Femur Scapula Clavicle
Mandible
A cubitus valgus producing force is most likely to injure the ? Medial collateral ligament of elbow Long head of biceps Long head of triceps Lateral collateral ligament of elbow
Medial collateral ligament elbow
The rhomboids & ____ are primary downward rotators of scapula?
Middle trapezius
Force x ____ = Torque
Moment arm
The torque generated by a muscle is calculated by:
Multiplying the muscular force by the internal moment arm
Of the following, which is the smallest component of skeletal muscle? Muscle fiber Myofibril Perimysium Fasciculus
Myofibril
How many degrees of freedom are allowed at the humeroulnar joint?
One
When a convex suface is moving on a concave surface, the roll and slide occur in what direction? Same direction Opposite direction
Opposite
Convex on concave roll & slide ____ direction, concave on convex roll & slide ____ direction
Opposite, same direction
A weightlifter is performing a front squat with a barbell and begins to experience wrist pain. What is the MOST reasonable explanation for wrist pain? Active insufficiency of biceps Brachii Active insufficiency of triceps Brachii Passive insufficiency of biceps Brachii Passive insufficiency of triceps Brachii
Passive insufficiency of the triceps Brachii
______ indicates that muscle produces greater passive force when it's stretched rather than slackened
Passive length tension curve
_____ refers to forces that produce body movement other than that caused by muscular activation
Passive movements
Which of the following muscles becomes maximally stretched in full supination of the forearm and full elbow extension ? Supinator Long head of triceps Pronator Teres Lateral head of triceps A&B
Pronator Teres
Which joint in the body is considered a pivot joint? Humeroulnar joint Proximal radiohumeral joint Distal radiohumeral joint Intercarpal joints
Proximal radiohumeral joint
A PTA is working with a patient to complete a sit to stand from their recliner. Which muscles are working concentrically to complete this motion? Hamstrings Quadriceps Quadratus Lumbordum All of the above
Quadriceps
The interosseous membrane helps transmit compressive forces and is located between ? Radius & carpal bones Radius & ulna Ulna & humerus Humerus & radius
Radius & ulna
A summation of the effects of multiple force vectors
Resultant force
Primary shoulder retractors
Rhomboids & middle trapezius
A patient comes to you s/p ACL repair. They are struggling with knee extension and need you to perform a joint mobilization to help improve their range of motion. Which direction do the roll and slide occur for the knee extension? Roll anterior slide posterior Roll superior slide superior Roll superior slide inferior Roll posterior slide posterior
Roll superior slide inferior
A patient is performing a bicep curl with a 5lb dumbbell. What would the arthroKinematics look like at the humeroulnar joint ? A. Roll superior slide inferior B. Roll superior slide superior C. Roll anterior slide posterior D. Superior no slide
Roll: Superior Slide: superior
When working with a patient who exhibits poor posture, which of the following would be the MOST appropriate to address possible strength deficits ? Bench press with dumbbells Shoulder press with barbell Rows with cable machine Doorway pectoralis stretch
Rows with cable machine
Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton? Femur Scapula Sacrum Fibula
Sacrum
Which of the following would be classified as a flat bone in the body? Tibia Carpal bones Patella Scapula
Scapula
Which of the following describes a lever in which the internal movement arm is greater than the external moment arm? First class lever Second class lever Third class lever None of the above
Second class lever
____ levers have an axis of rotation located at one end of the bony lever and always have an IMA that is longer than the EMA. This lever system is often said to provide "good leverage" because a relatively small force is able to life a much larger external load. Consequence of a good leverage provided by this lever system is limited ROM. Ex: raising on tip toes.
Second class lever
Which of the following muscles doesn't not attach to the humerus proximally or distally? Teres minor Anterior deltoid serratus anterior Subscapularis
Serratus anterior
Wining is indicative of ? Anterior deltoid weakness Posterior deltoid weakness Serratus anterior weakness Teres Major & Latissimus dorsi weakness
Serratus anterior weakness
The shoulder ADD muscles are antagonist to the: Shoulder ABD Shoulder flexors Shoulder extensors Shoulder internal rotators
Shoulder ABD
Which Of the following motions occurs around an anterior-posterior axis of rotation? Shoulder abd Ulnar deviation Elbow flexion A& B B& C
Shoulder abd & ulnar deviation
On the basis of a front view of the shoulder, which motion will occur by a muscular line of pull that courses lateral and superior to the anterior posterior axis of rotation? Should abduction Should flexion Shoulder internal rotation Plantar flexion
Shoulder abduction
Which of the following movements occurs in the frontal plane? Shoulder Add Hip flexion Pronation of the forearm A&C B&C
Shoulder add
Which of the following motions would be produced by a muscular line of pull that courses posterior to the medial lateral axis of rotation. Dorsiflexion Forearm supination Shoulder extension Shoulder internal rotation
Shoulder extension
Which of the following positions maximally elongate the long head of the triceps? Shoulder flexion elbow extension Shoulder flexion elbow flexion Shoulder extension elbow extension Shoulder extension elbow flexion
Shoulder flexion elbow flexion
A normal joint end feel for elbow flexion would be? Hard Empty Soft Firm
Soft
Which of the following joints is a saddle joint? Glenohumeral Sternoclavicular Acromioclavicular Scapulothoracic
Sternoclavicular
Which of the following muscles has an origin on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus ? Supinator Pronator Teres Pronator quadratus Brachialis
Supinator
Which of the following muscles have an insertion on the greater tubercle of the humerus? Latissimus dorsi Subscapularis Supraspinatus Pectoralis Major
Supraspinatus
Primary Glenohumeral joint ABD
Supraspinatus, anterior deltoid, middledeltoid
Which of the following joints allows least amoun of motion?
Synarthrosis
Passive motion produced at one joint as the result of stretching of a multi articular muscle across another joint is? Excursion Stenosis Tenodesis Tenodonitis
Tenodesis
Which of the following is NOT a rotator cuff muscle? Infraspinatus Supraspinatus Teres Major Subscapularis
Teres Major
Primary Glenohumeral joint ADD
Teres major, Latissimus dorsi, pec major
Joint reaction forces
The compressive forces within a joint caused by muscular contraction
If a muscle is active, and the origin and insertion are becoming further apart, it is likely that:
The muscle is eccentrically activated
The primary reason a muscle can produce the greatest force near its midrange is.
The number of actin myosin cross bridges that can be formed is near maximal
In a pronated position of the forearm •the radius is parallel with the ulna •the radius is crossed over the top of the ulna
The radius is crossed over the top of the ulna
Third class levers favor ROM & speed over force? True or false
True
True or false. Primary function of a bursa is to create a cushion (prevent friction) between tendons and bones ?
True
True or false. Shoulder impingement is likely to occur is the scapula does not upwardly rotate as the shoulder is actively abducted?
True
True or false. The horizontal ABD of the humerus is generally accompanied by retraction of the scapula?
True
Articular cartilage is ____ collagen; fibers help anchor cartilage to bone •dense irregular CT is ____ collagen; low elastin fibers; binds bones together and restrains unwanted movement. •fibrocartilage ____ collagen, mutidirectional
Type 2, type 1, type 1
During strong activation of the biceps to perform elbow flexion, the posterior head of the deltoid must be activated to prevent: Unwanted supination of forearm Unwanted flexion of shoulder Excessive cubitus valgus Excessive cubitus varus
Unwanted flexion of shoulder
A patient is performing a bilateral overhead press with a dumbbell. As you watch the patient from behind, you notice that one arm has significantly decreased shoulder abduction ROM. Which muscle would MOST likely be involved with this imbalance? Latissimus dorsi Upper trapezius Teres minor Rhomboids
Upper trapezius
Which of the following is an example of a closed chain exercise ? Bicep curl Walking lunges Short arc quads Lat pull down
Walking lunges
The intervertebral body joints are an example of which classification of joints?
amphiarthrosis
The term osteokinematics describes the: a) motion between joint surfaces b) motion of bones relative to the three cardinal planes c) forces transferred from muscles through joints d) force of a muscle contraction acting on an internal moment arm
b) motion of bones relative to the three cardinal
if a muscle that performs both hip flexion and knee extension becomes tight, which of the following combination of actions will likely be limited
hip extension, knee flexion
primary glenohumeral joint extensors
latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major, posterior deltoid, and long head of the triceps
Performing elbow extension with the shoulder in an extended position. •requires activation of brachialis •produces automatic pronation of forearm •results in the long head of triceps becoming actively insufficient •is the strongest position for producing elbow extension torque
results in the long head of triceps becoming actively insufficient
Primary scapular downward rotators
rhomboids, pectoralis minor, levator scapula
Primary scapular upward rotators
serratus anterior, upper and lower trapezius
According to the ______, contraction of a sarcomere is the result of actin filaments sliding past myosin filaments
sliding filament theory
Primary internal rotators
teres major, pectoralis major, subscapularis, latissimus dorsi, and anterior deltoid
Primary external rotators
teres minor, infraspinatus, posterior deltoid
Primary scapular elevators
upper trapezius, levator scapula, rhomboids
Tissue weakness leads to ____ Tissue dehydration leads to ____ Tissue stiffness leads to ___
•Abnormal posture •Reduced joint space & ability to disperse joint compression forces. Eventually leading to arthritis or fracture •abnormal posture & contracture
A PTA is working with a patient who has contracture of the R biceps Brachii. What position would you place this patients arm in to stretch the bicep? •Shoulder flexion, forearm supination, elbow flexion •Shoulder extension, forearm pronation, elbow extension •Shoulder flexion, forearm pronation, elbow extension •Shoulder extension, forearm supination, elbow flexion
•Shoulder extension, forearm pronation, elbow extension
Which of the following statements is true? •the proximal attachment of a muscle is known as the insertion •a vector is a representation of a forces magnitude and direction •flexion of the hip occurs in frontal plane •a closed chain movement refers to the distal segment of a joint moving on a relatively fixed proximal segment
•a vector is a representation of a forces magnitude and direction
For low effort elbow extension activity, the nervous system will first "choose" the medial & lateral heads of the triceps over the long head of the triceps because? •medial and lateral heads also perform shoulder flexion •medial and lateral heads also perform should extension, makes activity much more metabolically efficient •long head of triceps has a poor line of pull to perform elbow extension •activation of the long head requires simultaneous activation of the anterior deltoid to prevent unwanted shoulder extension, which requires extra energy to be expended
•activation of the long head requires simultaneous activation of the anterior deltoid to prevent unwanted shoulder extension, which requires extra energy to be expended
What is a normal range of motion for Glenohumeral extension? 0-180 degrees 0-90 degrees 0-60 degrees 0-45 degrees
0-45 degrees
Normal Cubitus Valgus (Carrying angle) of the elbow is approximately?
15°
Which of the following lever systems always provides good leverage, allowing an external load to be lifted with comparatively less muscular force? 1st class 2nd class 3rd class
2nd class
A patient performs shoulder abduction and reaches 168 degrees of scapulohumeral motion. How many degrees are from ONLY scapular movement? 112 168 56 28
56
Beginning with the forearm in a fully pronated position and the elbow flexed to 90°, which of the following muscles can supinate the forearm? Brachialis Brachioradialis Biceps Brachii A&C B&C
B&C
Which of the following is true regarding external rotation of shoulder? •occurs in frontal plane •occurs about a longitudinal axis of rotation •performed by two or four rotator cuff muscles •A&C •B&C
B&C
Which of the following muscles has its distal attachment (insertion) on the radius? Brachialis Brachioradialis Biceps Brachii A&B B&C
B&C
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the radial nerve? Brachialis Brachioradialis Medial head of triceps A&B B&C
B&C
Which of the following statements describes concentric contraction? •the muscle is active and the proximal and distal attachments of the muscle become farther apart •the muscle is active and the proximal and distal attachments of the muscle become closer together •the internal torque produced by the muscle is greater than the external torque produced by an outside force •A&C •B & C
B&C
What muscle can pronate and supinate the forearm ? Biceps Brachii BrachiioRadialis Brachialis All of the above
Brachioradialis
Which type of bone tissue is typically the most dense and lines the outermost portions of the bones?
Cortical
Which of the following combinations acts as a force couple for shoulder abduction? •upper trapezius, serratus anterior, Teres Major •rhomboids, Levator Scapulae, Latissimus dorsi •biceps Brachii, deltoid, coracobrachialis •deltoid, supraspinatus, subscapularis
Deltoid, supraspinatus, subscapularis
Which of the following types of CT typically composes ligaments and the tough external layers of joint capsule?
Dense irregular CT
The wrist is ____ to the elbow Proximal Superficial Cephalad Distal A&B
Distal
Which of the following types of muscular activation results in elongation of the muscle? Concentric Eccentric Isometric
Eccentric
____ muscle activation, higher speed elongation produces greater force. Reasoning: stretching of passive elements of muscle
Eccentric
Which of the following CT are designed to "give" when stretched, thereby resisting injury?
Elastin
Injury to the radial nerve will likely result in significant weakness of which action? Elbow flexion Elbow extension Wrist flexion Shoulder flexion All of the above.
Elbow extension
Injury to musculocutaneous nerve will most likely result in ? •elbow extensor weakness •elbow flexor weakness •pronator weakness •shoulder extensor weakness
Elbow flexor weakness
A change in a muscles length, typically refers to how much a muscle is lengthened or shortened during a specific motion
Excursion
Which of the following muscles cross two joints? Extensor carpi Radialis brevis Brachialis Pronator teres Subscapularis
Extensor carpi Radialis brevis
____ also have an axis of rotation located at one end of the bony lever. They always have a IMA that is Smaller than the EMA. Gravity has more leverage than muscle. Relatively large muscle force is required to lift a relatively small external load. Poor leverage, but provides good speed(moves at greater distance & speed than contracting muscle) and ROM with minimal muscular shortening. Example: starting with arm straight, quickly flex you elbow so that touches your shoulder with hand. Requires 140° of motion at elbow.
Third class levers.
A patient sustained a lesion to the radial nerve after MVA. Which exercise would be the MOST difficult for this patient to perform? Push up Squat Cable row Tricep pull down
Tricep pull down
A multi articular muscle refers to a muscle that crosses two or more joints. True or false?
True
A muscle that courses posterior to a medial-lateral axis of rotation will produce motion in the sagittal plane? True or false
True
Should impingement is likely to occur if the scapula does not upwardly rotate as the shoulder is actively abducted. True or false
True
Shoulder internal rotation often occurs naturally with pronation of the forearm. True or false?
True
Which of the following statements best describes an antagonist? •a muscle that fixes or holds a body segment stationary so that another muscle can more effectively perform an action •a muscle that always shortens when it's active •a muscle or muscle group that opposes the action of an agonist •the muscle or muscle group most directly responsible for performing a particular action
a muscle or muscle group that opposes the action of an agonist
Passive insufficiency occurs when a muscular action is weakened because? •the muscles performing the action have become "over stretched " across two or more joints •muscular action is resisted by an external force •the antagonist to the muscular action is passively "over stretched" across two or more joints •the one joint muscle surrounding the joint have become fibrotic
•the antagonist to the muscular action is passively "over stretched" across two or more joints
Which of the following statements best describes a muscular force couple? •two or more muscles actively lengthening throughout entire action •combined agonist and antagonist activity resulting in no or minimal joint movement •when two or more muscles produce force in different linear direction but produce torque in same rotational direction •when an overly stiff or tight antagonist limits the action of the agonist muscle
•when two or more muscles produce force in different linear direction but produce torque in same rotational direction