Lab 9: Endocrine System and Special Senses

What causes the bubbles to move through the pipette during the experiment?

O2 is consumed by the mouse and the generated CO2 is absorbed in the setup

Based on what you learned about thyroid hormones, which of the following treatments will result in the lowest O2 consumption rate?

PTU (Propylthiouracil) in drinking water for 3 weeks

follicular cells

TSH stimulates follicular cells to produce T3 and T4 and secrete them to colloid cells where they are stored -the cells on the circumference of the thyroid follicule

hormones stored in the posterior pituitary (produced by the hypothalamus)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH), and oxytocin (OT)

semicircular canals function

balance (angular acceleration)

PTU

blocks ability for thyroid to create T3 and T4 which means you don't have cells that can quickly metabolize glucose so you have a lower oxygen consumption rate these mice are FAT

The lightly stained region in the pituitary gland are rich in ________ (capillary network, endocrine cells). It ___________(produces, stores and releases) hormones oxytocin and ADH.

capillary network, stores and releases

acidophils

cells in anterior pituitary that synthesize and secrete growth hormone and prolactin. stained red/orange

hormones

change protein concentrations inside of cells. elicit long term changes. maintain homeostasis

2 cell types in parathyroid

chief cells oxyphil cells

what cells contain thyroid hormone?

colloid

thyroid follicules

composed of follicular cells and follicular colloid

isthmus gland

connects left and right thyroid

islet cells

contain beta and alpha cells. endoccrine

adrenal gland

contains adrenal medulla (inside) and adrenal cortex(outside)

how light gets to the retina

cornea--> aqueous humor --> between the iris--> pupil--> through vitreous humor--> retina

2 main hormones produced in adrenal glads

cortisol and aldosterone. epinephrine and norepinephrine.

pituicytes

dark stains in pituitary slides

venule in pancreas

drains secretions from pancreatic islets of langerhans and provides blood supply to pancreatic acini cells

effects of thyroid hormone

increases BMR and heat production, role in BP maintenance, regulates tissue growth/development (skeletal and CNS development)

The bubbles that are placed into the pipette are to (Choose all that apply.

keep the system air-tight. Correct indicate the oxygen/air consumption.

islet of langerhans

large clusters that are not dense

oxyphil cells

larger cells, have an abundance of mitochondria

thryoid gland

located in neck made of several parts: lateral lobes, isthmus of the thryoid gland, and pyramidal lobe

Anterior pituitary

makes and secretes hormones. informed by signal molecules from the hypothalamus. -Darker stained. -More cells.

3 bones in the ear

malleus, incus, stapes.

what do the malleus incus and stapes do?`

relay info from ear drum to the cochlear and semicircular canals of the inner ear

beta cells

release insulin to decrease blood sugar

thyroid stimulating hormone

released from anterior pituitary to activate receptors on the thyroid to create T3 and T4

TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

released from the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary gland

basophils

secrete FSH, LH, TSH. stained blue

acinar cells

secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum. exocrine

alpha cells

sense low levels of blood glucose so they release glucagon to raise blood sugar

chief cells

small, most numerous. secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH). increases level of blood calcium

venule in pancrease

smaller clusters then islets of langerhans

parafollicular cells

somatic stimulates overparticular cells to produce and secrete calcitonin which lowers blood Ca2+

Colloid

space that stores T3 and T4 from the follicular cells in the pancrease

histology of the retina

starting from antior to postierior: retinal ganglion-->bipolar cells-->rods and connes choriod is behind the rods and cones

layers of the retina

starting from back of the eye: rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells. rods and cones most cell dense. ganglion cells least cell dense.

Pars Distalis

-Acidophils(stain red-orange with eosin): growth hormone, prolactine -Basophils(stain blue). FSH(Follicle-Stimulating hormone), LH(luteinizing homrone), TSH(thrydoid Stimulating Hormone) Chromophobes:scant, weakly staineing cytoplasm

anterior pituitary gland 3 parts

-Pars distalis -pars intermedia -pars tuberalis

endocrine glands

-pancreas, parathyroid, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, gonads, and placenta

adrenal cortex

1. zonaglomerulosa -mineralocorticoids -aldosterone:upregulates sodium in kindeys 2. Zona fasciclata -glucocorticoids -cortisol: stress H involved with breaking down wn glucose 3. Zona reticularis -sex hormones DHA; responsible for reproduction 4. Adrenal Medulla- Epinephrine/Neuroepinephrine

parathyroid

2 types of cells: 1. chief cells 2. oxyphil cells

what was in the metabolic chamber?

CO2 absorbants that absorb CO2 emitted by mouse as a result of oxygen consumption

PTU (Propylthiouracil)

Decreases plasma thyroid hormone levels Interferes with the iodination process during the production of thyroglobulin

GH: Growth Hormones

Found in bones and muscles

ACTH: Adrenocroticotropic Hormone

Found in cortex of adrenal gland

LH: Luteinizing =Hormone

Found in ovaries and testes

TSH: thyroid stimulating Hormones

Found in thyroid gland -tell thryoid to make more thyroid horone

3 cells of pars distalis

acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes

air consumption rate

air contains 21% oxygen, divide O2 consumption by .21 ml of air= (O2/.21) ml air/min

Which of the following is a function of vasopressin (ADH)?

allows the body to retain water

Hormones produced in the anterior pituitary

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH) bother found in the ovaries and testes Growth hormone (GH) found in bones and muscle Prolactin (PRL) found in mammary glands Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) found in the cortex of the adrenal gland Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) found in thyroid gland

Pr: Prolactin

found in Mammary glands

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

found in kidney tubules.

FSH: Follicle-Stimulating Hormone

found in ovaries and testes

oxytocin (OT)

found in smooth muscle in uterus and in mammary glands -stored in the posterior pituitary gland

what cells take info to the V1 area of the brain

ganglion cells

higher levels of T4

have higher oxygen consumption rate bc they have more cortisol receptors these mice are thin

cochlear function

hearing

endocrine tissue w/in other glands

heart, liver, kindey, GI, adipose

pituitary thyroid axis

hypothalamus --> TRH--> pituitary gland --> TSH --> thyroid gland --> T3 and T4

pituitary gland

in close relationship with the hypothalamus -controls growth and development and the functioning of other endocrine glands

endocrine tissue

in islets of langerhans. secrete insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide

pinea

outermost part of ear

This is a slide of parathyroid gland. The highlighted cells in this slide are _______Cells

oxyphil cells

where are alpha and beta cells found

pancreas

3 parts of anterior pituitary

pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars tuberalis

adrenal glands function

produce hormones that help the body control blood sugar, burn protein and fat, react to stressors like a major illness or injury, and regulate blood pressure

ADH

stimulates water reabsorption in the kindeys

posterior pituitary

stores hormones. secretes the hormones it stores from the hypothalamus. lighter stained. less cells.

adrenal glands

sympathetic. two parts: 1. adrenal cortex(outer) 2. adrenal medulla(inner)

pancreatic exocrine tissue

synthesize and secrete digestive proenzymes and enzymes

function of fornix

takes info from hypothalamus to hippocampus

normalized O2 consumption rate

takes into account the weight of the mouse (ml O2/min)/g

oxygen consumption rate

time required for the soap film to traverse a given distance (5ml) ml O2/min

why is a limited blood brain barrier helpful for the hypothalamus?

to "taste" the blood to ensure there are correct levels of glucose, sodium, etc

why is a limited blood brain barrier helpful for the pituitary?

to allow for a quick release of hormones into the blood

pancreas

two Tissue types: 1. exocrine tissue 2. Endocrine tissue

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) function

upregulates aquaporins into the proximal tubule of kidneys to help water that normally would go into the urine go back into the body allows you to retain water need osmotic gradient favoring water movement to work hypothalamus makes it and posterior pituitary gland stores it

T3/T4

upregulates cortisol receptors. increased ATP levels (glucose and O2 usage increased) basically allows more ATP to be used in the cells

mouse lab purpose

what will the effect of varying thyroid level have on O2 consumption in mice?