Lab Final Anatomy 2

A morula has approximately 16 cells. What is the rate of mitotic division that takes place between the 4-cell stage and the morula?

12 hours per cell division

Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall is complete by day ________ after ovulation.

14

The total number of deciduous (or milk) teeth is ________.

20

Human gametes contain __________ chromosomes.

23

How many total permanent teeth should an adult have, assuming none have been lost or removed?

32

The walls of the alimentary canal share a common pattern from esophagus to anus. How many tunics (layers) make up the wall?

4

At which concentration of glucose carriers was the glucose concentration reduced to zero?

400

The 4-cell stage occurs 2 days after fertilization. How much time passes between the 4-cell stage and implantation?

5 days

What is the normal range for glomerular filtration rate?

80 - 140 ml/min

Which of these would be an effect of an excess of thyroid hormones?

A would release less TRH.

__________ occurs when small molecules pass through epithelial cells into the blood for distribution to the body cells.

Absorption

Which of the following is NOT characterized by high levels of cortisol in the blood?

Addison's disease

Explain why urination is difficult in an individual suffering from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)..

Because the enlarged prostate gland compresses the urethra.

Which of the following describes the effect of boiling and freezing?

Boiling denatured the enzyme, but freezing had no effect.

Alkaline mucus made by this gland neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra prior to ejaculation.

Bulbourethral glands

The three unpaired vessels that branch off the aorta and supply the GI tract are the __________.

Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery

Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.

Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, urete

Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.

Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter

The three structures that cross the masseter muscle from superior to inferior are the

Dorsal facial nerve, parotid duct, ventral facial nerve

Neutering a male cat is the removal of the cat's testes. When a human male gets a vasectomy as a means of birth control, what structure is cut and tied off?

Ductus deferens

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its primary secreting organ?

FSH - ovaries

The mesentery through which the umbilical vein passes is the

Falciform ligament

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of any of the urinary tract structures: kidneys, ureter, bladder, or urethra. Considering the differences in the male and female anatomy and that the bacteria that cause UTIs are often found in the feces, explain why females are more likely to contract a UTI.

Females are more likely to contract a UTI because the opening of the urinary tract is located closer to the opening of the digestive tract, allowing fecal bacteria to get into the urinary tract more easily.

Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney.

Fibrous capsule

What is true about the renal processes for making urine?

Filtration occurs only in the glomerular capsule.

Considering the effects of pituitary hormones on the ovary, name the hormones that could theoretically be supplemented to improve fertility in humans.

Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

The hepatic portal vein drains blood from the __________ and delivers it to the __________.

GI tract, liver

As the pressure in the beaker was increased, which of the following occurred?

Glomerular filtration rate increased, and urine volume increased.

Which mesentery listed below is a dorsal mesentery?

Greater omentum

Cryptorchidism is failure of the testes to descend. Explain why this would cause sterility if not corrected.

If the testes do not descend, sperm would not develop correctly at the higher core temperature.

Hysterectomy is a surgical removal of the uterus. It may or may not be accompanied by a salpingo-oophorectomy, removal of the uterine tubes and ovaries. Which of the following consequences would you expect following a hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy?

Immediate menopauseInfertilityOsteoporosis

Acute glomerulonephritis (GN) is sudden inflammation of the glomeruli, most commonly a result of a streptococcal infection that causes the body to attack its own tissue. The damage to the filtration membrane increases permeability of the membrane for proteins and larger components. Which test result would you expect for a patient with acute GN?

Increased creatine and urea in the blood, Red-colored urine.Increased protein in the urine

How is body weight correlated to thyroid levels?

Increased thyroid hormone causes the body to burn food at a faster rate, reducing the chance that calories from food will be stored as fat and lead to weight gain.

Which of the gonadotropins injected into the frog actually caused ovulation?

LH

Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary include ________.

LH, FSH, ACTH, and TSH

Which reason best explains why hyperinsulinism in the fish causes it to become comatose?

Low blood glucose levels deprive the brain of fuel.

Which pituitary hormone might contribute to multiple births and why?

Luteinizing hormone stimulates ovulation. Ovulation of more than one egg cell per cycle can result in the formation of multiple embryos.

The inferior mesenteric artery passes through the __________ and supplies the __________.

Mesocolon, distal colon

The serous membrane that covers the deep surface of the abdominal body wall is the __________.

Parietal peritoneum

The ________ is/are lymphatic tissue seen in the histological section of the ileum.

Peyer's patches

Congenital hyperinsulinism is a rare condition in which infants experience frequent episodes of hypoglycemia. Based on the functions of the two main hormones that control blood sugar homeostasis, which of the following would be effective at treating the hyperinsulinemia?

Preventing insulin release or productionGlucocorticoidsGlucagon

Which condition, other than benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), would you expect to cause a rise in the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA)?

Prostatitis

Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?

Renal columns

Which structure listed below IS present in the human male reproductive tract but is NOT present in the male cat?

Seminal vesicle (seminal gland)

Identify the salivary gland that lies deep to the submandibular duct.

Sublingual gland

What does a strong IKI result indicate?

Substrate is present.

An abnormally high level of which of the following will result in goiter?

TSH

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its secreting organ?

TSH - posterior pituitary

Which of the following best describes the capillary wall structure found in the liver lobules?

The capillary walls have openings that allow large proteins and small cells to pass through.

Which of these statements regarding the embryo is FALSE?

The embryo's blood supply mixes with that of the mother.

What is true about the urethral sphincters?

The internal urethral sphincter is under involuntary control.

Why did the TSH have NO effect on the BMR of the thyroidectomized rat?

The rat is missing its thyroid gland.

What happened to the urine concentration when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased?

The urine concentration increased.

What happened to the urine volume when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased?

The urine volume decreased.

What will happen to the urine volume if ADH is NOT added to the collecting duct?

The urine volume will increase.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cortical nephrons?

Their nephron loop is closely wrapped with vasa recta.

What is the difference between cellulose and starch?

They are linked differently.

Which of these is true regarding primary oocytes?

They contain chromosomal tetrads.

Which reproductive structure of the female cat is located in the true pelvis?

Urogenital sinus

Identify all of the structures a kitten will pass through as it is born.

Uterine horn, body of uterus, cervix, vagina, urogenital sinus

Which of the following constitute a portal triad?

a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole

The secretion of ADH is directly stimulated by _______.

a change in body fluid osmolarity

Identify the statement that best describes the spermatic cord.

a fascial sheath containing the ductus deferens and the testicular vessels and nerves

Which of these best describes a lacteal?

a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood

Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome is _______.

a result of treatment with glucocorticoid hormonesoften referred to as "steroid diabetes"physician induced

Growth hormone and prolactin are produced by these anterior pituitary cells.

acidophil cells

The word root -- means end, tip, or height.

acro

The __________ of the sperm contains enzymes involved in the penetration of the egg.

acrosome

The _______________ is the structure at the tip of a sperm that contains enzymes to gain access to an egg during fertilization.

acrosome

All exchanges between mother and embryo occur ________.

across the chorionic membranes

This endocrine gland sits atop the kidneys. It's inner most portion releases the hormone epinephrine.

adrenal

The target cells for the hormone ACTH are located in the _______.

adrenal cortex

Accessory organs of the digestive system include all the following except ________.

adrenal gland

The vessel that supplies blood to the nephron is called the ________.

afferent arteriole

Which of the following describes the order in which blood flows through the nephron?

afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole

This adrenal cortex hormone is involved in regulation of salt and water balance.

aldosterone

The adrenal cortex produces the hormones ________.

aldosterone, cortisol, androgens

Metabolism refers to ________.

all chemical reactions in the body

This embryonic membrane provides the structural basis for the umbilical cord.

allantios

Which of the cell types would secrete their product if the body was under stress, as during an intense workout?

alpha cells

The ________ are structures in the mammary glands that produce milk during lactation.

alveoli

What part(s) of the breast produce(s) milk?

alveoli

The building blocks for peptides are _______.

amino acids

The __________ encases the young embryonic body in a fluid-filled chamber that acts to protect the developing embryo against trauma.

amnion

This structure surrounds the early embryo and the fluid that fills it protects the embryo.

amnion

Which of these is the innermost (closest) structure that completely surrounds the embryo?

amnion

This enzyme, which digests carbohydrates, is found in saliva and in the small intestine.

amylase

Pepsin is classified as _______.

an enzyme and a peptidase

Once fertilization has occurred, the activities of development begin. The first such activity is ________.

an increase in cell number

Which of these structures is found in the stomach but nowhere else in the alimentary canal?

an oblique muscle layer

Because the ovaries have no direct contact with the uterine tubes, _______.

an ovulated "egg" can enter the pelvic cavity, infectious agents can enter the pelvic cavity and cause pelvic inflammatory disease, and waving, long, finger-like projections are needed to pull the "egg" into the uterine tube

The word root _________ means blood or lymph vessels.

angio

The secretion of aldosterone is directly stimulated by _______.

angiotensin II

Upon the release of renin, _______________ is produced and stimulates vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone.

angiotensin II

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced by the ________.

anterior pituitary

What hormone released into the blood by the posterior pituitary would reduce the amount of urine that is formed?

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Which of these would be included in the female perineum but NOT the urogenital triangle?

anus

Triglycerides _______.

are lipidsdissolve poorly in waterare digested by lipaseare fats

What is the pigmented ring of skin surrounding the nipple?

areola

How are wisdom teeth (third molars) classified?

as permanent teeth

Ejaculation occurs ________.

as semen is propelled from the male duct system

Hypersecretion of ________ results in increased urinary output and dehydration.

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Which cells of the pancreas produce insulin?

beta cells

Which of the cell types would secrete their product if the blood glucose level was rising, as during digestion of a meal?

beta cells

The interstitial endocrine cells that produce testosterone are located ________.

between the seminiferous tubules

The ________ is the final product of cleavage.

blastocyst

The __________ implants in the uterine wall.

blastocyst

Which of the following implants in the mucosa of the endometrium?

blastocyst

The pressure in the left source beaker simulates _______.

blood pressure

In this activity, we will explore the effect of _______.

blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate

Tropic hormones include which of the following?

both ACTH and CRH

A decrease in the level of thyroxine would increase the secretion of _______.

both TSH and TRH

Which of the following improved the vertebral bone density of the rats?

both calcitonin and estrogen

Amylase is secreted by _______.

both the salivary glands and the pancreas

What organs appear very early in development?

brain and heart

Which of these does NOT empty materials into the area of the prostatic urethra?

bulbo-urethral gland

Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with one of its functions?

calcitonin - inhibits osteoblast activity

The spermatic cord ________.

carries blood vessels, nerves, and the ductus deferens between the scrotum and the abdomen

__________ is the process by which substances are broken down into simpler compounds.

catabolism

What is the target of thyroid hormones?

cells of the body

When BAPNA is hydrolyzed, it _______.

changes from colorless to yellow

Pepsin is secreted by _______.

chief cells

During the process of implantation, the inner cell mass (ICM) gives rise to three embryonic membranes. Which of the following is not one of these membranes?

chorion

The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst form the ________, which extends elaborate villi into the blood-filled sinusoids of the uterine wall.

chorion

The function of a third, obliquely-oriented layer of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa of the stomach is to ________.

churn, mix, and pummel the food contents to reduce them to small fragments

What structural modification of the small intestine slows the movement of chyme through the lumen?

circular folds

The three primary germ layers develop during this stage of human fetal development.

cleavage

The __________ is/are homologous to the penis.

clitoris

Which structure(s) of the female's external genitalia has/have erectile tissue?

clitoris

Many nephrons empty into a ________.

collecting duct

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

collects newly formed urine

The female vulva ________.

consists of the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, urethral and vaginal orifices, hymen, and greater vestibular glands

When blood pressure increases, what changes can occur to maintain glomerular filtration rate?

constriction of the afferent arteriole and dilation of the efferent arteriole

Surgical removal of the gallbladder is called a cholecystectomy. The presence of gallstones that block any of the ducts that carry bile is the usual reason for the surgery. Which of the following dietary changes might a patient need to make after a cholecystectomy?

consume fewer fats

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?

control caloric intake

The penis contains three elongated cylinders of erectile tissue. Select the most dorsal tissue.

corpora cavernosa

The __________ is a solid glandular structure with a scalloped lumen that develops from a ruptured follicle.

corpus luteum

In the penis, the urethra passes through the __________.

corpus spongiosum

The ________ is the erectile tissue in the penis that surrounds the spongy urethra.

corpus spongiosum

Nephrons consist of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscles are located in the ________ of the kidney.

cortex

The outermost portion of the kidney is called the renal ________.

cortex

Blood flows from the peritubular capillary to the renal vein through this sequence of vessels.

cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein

The duct that drains the gall bladder is the __________.

cystic duct

The decidua basalis and decidua capsularis are portions of the uterine wall. Which is (are) involved in formation of the placenta?

decidua basalis

Which of the following resulted in an increase in glomerular filtration rate?

decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter

When the micturation reflex is initiated, the brain responds by __________ action potentials (APs) in somatic motor neurons, resulting in the relaxation of the __________ urinary sphincter so urine can be voided.

decreasing; external

The prefix -- means skin, covering, or integument.

derm

The __________ traverses down the left side of the abdominal cavity and becomes the sigmoid colon.

descending colon

Hyposecretion of insulin, or a deficiency in insulin receptors leads to ________.

diabetes mellitus

Using this assay, glucose concentration is _______.

directly proportional to optical density

Maltose is a _______.

disaccharide

As the number of glucose carriers increased, the concentration of glucose in the _______.

distal tubule decreased and bladder decreased

This component of the male duct system carries sperm from outside the body into the abdominal cavity.

ductus deferens

The tube that leaves the stomach (and is the first part of the small intestine) is called the ________.

duodenem

Which of these cells would contain 23 chromosomes?

early spermatids

In humans, this primary germ layer gives rise to the epidermis and the nervous system.

ectoderm

The __________ gives rise to the epidermis of the skin and the nervous system.

ectoderm

The ____________ is the layer of cells on the dorsal embryonic surface that will become nervous system and the epidermis of skin.

ectoderm

The __________ arteriole drains the glomerular capillary bed.

efferent

In humans, the sperm in the ductus deferens empty into the __________.

ejaculatory duct

Pituitary gland tumors can secrete excess amounts of growth hormone. Which of the following is not a symptom of hypersecretion of growth hormone?

elavated metabolic rate

The prefix -- means embryo.

embry

The _______________ of the blastocyst is another name for inner cell mass, which will become the embryo.

embryoblast

Micturition is a synonym for ________.

emptying of the bladder

The crown of the tooth is covered by ________, the hardest substance in the body.

enamal

An __________ gland is a ductless gland that empties its hormone into the extracellular fluid, from which it enters the blood.

endocrine

The __________, the thick mucosal lining of the uterus, has a superficial layer that sloughs off periodically.

endometrium

The ________________ is the nutritive layer of the uterus prepared for the possibility of a fertilized egg.

endometrium

The prefix -- means intestine.

entero

During the ____________ reflex, acid secretion in the stomach is inhibited.

enterogastric

After sperm are produced, they enter the first part of the duct system, the __________.

epididymis

The pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells that line the tubules in this organ bear stereocilia that absorb excess fluid.

epididymis

Blood borne factors (e.g. ions, glucose, amino acids) cause the release of all of these hormones except ________.

epinephrine

Approximately 25 cm long, the __________ conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach.

esophagus

The tube that connects the oral cavity to the stomach is called the ________.

esophagus

Which of the following showed the greatest improvement in vertebral bone density for the rats?

estrogen

Replacement therapies for which two hormones were tested in this experiment?

estrogen and calcitonin

Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the tissues

The functions of the urinary system include ________.

excreting nitrogenous wastes, maintaining electrolyte balance, and maintaining acid-base and fluid balance

The __________ urethral sphincter consists of skeletal muscle and is voluntarily controlled.

external

Which structures are innervated by the dorsal and ventral facial nerves?

facial muscles

During tubular reabsorption, components of the filtrate move from the bloodstream into the tubule.

false

The __________ of the kidney is segregated into triangular regions with a striped appearance.

false

The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney.

false

The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying urine to exit the kidney.

false

The placenta is composed solely of embryonic membranes.

false

There are no special precautions that I need to observe when performing today's lab.

false

Chorionic villi look like ________.

feathery extensions of the chorion in the uterine wall

The uniting of the egg and sperm nuclei is known as __________.

fertilization

By the ninth week of development, the embryo is referred to as a __________.

fetus

Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney.

fibrous capsule

Tumors of the adrenal medulla, called pheochromocytomas, cause hypersecretion of catecholamines. Which of the following is not a symptom of this tumor?

flushed (reddened) skin

Peptide hormones include which of the following?

follicle-stimulating hormone andcalcitonin

The end product of meiosis is __________.

four haploid daughter cells

Pyloric stenosis is a type of gastric outlet obstruction caused by a narrowing of the pyloric part of the stomach. It is most common in infants. Which of the following clinical signs would not be expected with this condition?

frequent urination

During filtration in the nephron, substances move ________.

from the glomerulus into the nephron

Tubular secretion in the nephron is a process by which substances move ________.

from the peritubular capillary into the nephron

The superficial layer of the uterus, which sloughs off periodically in response to cyclic hormonal changes, is the ________.

functional layer of the endometrium

The prefix -- means ventral area or stomach.

gastr

These specialized parts of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and a protein-digesting enzyme.

gastric glands

After swallowing, the ____________________ opens to allow food from the esophagus into the stomach.

gastroesophageal sphincter

The alimentary canal is also called the ________.

gastrointestinal (GI) tract

The prefix -- means glomerulus of the kidney.

glomerul(o)

Which of these cells is located interspersed between the capillaries of the glomerulus?

glomerular mesangial cells

When the beaker pressure was lowered, which of the following decreased?

glomerular pressure, glomerular filtration rate and urine volume

The functions of the nephron include all of the following EXCEPT _______.

glomerular secretion

A fenestrated squamous epithelium can be observed in this structure within the kidney.

glomerulus

The specialized capillary bed responsible for the pressure that drives filtration is the ______________

glomerulus

This knot of coiled capillaries, found in the kidneys, forms the filtrate. It is the __________.

glomerulus

This structure is a capillary bed from which blood is filtered into the nephron.

glomerulus

What is the name for the "ball" of capillaries found in the renal corpuscle?

glomerulus

Which capillary bed produces filtrate?

glomerulus

Which structures form the filtration membrane in the nephron?

glomerulus and the glomerular capsule

List the parts of the nephron in correct sequential order: ________.

glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop

The pancreas produces two hormones that are responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. Name the hormone that increases blood glucose levels. __________

glucagon

Which hormone stimulates the breakdown of polymerized glucose?

glucagon

These hormones are produced in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. They help the body resist long-term stressors.

glucocorticoids

After your fish became comatose secondary to hyperinsulinism, you administered ________ to restore normal function.

glucose

When the glucose transport maximum is reached, _______.

glucose is excreted in the urine and not all of the glucose is reabsorbed

Glucose is stored in the human body as _______.

glycogen

Which cells in the small intestine's mucosa secrete mucus?

goblet cells

FSH and LH are examples of _________________ hormones, which target the ovaries or testes.

gonadotropic

We can stimulate amphibians to ovulate by injecting ________.

gonadotropins

The essential organs of reproduction are the __________, which produce the sex cells.

gonads

Which cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin?

granular cells

The mesentery attached to the inferior margin of the stomach is called the ________.

greater omentum

The function of this hormone is to stimulate growth, particularly of long bones and muscle.

growth hormone

The juxtamedullary nephrons ________.

have a nephron loop that penetrates deep into the renal medulla, and play an important role in concentrating urine

In addition to endocrine glands, some organs whose functions are primarily nonendocrine also produce hormones. These endocrine tissues include ________ and ________.

heart and kidneys

Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract?

hepatic portal vein

The prefix -- means liver.

hepato

Liver cells are more properly referred to as _____________.

hepatocytes.

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease in which the body makes abnormal antibodies that mimic the action of TSH on the thyroid gland. You would expect a patient with this disease to have ________.

high levels of thyroid hormones

The renal artery enters the kidney at this indented area.

hilum

Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney?

hilum

Substrates are held in the active site by _______.

hydrogen and ionic bonds

What is(are) the driving force(s) for filtration in the nephron?

hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients

Graves' disease, characterized by high metabolic rate, weight loss, irregular heart rate, and protrusion of the eyeballs is caused by ________.

hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

The structure that is located medial to the digastric muscle is the

hypoglossal nerve

The pituitary gland, also known as the __________, is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

hypophysis

Diabetes insipidus, a condition characterized by thirst and excessive urine output is caused by ________.

hyposecretion of ADH

ADH is produced in the _______.

hypothalamus

Connected by a stalk called the infundibulum, this region of the brain is intimately associated with the pituitary gland and its hormones.

hypothalamus

Where is thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) produced?

hypothalamus

Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made?

hypothalamus

Development progresses ________.

in rostral to caudal and proximal to distal directions

In what region of the uterus does implantation usually occur (as indicated by the position of the placenta)?

in the upper part of the uterus

Which teeth in the permanent dentition are best suited for cutting or nipping off pieces of food?

incisors

The dental formula for the permanent teeth indicates two ________ and two ________ in both upper and lower quarters of the mouth.

incisors; premolars

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is __________.

increased in individuals with hyperthyroidism

Adding bile to triglycerides _______.

increases the surface area of the triglycerides

Many factors modify metabolic rate. Which one increases metabolic activity?

increasing exercise

Which of the following resulted in a decrease in glomerular capillary pressure?

increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter

In humans and in cats, the structure that embraces the ovary and receives the oocyte is the __________.

infundibulum

Which of the following represents the correct pathway of the egg after leaving the ovary and entering the uterine tube?

infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterus

Increasing levels of thyroid hormone cause ________.

inhibition of TRH and TSH

This portion of the blastocyst forms the embryo proper.

inner cell mass (ICM)

The human blastocyst consists of two populations of cells with different functions. Select the correct match between population and its function.

inner cell mass (ICM); forms the embryo and three of the four extraembryonic membranes

Many people with diabetes mellitus need injections of __________ to maintain homeostasis.

insulin

The mammary glands are classified as being part of which of the following systems?

integumentary system

What region of the male urethra runs through the urogenital diaphragm, extending about 2 centimeters from the prostate to the beginning of the penis?

intermediate part of the urethra (membranous urethra)

The __________ produce testosterone, the hormonal product of the testis.

interstitial endocrine cells

The presence of reducing sugars _______.

is detected using Benedict's reagent

The juxtaglomerular apparatus ________.

is found where the most distal part of the ascending limb of the nephron loop touches the afferent arteriole, contains granular cells in the afferent arteriole that sense blood pressure, and contains a region of chemoreceptor cells called the macula densa in the distal nephron loop

In humans, the yolk sac ________.

is the site of origin for blood cells and primordial germ cells

What is true of the structure of the human placenta?

it is disc shaped

The prefix -- means situated near.

juxta

Renin is released by cells of the______________ apparatus in response to afferent arteriole pressure and the degree of stretch of the arteriole wall.

juxtaglomerular

Of the following urinary system organs, major homeostatic functions are performed by the ________.

kidneys

The __________ perform(s) the excretory and homeostatic functions of the urinary system.

kidneys

The ________________ are the lips that enclose the vestibule of the female external genitalia.

labia minora

Which of these structures directly encloses the vestibule?

labia minora

The word root -- means lips.

labio

The prefix -- means milk or lactose.

lact(i)

The process of milk production is called ____________.

lactation

Hyperthyroidism is associated with ________.

lethargy

The prefix -- means fat or fatty tissue.

lip(o)

The enzymes that digest lipids are called _________.

lipases.

Besides adult muscle and bone, what other body organ is a major target for human growth hormone (hGH)?

liver

Hexagonal lobules are characteristic of this organ.

liver

Located inferior to the diaphragm, the __________ is the largest gland in the body.

liver

A patient suffering from hypothyroidism has developed a goiter. This occurred because ________.

low levels of thyroid hormone removed inhibition from the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus, more TSH was produced and it stimulated the thyroid gland to increase in size

Enzymes are _______.

made of protein and are catalysts

The four muscles identified in this video all attach to the

mandible

Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day?

mass movement

The placenta is formed by ________.

maternal and fetal tissues

The process of cellular division by which gametes are formed is called ________.

meiosis

The __________ phase of the female cycle occurs from days 1-5 and is signaled by the sloughing off of the thick functional layer of the endometrium.

menstrual

The word root -- means in the middle or intermediate.

meso

A series of ligaments anchors the uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes. They include all the following except the ________.

mesocolon

In the human, this germ cell layer gives rise to many of the organ systems, including the skeleton, skeletal muscles, walls of GI organs, urinary system, and circulatory system.

mesoderm

The middle embryonic germ layer that forms everything except the epidermis of the skin, nervous system, and epithelial linings and glands is the ________________.

mesoderm

The ________ is/are a portion of the broad ligament that anchors the uterine tubes.

mesosalpinx

The word root -- means layer of the uterus.

metrium

As urine is formed it flows through the collecting ducts to enter, in order, the following structures.

minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter

Which of the following directly enclose the papilla of the renal pyramid?

minor calyx

What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate

Prior to lipase digestion of triglycerides, the solution would be _______.

more basic

The __________ abuts the lumen of the alimentary canal and consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.

mucosa

This tunic of the GI tract is important for secretion of enzymes and absorption of nutrients.

mucosa

Which layer of the alimentary canal is constructed from either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium?

mucosa

Which layer of the stomach contains the gastric pits that secrete mucous, acid, and digestive enzymes?

mucosa

The lining of the alimentary canal is a ________.

mucosa (mucous membrane)

The myenteric plexus is associated with this tunic of the alimentary canal.

muscularis externa

Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis?

muscularis externa

Which muscle listed below functions in swallowing?

mylohyoid

This is the muscular layer of the uterus.

myometrium

Which layer of the uterus is made of smooth muscle?

myometrium

The prefix-- means kidney.

nephr

The structural and functional unit of the kidney is a ___________.

nephron

Name the structures in the kidney that produce urine.

nephrons

What do we call the anatomical units responsible for the formation of urine? __________

nephrons

In its excretory role, the urinary system is primarily concerned with the removal of __________ wastes from the body.

nitrogenous

Which hormones are produced by the parathyroid gland?

only PTH

What muscle forms the labia of the mouth and controls most lip movement, including puckering?

orbicularis oris

Inhibiting osteoclast activity would prevent _______.

osteopenia and osteoporosis

The baseline T score for the rats was indicative of _______.

osteoporosis, because their ovaries were removed

A developing egg is ejected from the ovary at the appropriate stage of maturity in an event known as __________.

ovulation

What event coincides with the transition from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase?

ovulation occurs

Action potentials from hypothalamic neurons cause the release of this hormone.

oxytocin

This hormone stimulates uterine contractions during birth and causes milk ejection in the lactating mother.

oxytocin

Which of the following hormones is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism?

oxytocin

This accessory organ of the digestive system makes digestive enzymes that act upon all of the major food types.

pancreas

__________ form the endocrine portion of the pancreas.

pancreatic islets

Hypersecretion of this hormone results in loss of calcium from the bones, and softening and spontaneous fractures of the bones.

parathyroid hormone

This hormone is the major controller of blood calcium on a day-to-day basis.

parathyroid hormone

If a male undergoes a vasectomy, which of the following can no longer take place?

passage of sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra

Which patient would be diagnosed with secondary adrenal insufficiency?

patient 1

Which patient would be diagnosed with secondary hypercortisolism?

patient 3

Which of the patients tested was(were) in the borderline range for insulin-mediated glucose uptake?

patients 2 and 4

Which patients would be diagnosed with primary hypercortisolism?

patients 2 and 5

Which of the patients tested was(were) in the diabetic range?

patients 3 and 5

The protein-digesting enzyme that works in the stomach is ________.

pepsin

Wavelike contractions of the digestive tract that propel food along are called __________.

peristalsis

The word root _________ means feeding or eating.

phag

The word root ____________ means phosphate or phosphorus.

phospho

An enzyme that degrades second messengers like cAMP or cGMP is ______________________.

phosphodiesterase

Melatonin, a hormone made by this gland, controls our diurnal (daily) cycle.

pineal

This gland is located in the cranial cavity and produces the hormone melatonin.

pineal

What gland makes growth hormone?

pituitary

A hypophysectomized rat is missing its _______.

pituitary gland

Together, what do the decidua basalis and the chorionic villi form?

placenta

These cells form a porous membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of the glomerulus.

podocytes

Overeating, or _______________, is a sign associated with diabetes mellitus.

polyphagia

Overproduction of urine, or __________, is a sign of diabetes mellitus.

polyuria

Hormones released from this gland include ADH and oxytocin.

posterior pituitary

This fold of loose skin covers the glans of the penis.

prepuce

Which portion of the penis is removed during circumcision?

prepuce (foreskin)

As the primordial follicle grows and its epithelium changes from squamous to cuboidal cells, it becomes a(n) __________ and begins to produce estrogens.

primary follicle

The digestive function of the liver is to ________

produce bile

The role of both sexes in fulfilling the function of the reproductive system is to ________.

produce gametes

The endocrine products of the ovaries are estrogen and __________.

progesterone

The secretion of this male gland is important in activating sperm.

prostate

In sequential order from proximal to distal, the components of the male urethra are ________.

prostatic urethra, intermediate part of the urethra, spongy urethra

The digestive system __________.

provides the body with waterprovides the body with nutrientseliminates undigested food

In which segment of the nephron would you find cuboidal cells with many microvilli and mitochondria?

proximal convoluted tubule

The section of the renal tubule closest to the glomerular capsule is the __________.

proximal convoluted tubule

The portion of the stomach closest to the duodenum is called the ________.

pyloric part

Which area of the stomach directly adjoins the small intestine?

pylorus

The hormone glucagon ________.

raises blood glucose

When using the Benedict's assay, which color would indicate the most reducing sugar present?

reddish brown

Besides controlling metabolic rate, thyroid hormone has many functions. These include ________.

regulation of growth and development, and maturation of the nervous system

These hormones pass through the hypophyseal portal system to act on cells of the anterior pituitary gland.

releasing or inhibiting hormones

Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?

renal columns

Where does the kidney filter the blood?

renal corpuscle

What are the two main parts of the nephron?

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?

renal cortex

Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?

renal cortex

Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?

renal cortex

Where are the renal columns located?

renal medulla

A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures?

renal pelvis

A tooth consists of two major regions, the crown and the __________.

root

The uterine tube, or oviduct, extends from the uterus. This structure captures the ovulated oocyte. Fertilization generally occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube.

round ligament

Specializations of the small intestine that increase its surface area for maximal absorption of nutrients include all the following except ________.

rugae

The prefix -- means hard or dry.

sclero

The _____________ is the component of each somite that becomes the vertebrae and ribs.

sclerotome

The paired oval testes lie in the __________ outside the abdominopelvic cavity, where they are kept slightly cooler than body temperature.

scrotum

The testes reside in the ________.

scrotum

Which of the following cells is released during ovulation?

secondary oocyte

As the renal artery approaches a kidney, it is divided into branches known as the __________.

segmental arteries

The pathway taken by blood from the renal artery to the afferent arteriole is, in correct sequence, ________.

segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery

segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery

segmental veins

The prostate, seminal glands, and bulbo-urethral glands produce __________, the liquid medium in which sperm leaves the body.

seminal fluid

Semen is a combination of ________.

seminal fluid and sperm

Of the five accessory glands of the male, this one produces the bulk of the seminal fluid.

seminal glands

Which of the following shows the correct pathway for sperm cells as they leave the testes?

seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens

Sperm are produced in the ________.

seminiferous tubules

In sequential order, the pathway from sperm production to the external environment is from ________.

seminiferous tubules to epididymis to ductus deferens to urethra

Thyroxine is a _______.

slow-acting hormone that enters the nucleus

The GI organ that is the major site of nutrient absorption is the ________.

small intestine

Twisting in the portion of the bowel attached to the mesentery proper can result in disruption of blood flow to the __________.

small intestine

Which of following does NOT secrete a lipase?

small intestine

The uvula is an extension of the __________

soft palate

In this experiment, optical density is measured using a _______.

spectrophotometer

The word root -- means seed or sperm.

sperm

Stem cells that give rise to sperm are _______________

spermatogonia.

Identify the structure listed below that does NOT travel through the lesser omentum.

splenic artery

IKI is used to test for the presence of _______.

starch and cellulose

In a histology section of the digestive tract, you observe that the mucosa is made of simple columnar epithelium and the tissue has three layers of smooth muscles. This section represents ________.

stomach

The __________ is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity and is hidden by the liver and diaphragm.

stomach

This GI tract organ stores food temporarily, and continues the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.

stomach

Which organ has both a dorsal mesentery and a ventral mesentery attached to it?

stomach

What type of receptors embedded in the urinary bladder wall initiate the micturition reflex?

stretch receptors

Which layer of the alimentary canal contains not only glands and blood vessels but also a nerve plexus that helps regulate digestive activity?

submucosa

The substance that the enzyme acts on is called its _______.

substrate

All of the following conditions would stimulate the pancreas to release insulin EXCEPT one. Which one?

sympathetic activation

The male gonads are the ________.

testes

Which of the following is/are contained within the spermatic cord?

testicular arteries and veins

A grouping of four chromatids, known as a __________, occurs only during __________.

tetrad; meiosis

High levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the _______.

the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus

When the efferent arteriole constricts, _______.

the back pressure in the Bowman's capsule increases

One distinct difference between the human female reproductive tract and the cat female reproductive tract the how each opens externally. The urogenital sinus in the cat is __________.

the common opening of the urinary and reproductive tracts

With the valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder closed and with the pressure increased, _______.

the glomerular filtration rate increased and the glomerular pressure increased

Propylthiouracil injections resulted in goiter formation in _______.

the normal rat

Which rat(s) was euthyroid without any injections?

the normal rat

The injection of TSH resulted in goiter in _______.

the normal rat and the hypophysectomized

The palatine tonsils are located between which two structures?

the palatopharyngeal arch and the palatoglossal arch

As wastes navigate the large intestine, which features do they pass through, in order?

the right colic, left colic, and sigmoid flexures

What defines the trigone of the urinary bladder?

the ureter entrances and the opening to the urethra

What is not true about the lactiferous ducts and sinuses?

they are part of the uterus

As a result of gastrulation, a __________-layered embryo forms, with each layer corresponding to a primary germ layer.

three

This gland is rather large in an infant, begins to atrophy at puberty, and is relatively inconspicuous by old age. It produces hormones that direct the maturation of T cells. It is the __________ gland.

thymus

The __________ gland is composed of two lobes and located in the throat, just inferior to the larynx.

thyroid

This gland produces the hormone calcitonin.

thyroid

Cretinism, a condition characterized by mental retardation in children, is caused by deficiency of ________.

thyroid hormone

__________ is the single most important hormone responsible for influencing the rate of cellular metabolism and body heat production.

thyroid hormone

Which hormone is the single most important one that influences metabolism?

thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)

Which hormone stimulates the release of thyroid hormone?

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

This type of epithelium is found lining the inside of the urinary bladder.

transitional

Which of the following best describes the function of the urethra?

transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

The word root _______ means attracted specifically to the specified organ or tissue.

tropic

A sudden release of luteinizing hormone by the anterior pituitary triggers ovulation.

true

Gonadotropins are produced by the anterior pituitary gland.

true

Nearly all nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine.

true

The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the master endocrine gland because it controls the activity of many other endocrine glands.

true

The gonads are considered to be both endocrine and exocrine glands.

true

The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface.

true

Which tubes demonstrated amylase activity with a small amount of reducing sugar produced?

tubes 7 and 8

Urine is formed by three processes. In which process do filtrate components that are useful to the body move from the nephron into the blood?

tubular reabsorption

This connective tissue covering of the testis also divides it into lobes.

tunica albuginea

The fascial sac derived from the peritoneum that covers the testis is the __________.

tunica vaginalis

Glucose remains in the bloodstream as a result of _______.

type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus

This cord attaches the embryo to the placenta.

umbilical cord

The prefix -- means urine, urinary tract, or urea.

ur

An elevated level of urea in the blood is __________.

uremia

Which of these male accessory ducts transports both sperm cells and urine?

urethra

The word root _______ means urine.

uria

With the valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder closed, _______.

urine volume was zero

What part of the female system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte?

uterine (fallopian) tube

The "arms of the Y" that extend from the body of the uterus in the cat are the __________.

uterine horns

After ovulation, the "egg" travels to the uterus through the ________.

uterine tube

The __________ is a pear-shaped organ that houses the embryo or fetus during its development.

uterus

The canal that extends from the vestibule to the uterus is called the ________.

vagina

The nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons are surrounded by a looping, ladder-like blood vessel called the ________.

vasa recta

What structure receives blood from the efferent arteriole of a juxtamedullary nephron?

vasa recta

Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine?

water absorption and feces elimination

Excess glucose can be found in the urine _______.

when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1 diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes

Which of the following should NOT be found in the filtrate in the Bowman's capsule?

white blood cells

The outer cortex of the adrenal gland is divided into three areas. Which one produces aldosterone?

zona glomerulosa

The fertilized egg, or __________, appears as a single cell surrounded by a fertilization membrane and a jellylike membrane.

zygote