LAB 1: Introduction/Chemistry
Amount in total volume
% =
10 millimeters (mm)
1 cm = ________ mm
1000
1 g = _________ mg
1000g
1 kg = _________ g
1000 meters (m)
1 kilometer = ___________ m
1000
1 mL = ________ µL
100 centimeters (cm)
1 meter (m) = __________ cm
1000
1 mg = ________ µg
1000 microns or micrometers (µm), (Greek letter µ)
1 mm = _________ µm
6.02 x 10^23 molecules (Avogadro's number)
1 mol =
1000
1 µL = _________ nL
1000
1 µg = _________ ng
1000 nanometers (nm)
1 µm = _________ nm
10
1L = _____ dL
10 dL 100 mL 1000 µL 1000 nL
1L = ________ dL 1dL = _________ mL 1 mL = ________ µL 1 µL = _________ nL
Weight in grams dissolved a 1L total volume
1M solution has the molecular weight in ________ dissolved a _______ total volume.
100
1dL = _________ mL
2g/100ml
2% = ____g/______ml total volume.
2 grams of solute/ 100ml total volume
2% means....
25°C = 77°F 98.6 °F = -1.11 °C 30 °F = 37 °C 45°C = 113 °F
25°C = ________°F 98.6 °F = ________ °C 30 °F = ________ °C 45°C = ________°F
6.02 x 10 ^23
58.5g NaCl has ______________________ molecules
Has 1 mole dissolved in 1L final volume
A 1Molar solution (1M) has ____ mole dissolved in ______L final volume
Gram
A _______ is equivalent to about a small spoon of sugar and can be measured with a digital or kitchen scale.
Tenth
A deciliter (dL) is a _______ of a liter.
2.1 pints
A liter is ______ pints
10 drops Regular pipette
A milliliter (ml or mL) is about _______ drops and best measured with a _____________.
0.9g NaCl dissolved in 100ml water
An isotonic saline solution used for an IV contains approx 0.9% NaCl. This is ______ NaCl dissolved in a total volume of _______ water
0° in Celsius, but 32° in Fahrenheit
As water freezes it measures ______° in Celsius, but _______° in Fahrenheit
mg/dL
Blood chemistry values are usually given as?
100° in Celsius, but 212° in Fahrenheit
Boiling water (at normal pressure) measures _______° in Celsius, but _______° in Fahrenheit.
159.08g
Calculate number of g in 1mole of Potassium Permanganate: KMnO4 K = 40.08, Mn = 55, O = 16 _________________ = 1Mole of KMnO4
multiply by 1.8, then add 32
Celcius to Farenheit
1000 meters (m) 100 centimeters (cm) 10 millimeters (mm) 1000 microns or micrometers (µm), (Greek letter µ) 1000 nanometers (nm)
Complete the length table: 1 kilometer = ___________ meters (m) 1 meter (m) = __________ centimeters (cm) 1 cm = __________ millimeters (mm) 1 mm = ___________ microns or micrometers (µm), (Greek letter µ) 1 µm = ____________ nanometers (nm)
1000 g 1000 mg 1000 µg 1000 ng
Complete the table for weight: 1 kg = 1000g 1 g = _________ mg 1 mg = ________ µg 1 µg = _________ ng
Multiply all by 1000 0.5mm = 500 µm = 500000nm = 5 x 10 ^5 0.15 mm = 150 µm = 150000 nm = 1.5 x 10 ^5 1.25 mm = 1,250 µm = 1250000 nm = 1.25 x 10 ^6 25 mm = 25,000 µm = 25000000 nm = 2.5 x 10 ^7
Convert the mm to µm & nm: 0.5 mm = 0.15 mm = 1.25 mm = 25 mm =
250 g = 250000 mg = 2.5 x 10 ^8 µg 32 mg = 0.032 g = 3.5 x 10 ^5 kg 2.5 kg = 2500 g = 2.5 x 10 ^6 mg
Convert these masses: 250 g = __________________ mg = _________________ µg 32 mg = _________________ g = ___________________ kg 2.5 kg = _________________ g = ___________________ mg
A description of the number of molecules in solution.
Definition of Molarity?
0.3M x 1.8L = M2 x 3L M2 = 0.18M
Dilute 1800mL of 0.3M glucose to a final volume of 3L. What is the resulting Molarity?
subtract 32, then divide by 1.8
Farenheit to Celcius
80-100 mg/dL.
Glucose in blood is what mg/dL
Find the molecular wt (MW) in grams -add atomic wts of atoms to get MW
How do you calculate a mole?
add the atomic weights of all atoms
How do you get MW?
There is only one mole per liter So you would add 58.5 g NaCl to 1 L of solution
How do you make 1L of a 1M NaCl solution?
180g
How many grams in 1Mole of Glucose? C6H12O6 C = 12, H = 1, O = 16 grams = _________________
100
How many milliliters (mL) are in a deciliter (dL)? ____________.
2000 x 1000, we add 3 zeroes = 2,000,000nm or 2 million nm.
How many nanometers is 2000 µm?
0.01 or 10 x 10 ^-3 Therefore 10µm = 10/1000 = 0.01mm (just move the decimal to the left 3 places) Or 10 um = 10 x 10 ^-3 mm or 1 x 10 ^-2
I measured a cell as being 10µm across. How many mm is this?
2 x 1000 = 2000 µm -large-small; multiplied 2000 x 1000 -add 3 zeroes -2,000,000 nm (2 million nm)
I measured an embryo as being 2.0 mm long. How many microns is this? How many nanometers?
2 x 1000 = 2000 µm. I went from a larger unit to a smaller one, so I multiplied.
I measured an embryo as being 2.0 mm long. How many microns is this?
1 mole of each ion! NaCl --> Na+ (6.02 x 1023) ions + Cl- (6.02 x 1023) ions
If a compound ionizes into 2 separate ions, then we get ______ mole of each ion.
meters (m)
Length is measured in ______________
kilometer (km) meter (m) centimeter (cm) millimeter (mm) micrometer (µm) nanometers (nm)
Measurements of length largest to smallest
kilogram (kg) gram (g) milligram (mg) microgram (µg) nanogram (ng)
Measurements of mass largest to smallest
Liter (l or L) deciliter (dL) mililiter (mL) microliter (µL) nanoliter (nL)
Measurements of volume largest to smallest
Micropipettors
Micro liters (µL) are best measured with ____________.
Moles per liter of solution (mol/L) Moles of solute -------------------- Liters of solution
Molarity =
mg/Kg body mass.
Most drug doses are in:
positive
Moving decimal place to the left in scientific notation gives you a ____________ exponent
negative
Moving decimal place to the right in scientific notation gives you a _____________ exponent
58.5 g
Na = 23, Cl = 35.5 MW NaCl =_____________ = 1Mole of NaCl
"mass" and "weight"
On earth the words "_______" and "__________" are used interchangeable.
Divide all by 1000: 5 nm = 0.005 µm = 5 x 10 ^-6 mm 250 nm = 0.25 µm = 2.5 x 10 ^-4 mm 0.01nm = 0.00001 µm = 1 x 10 ^-8 mm 75 nm = 0.075 µm = 7.5 x 10 ^-5 mm
Put into scientific notation: 5 nm = ___________________ µm = _________________ mm 250 nm = _________________ µm = _________________ mm 0.01nm = _________________ µm = _________________mm 75 nm = ___________________ µm = _________________ mm
1.54 L = 1540 mL Use x 1000 0.1 mL = 100 µL Use x 1000 0.006 L = 6 mL Use x 1000 250 mL = 0.25 L Use division 100
Solve these conversion problems with volumes: 1.54 L = ______________ mL 0.1 mL = _______________ µL 0.006 L = _______________mL 250 mL = _______________ L
mg per deciliter of solution (mg/dL) - The number of mg in 100ml.
Some descriptions of concentration are in ____ per ________ of solution (____/____)
Concentration
Sometimes we need to dilute a solution to measure its _______________.
whole cells organelles individual molecules
The EM will also show us __________ and __________ but it can also show ______________
Multiply by adding exponents and divide by subtracting exponents.
The added advantage of using notation is that you can _________ by adding exponents and _________ by subtracting exponents.
0.9
The concentration of solutes in the body averages about ___________ %
Start with 2.0 and move the decimal to the left: 0.000002 = 2 x 10 ^-6
To express 0.000002 in exponential notation what do you do?
microns
Under a light microscope we measure cells in ________.
liter (l or L)
Volume is measured in _____________
Grams not moles!
We can only weigh out _______ not __________!
gram (g)
Weight is measured in ______________
1. Light (compound) microscope 2. Electron microscope (EM).
What are the 2 kinds of microscopes?
Length = meter (m) Mass = gram (g) Volume = liter (l)
What are the standard units in the metric system?
Measured in nanometers -or even pico meters, 1000x smaller!
What does an Electron microscope (EM) measure in?
You had to move it 6 places -(multiplied by 10, 6 times) Therefore 2 million = 2 x 10 ^6 -6 is the exponent.
What is 2 million in scientific notation?
Proportion of solute to solvent
What is a Concentration?
M1V1 = M2V2 -original molarity x original volume = final molarity x final volume
What is the dilution equation:
1 = 10^0
What is the multiplication factor for Base Unit?
Symbol: K Multiplication factor: 1,000 = 10^3 Term: One thousand
What is the symbol, multiplication factor & term for Kilo?
Symbol: M Multiplication factor: 1,000,000 = 10^6 Term: 1 million
What is the symbol, multiplication factor & term for Mega?
Symbol: c Multiplication factor: 0.01 = 10^-2 Term: One-hundredth
What is the symbol, multiplication factor & term for centi?
Symbol: da Multiplication factor: 10 = 10^1 Term: Ten
What is the symbol, multiplication factor & term for deca?
Symbol: d Multiplication factor: .1 =10^-1 Term: One-tenth
What is the symbol, multiplication factor & term for deci?
Symbol: h Multiplication factor: 100 = 10^2 Term: One hundred
What is the symbol, multiplication factor & term for hecto?
Symbol: µ Multiplication factor: 0.000001 = 10^-6 Term: One-millionth
What is the symbol, multiplication factor & term for micro?
Symbol: m Multiplication factor: 0.001 = 10^-3 Term: One-thousandth
What is the symbol, multiplication factor & term for milli?
Symbol: n Multiplication factor: 0.000000001 = 10^-9 Term: One-billionth
What is the symbol, multiplication factor & term for nano?
°F, the Fahrenheit Scale (used in the US) °C, the Celsius Scale (part of the Metric System, used in most other countries)
What temperature scale is used in the US and what is used in all other countries?
Decrease
When we dilute, we are going to _________ the Molarity in proportion to the dilution.
multiply
When you convert from a large unit to a small unit you must _______________
divide
When you convert from a small unit to a large unit you must ______________
Multiplying or dividing by powers of 10
You can convert different size units by?
Solute
___________: something dissolved in something else e.g NaCl in water is a saline solution
Solvent
____________: does the dissolving: in physiology this is always water
concentration
_________________ : the proportion of solute to solvent
Molecules Avogadro's number = 6.02 x 10 ^23
mole of any element has same number of __________