Lab: DIseases

TRH levels decline. What effect does this have on TSH, T3, and T4 levels?

All decline

Type I: Cause:

Autoimmune reaction destroys beta cells in the pancreas that make insulin

Gestational Diabetes: Clinical presentation

Blood sugar levels become high during pregnancy

Type II: Cause

Cells resistant to insulin/pancreas unable to make enough insulin for blood sugar levels

In your opinion, how can healthcare providers avoid stigmatizing their patients with diabetes to provide them with better care?

Creating a welcoming and safe environment Not making sly comments Not blaming the patient Helping the patient plan and voice their concerns Offering ways to make it normal and habitual for the patient Talking clearly and at the patient's level Not automatically assuming if one is obese that they have diabetes

TSH levels decline. What effect does this have on T3 and T4 levels? What effect does this have on TRH production?

Decrease T3/T4; increase TRH

Type I: Symptoms

Extreme hunger, unintended weight loss, fatigue and weakness, increased thirst, frequent urination

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA): Clinical presentation

Failure to control glucose levels and failure of beta cells

Brittle or Labile Diabetes: Symptoms

Frequent inconsistency in glucose levels

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA): Symptoms

Frequent thirst, increase urination, unexplained weight loss, blurred vision, tingling nerves

Type II: Treatments

Healthy eating, exercise, insulin therapy, weight loss, blood sugar monitoring

Diagram the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Make sure to include the feedback loops and spell out the hormone names.

Hypo -> TRH -> ant pit -> TSH -> thyroid -> T3/T4 TRH increases increase TSH and T3/T4 Too much T3/T4 decrease TRH & TSH Negative feedback

T3 and T4 decline. What effect does this have on TRH and TSH production?

Increase both

Gestational Diabetes: Symptoms

Increased thirst and frequent urination

Type II: Symptoms

Increased thirst, increased hunger, fatigue, frequent infections, slow-healing sores, numbness/tingling in hands/feet

Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY): Cause

Inherited, change in 1/11 genes

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA): Treatments

Insulin

What is insulin? Where is it produced? What is its physiological role? How does it carry out this function?

Insulin is a protein hormone that decreases blood glucose levels; produced in pancreas by beta cells; to decrease blood glucose levels by being releaseing into the blood and having the liver take it up and convert it into glycogen to store, muscles and adipose tissue also pick it up to store as energy for later use.

Type 3C diabetes: Treatments

Insulin therapy, dieting and exercise, control of blood sugar levels

What are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus?

Intense thirst Heavy urination Dehydration Dilute and odorless urine at large volumes

Gestational Diabetes: Treatments

Lifestyle changes, medication, blood sugar monitoring, healthy diet

Type 3C diabetes: Symptoms

Losing weight without trying; stomach pain, hypoglycemia, more tired than usual, fatty/oily stool

What is the treatment for diabetes insipidus?

Low sodium diet Synthetic hormone DDAVP Drinking more water

Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY): Clinical presentation

Mutation given to child and presents symptoms of diabetes

Type II: Clinical presentation

Obesity, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphasia, in family history, yeast infections, lower extremity paresthesia, blurred vision, level of blood sugar

Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY): Treatments

Oral medications/insulin injections; varies with mutation

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA): Cause

Pancreas stops producing adequate insulin

Type 3C diabetes: Cause

Pancreatitis, pancreas removal, cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis

Gestational Diabetes: Cause

Placenta making hormones causing glucose build up in blood and not enough insulin to handle it

Type I: Clinical presentation

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphasia, lassitude, nausea, blurred vision

Brittle or Labile Diabetes: Cause

Psychological issues and inconsistent digestion due to nerve damage; autonomic neuropathy; insulin absorption prob and drug interactions

Brittle or Labile Diabetes: Treatments

Reduced carb diet, insulin pumps, monitoring levels

Briefly describe diabetes insipidus.

Response to ADH is impaired resulting in very dilute urine Disorder of salt and water metabolism

Brittle or Labile Diabetes: Clinical presentation

Sharp changes in glucose levels

Type I: Treatments

Taking insulin, frequent blood sugar monitoring, eating health, exercising

Briefly summarize this article.

The diagnosis of diabetes is quite stigmatizing for those with it. As a society, we judge people with diabetes causing them to feel alone and helpless. This can also cause issues in the work place as they are often looked down upon and made fun of. As a result, they may not do any socializing or regularly monitor their glucose levels like they should.

Mature Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY): Symptoms

Thirst, dehydration, recurrent skin and yeast infections, blurry vision, frequent urination

Type 3C diabetes: Clinical presentation

Undigested food in stool - fat; damage to pancreas