L8 Study guide
______ Desktop Environment uses the Metacity Window Manager and the GTK+ toolkit for the C programming language. It is the default desktop environment in Fedora Core Linux/Ubuntu/Linux Mint.
GNOME
11. How many active partitions are allowed per hard disk drive? a. 4 b. 16 c. 1 d. 2
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13. Which two implementations of X Windows are commonly used in Linux? (Choose two answers.) a. X.org b. XFce c. Xconfigurator d. XFree86
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19. Which command causes the system to enter Single User Mode? a. init 0 b. init 1 c. init 6 d. initstate 5
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2. Which of the following statements is true? a. GRUB needs to be reinstalled after it has been modified. b. LILO need not be reinstalled after it has been modified. c. GRUB points to LILO. d. GRUB need not be reinstalled after it has been modified.
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4. Which runlevel halts the system? a. 1 b. 6 c. 0 d. 5
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The ______ directory is the directory that contains the Linux kernel.
/boot
When a computer first initializes, the system BIOS performs a ______.
Power On Self Test (POST)
The ______ utility is the easiest way to control daemon startup by runlevel.
Service Configuration
The /etc/inittab file indicates the default runlevel which the init daemon enters. State the syntax for this command. It contains a single uncommented line and series of explanatory comments.
Syntax: id:5:initdefault:
T/F. Because the init daemon often has to manage several daemons at once, the init daemon categorizes the system into runlevels.
T
T/F. Following the POST, the BIOS checks its configuration for boot devices to search for and operating systems to execute.
T
T/F. However, boot loaders can perform other functions as well, including passing information to the kernel during system startup and booting other operating systems that are present on the hard drive.
T
T/F. If the computer fails to find an OS on any of these options, the BIOS usually checks the MBR/GPT on the first hard disk inside the computer.
T
T/F. If you are using a Linux boot loader to dual-boot an OS in addition to Linux, it is easiest to install Linux after you install the other OS. This allows the Linux installation program to detect the other OS on the disk and place the appropriate entries in boot loader configuration file.
T
T/F. In Ubuntu & Linux Mint, in the /etc folder are eight rc*.d folders. These directories are rc0.d, rc1.d, rc2.d, rc3.d, rc4.d, rc5.d, rc6.d & rcS.d (single user mode). When a certain runlevel is started, all of the programs in the selected folder are executed. The programs in this folder are symbolic links to programs in the /etc/init.d folder. A prefix K is to kill a daemon process and a prefix S is to start a daemon process.
T
T/F. Normally, only one operating system can be active at any one time. IMPORTANT
T
T/F. Vmlinuz-<kernel version> is the Linux kernel file. IMPORTANT
T
______ can be used to run multiple OSs at the same time.
Virtualization software
A ______ modifies the "look and feel" of X Windows.
Windows Manager
_____ performs most of the graphical functions in a GUI.
X Windows
______ is a core component of the Linux GUI. It provides the ability to draw graphical images in windows that are displayed on the terminal screen.
X Windows
The programs that tell X Windows how to draw the graphics and display the results are known as ______.
X clients
______ draws the graphics requested by the X client.
X server
The ______ partition is the partition pointed to by the MBR/GPT and there is only one per hard drive.
active
The ______ is a program used to load an operating system.
boot loader
The primary function of a ______ during the boot process is to load the Linux kernel into memory.
boot loader
A ______ is a system process that performs useful tasks, e.g., printing, scheduling and OS maintenance.
daemon
The ______ is a standard set of GUI tools designed to be packaged together, including Web browsers, file managers and drawing programs. They also provide a set of development tools, known as toolkits, which speed up the process of creating new software.
desktop environment
Because you normally use only one OS at a time, a process must exist that allows you to choose which OS to load at boot times. This process, called ______ is typically handled by the boot loader.
dual-boot
The ______ command displays the current runlevel of the system and the previous runlevel.
runlevel
The ______ defines the number and type of daemons loaded into memory and executed by the kernel on a particular system.
runlevel
The ______ command changes the OS runlevel.
init
The ______ daemon is the first process started on the system by the Linux kernel. It is responsible for loading all of the other daemons on the system required to bring the system to a usable state in which users can log in and interact with services.
init (Initialize)
14. What is the name of the directory that contains the configuration information for runlevel 2? a. /etc/rc.d/rc2.d b. /rc.d/rc2.d c. /etc/rc.d/l2.d d. /etc/inittab/rc2/d
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15. In what directory is the Linux kernel stored? a. /boot b. /root c. /bin d. /
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16. If a user enters Single User Mode, who is she automatically logged in as? a. the user name she provided b. root c. admin d. there is no user available in single user mode
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17. The first process generated on a Linux system is ___________. a. initstate b. inittab c. init d. linux
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3. Which runtime configuration file is executed last during system initialization? a. /etc/rc.d/rc5.d/init b. /etc/rc.d/rc.local c. /etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit d. /etc/inittab
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5. Which file does init reference on startup to determine the default runlevel? a. /etc/initstate b. /inittab c. /etc/init d. /etc/inittab
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6. Which two commands entered at a command prompt can be used to start X Windows, the Window Manager, and the default desktop environment? (Choose two answers.) a. startgui b. gdm c. startx d. winstart
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7. Which of the following statements is true? a. The boot loader points to the MBR/GPT. b. Either the MBR/GPT or the active partition can contain the boot loader. c. Both the MBR/GPT and the active partition point to the boot loader. d. The boot loader points to the active partition.
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9. To make dual booting as easy as possible, Linux should be the second operating system installed. True or False?
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The ______ file is consulted to start or stop daemons and thus to change runlevels.
/etc/inittab
The ______ file is the configuration file for the init daemon. It uses its configuration file to determine the number of daemons that need to be loaded on the system to provide system services and ultimately allow users to log in and use the system. Furthermore, it is also responsible for unloading daemons that are loaded in memory when the system is halted or rebooted.
/etc/inittab
______ is the most common boot loader used on modern Linux systems and the only boot loader supported by Fedora Core.
GRUB
State the two most common boot loaders.
GRand Unified Boot loader (GRUB) Linux Loader (LILO) (not supported on current distributions)
______ is the traditional desktop environment used on Linux systems. It uses the K Windows Manager (kwin) and the Qt toolkit for the C++ programming language.
KDE
State the two most common desktop environments.
KDE (K Desktop Environment) and GNOME (GNU Object Model Environment)
The ______ might contain a boot loader that can then locate and execute the kernel of the OS or it might contain a pointer to a partition on the system that contains a boot loader on the first sector.
MBR/GPT
T/F. For X Windows to perform its function, it needs information regarding the keyboard, mouse, monitor and video adapter card. By default, it attempts to automatically detect the required information. If automatic detection fails, the user may need to specify the correct hardware information manually.
T
T/F. If a user is at runlevel 3, they can type gdm to start the gdm manually or startx command to start X Windows and Window Manager or desktop environment specified in the .xinitrc file in your home directory.
T
T/F. Many Linux virtualization software packages are available including Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM), QEMU, Xen and VirtualBox.
T
T/F. Most GUI flavors of Linux use X Windows like Fedora Core. Others use XFree86.
T
T/F. Most daemon scripts accept the arguments start, stop and restart. They can be used to manipulate daemons after system startup.
T
T/F. Most daemons are started by the init daemon from symbolic links in the /etc/rc.d/rc*.d directories depending on the runlevel entered.
T
T/F. The output of all runtime configuration scripts within the /etc/rc.d/rc*.d directories is logged to the /var/log/messages log files.
T
T/F. Thus to change the appearance and behavior of X Windows, change the Windows Manager used with X Windows.
T
T/F. X Windows is the component of the GUI that interfaces with the video hardware in the computer.
T
T/F. X Windows originally had a license that restricted the usage of X Windows and its source code. Since 2004, it is has been Open Source Software.
T
T/F. X clients does not need to run on the same computer as X Windows. You can use X Windows on one computer to send graphical images to the X client on an entirely different computer by changing the DISPLAY environment variable.
T
After the Linux kernel is loaded into memory, the boot loader is no longer active. The Linux kernel continues to initialize the system by loading ______ into memory.
daemons
The boot loader may be configured to allow a choice of operating systems at boot time. This is known as ______.
dual-booting
Recall that after a boot loader loads the Linux OS kernel into memory, the kernel resumes control and executes the first daemon process called the ______ daemon on the system.
init
Because the init daemon is responsible for starting and stopping daemons, and, hence changing runlevels, runlevels are often called ______.
initstates
During the boot process, the init daemon must execute several scripts that prepare the system, start daemons and eventually bring the system to a usable state. These scripts are called ______.
runtime configuration (rc) scripts