Lab Final Anatomy 2
A morula has approximately 16 cells. What is the rate of mitotic division that takes place between the 4-cell stage and the morula?
12 hours per cell division
Implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall is complete by day ________ after ovulation.
14
The total number of deciduous (or milk) teeth is ________.
20
Human gametes contain __________ chromosomes.
23
How many total permanent teeth should an adult have, assuming none have been lost or removed?
32
The walls of the alimentary canal share a common pattern from esophagus to anus. How many tunics (layers) make up the wall?
4
At which concentration of glucose carriers was the glucose concentration reduced to zero?
400
The 4-cell stage occurs 2 days after fertilization. How much time passes between the 4-cell stage and implantation?
5 days
What is the normal range for glomerular filtration rate?
80 - 140 ml/min
Which of these would be an effect of an excess of thyroid hormones?
A would release less TRH.
__________ occurs when small molecules pass through epithelial cells into the blood for distribution to the body cells.
Absorption
Which of the following is NOT characterized by high levels of cortisol in the blood?
Addison's disease
Explain why urination is difficult in an individual suffering from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)..
Because the enlarged prostate gland compresses the urethra.
Which of the following describes the effect of boiling and freezing?
Boiling denatured the enzyme, but freezing had no effect.
Alkaline mucus made by this gland neutralizes traces of acidic urine in the urethra prior to ejaculation.
Bulbourethral glands
The three unpaired vessels that branch off the aorta and supply the GI tract are the __________.
Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery
Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.
Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, urete
Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.
Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter
The three structures that cross the masseter muscle from superior to inferior are the
Dorsal facial nerve, parotid duct, ventral facial nerve
Neutering a male cat is the removal of the cat's testes. When a human male gets a vasectomy as a means of birth control, what structure is cut and tied off?
Ductus deferens
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its primary secreting organ?
FSH - ovaries
The mesentery through which the umbilical vein passes is the
Falciform ligament
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection of any of the urinary tract structures: kidneys, ureter, bladder, or urethra. Considering the differences in the male and female anatomy and that the bacteria that cause UTIs are often found in the feces, explain why females are more likely to contract a UTI.
Females are more likely to contract a UTI because the opening of the urinary tract is located closer to the opening of the digestive tract, allowing fecal bacteria to get into the urinary tract more easily.
Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney.
Fibrous capsule
What is true about the renal processes for making urine?
Filtration occurs only in the glomerular capsule.
Considering the effects of pituitary hormones on the ovary, name the hormones that could theoretically be supplemented to improve fertility in humans.
Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
The hepatic portal vein drains blood from the __________ and delivers it to the __________.
GI tract, liver
As the pressure in the beaker was increased, which of the following occurred?
Glomerular filtration rate increased, and urine volume increased.
Which mesentery listed below is a dorsal mesentery?
Greater omentum
Cryptorchidism is failure of the testes to descend. Explain why this would cause sterility if not corrected.
If the testes do not descend, sperm would not develop correctly at the higher core temperature.
Hysterectomy is a surgical removal of the uterus. It may or may not be accompanied by a salpingo-oophorectomy, removal of the uterine tubes and ovaries. Which of the following consequences would you expect following a hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy?
Immediate menopauseInfertilityOsteoporosis
Acute glomerulonephritis (GN) is sudden inflammation of the glomeruli, most commonly a result of a streptococcal infection that causes the body to attack its own tissue. The damage to the filtration membrane increases permeability of the membrane for proteins and larger components. Which test result would you expect for a patient with acute GN?
Increased creatine and urea in the blood, Red-colored urine.Increased protein in the urine
How is body weight correlated to thyroid levels?
Increased thyroid hormone causes the body to burn food at a faster rate, reducing the chance that calories from food will be stored as fat and lead to weight gain.
Which of the gonadotropins injected into the frog actually caused ovulation?
LH
Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary include ________.
LH, FSH, ACTH, and TSH
Which reason best explains why hyperinsulinism in the fish causes it to become comatose?
Low blood glucose levels deprive the brain of fuel.
Which pituitary hormone might contribute to multiple births and why?
Luteinizing hormone stimulates ovulation. Ovulation of more than one egg cell per cycle can result in the formation of multiple embryos.
The inferior mesenteric artery passes through the __________ and supplies the __________.
Mesocolon, distal colon
The serous membrane that covers the deep surface of the abdominal body wall is the __________.
Parietal peritoneum
The ________ is/are lymphatic tissue seen in the histological section of the ileum.
Peyer's patches
Congenital hyperinsulinism is a rare condition in which infants experience frequent episodes of hypoglycemia. Based on the functions of the two main hormones that control blood sugar homeostasis, which of the following would be effective at treating the hyperinsulinemia?
Preventing insulin release or productionGlucocorticoidsGlucagon
Which condition, other than benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), would you expect to cause a rise in the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA)?
Prostatitis
Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?
Renal columns
Which structure listed below IS present in the human male reproductive tract but is NOT present in the male cat?
Seminal vesicle (seminal gland)
Identify the salivary gland that lies deep to the submandibular duct.
Sublingual gland
What does a strong IKI result indicate?
Substrate is present.
An abnormally high level of which of the following will result in goiter?
TSH
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with its secreting organ?
TSH - posterior pituitary
Which of the following best describes the capillary wall structure found in the liver lobules?
The capillary walls have openings that allow large proteins and small cells to pass through.
Which of these statements regarding the embryo is FALSE?
The embryo's blood supply mixes with that of the mother.
What is true about the urethral sphincters?
The internal urethral sphincter is under involuntary control.
Why did the TSH have NO effect on the BMR of the thyroidectomized rat?
The rat is missing its thyroid gland.
What happened to the urine concentration when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased?
The urine concentration increased.
What happened to the urine volume when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased?
The urine volume decreased.
What will happen to the urine volume if ADH is NOT added to the collecting duct?
The urine volume will increase.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cortical nephrons?
Their nephron loop is closely wrapped with vasa recta.
What is the difference between cellulose and starch?
They are linked differently.
Which of these is true regarding primary oocytes?
They contain chromosomal tetrads.
Which reproductive structure of the female cat is located in the true pelvis?
Urogenital sinus
Identify all of the structures a kitten will pass through as it is born.
Uterine horn, body of uterus, cervix, vagina, urogenital sinus
Which of the following constitute a portal triad?
a bile duct along with a portal venule and arteriole
The secretion of ADH is directly stimulated by _______.
a change in body fluid osmolarity
Identify the statement that best describes the spermatic cord.
a fascial sheath containing the ductus deferens and the testicular vessels and nerves
Which of these best describes a lacteal?
a lymphatic vessel designed to help introduce fats to the blood
Iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome is _______.
a result of treatment with glucocorticoid hormonesoften referred to as "steroid diabetes"physician induced
Growth hormone and prolactin are produced by these anterior pituitary cells.
acidophil cells
The word root -- means end, tip, or height.
acro
The __________ of the sperm contains enzymes involved in the penetration of the egg.
acrosome
The _______________ is the structure at the tip of a sperm that contains enzymes to gain access to an egg during fertilization.
acrosome
All exchanges between mother and embryo occur ________.
across the chorionic membranes
This endocrine gland sits atop the kidneys. It's inner most portion releases the hormone epinephrine.
adrenal
The target cells for the hormone ACTH are located in the _______.
adrenal cortex
Accessory organs of the digestive system include all the following except ________.
adrenal gland
The vessel that supplies blood to the nephron is called the ________.
afferent arteriole
Which of the following describes the order in which blood flows through the nephron?
afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole
This adrenal cortex hormone is involved in regulation of salt and water balance.
aldosterone
The adrenal cortex produces the hormones ________.
aldosterone, cortisol, androgens
Metabolism refers to ________.
all chemical reactions in the body
This embryonic membrane provides the structural basis for the umbilical cord.
allantios
Which of the cell types would secrete their product if the body was under stress, as during an intense workout?
alpha cells
The ________ are structures in the mammary glands that produce milk during lactation.
alveoli
What part(s) of the breast produce(s) milk?
alveoli
The building blocks for peptides are _______.
amino acids
The __________ encases the young embryonic body in a fluid-filled chamber that acts to protect the developing embryo against trauma.
amnion
This structure surrounds the early embryo and the fluid that fills it protects the embryo.
amnion
Which of these is the innermost (closest) structure that completely surrounds the embryo?
amnion
This enzyme, which digests carbohydrates, is found in saliva and in the small intestine.
amylase
Pepsin is classified as _______.
an enzyme and a peptidase
Once fertilization has occurred, the activities of development begin. The first such activity is ________.
an increase in cell number
Which of these structures is found in the stomach but nowhere else in the alimentary canal?
an oblique muscle layer
Because the ovaries have no direct contact with the uterine tubes, _______.
an ovulated "egg" can enter the pelvic cavity, infectious agents can enter the pelvic cavity and cause pelvic inflammatory disease, and waving, long, finger-like projections are needed to pull the "egg" into the uterine tube
The word root _________ means blood or lymph vessels.
angio
The secretion of aldosterone is directly stimulated by _______.
angiotensin II
Upon the release of renin, _______________ is produced and stimulates vasoconstriction and the release of aldosterone.
angiotensin II
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced by the ________.
anterior pituitary
What hormone released into the blood by the posterior pituitary would reduce the amount of urine that is formed?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Which of these would be included in the female perineum but NOT the urogenital triangle?
anus
Triglycerides _______.
are lipidsdissolve poorly in waterare digested by lipaseare fats
What is the pigmented ring of skin surrounding the nipple?
areola
How are wisdom teeth (third molars) classified?
as permanent teeth
Ejaculation occurs ________.
as semen is propelled from the male duct system
Hypersecretion of ________ results in increased urinary output and dehydration.
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
Which cells of the pancreas produce insulin?
beta cells
Which of the cell types would secrete their product if the blood glucose level was rising, as during digestion of a meal?
beta cells
The interstitial endocrine cells that produce testosterone are located ________.
between the seminiferous tubules
The ________ is the final product of cleavage.
blastocyst
The __________ implants in the uterine wall.
blastocyst
Which of the following implants in the mucosa of the endometrium?
blastocyst
The pressure in the left source beaker simulates _______.
blood pressure
In this activity, we will explore the effect of _______.
blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate
Tropic hormones include which of the following?
both ACTH and CRH
A decrease in the level of thyroxine would increase the secretion of _______.
both TSH and TRH
Which of the following improved the vertebral bone density of the rats?
both calcitonin and estrogen
Amylase is secreted by _______.
both the salivary glands and the pancreas
What organs appear very early in development?
brain and heart
Which of these does NOT empty materials into the area of the prostatic urethra?
bulbo-urethral gland
Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched with one of its functions?
calcitonin - inhibits osteoblast activity
The spermatic cord ________.
carries blood vessels, nerves, and the ductus deferens between the scrotum and the abdomen
__________ is the process by which substances are broken down into simpler compounds.
catabolism
What is the target of thyroid hormones?
cells of the body
When BAPNA is hydrolyzed, it _______.
changes from colorless to yellow
Pepsin is secreted by _______.
chief cells
During the process of implantation, the inner cell mass (ICM) gives rise to three embryonic membranes. Which of the following is not one of these membranes?
chorion
The trophoblast cells of the blastocyst form the ________, which extends elaborate villi into the blood-filled sinusoids of the uterine wall.
chorion
The function of a third, obliquely-oriented layer of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa of the stomach is to ________.
churn, mix, and pummel the food contents to reduce them to small fragments
What structural modification of the small intestine slows the movement of chyme through the lumen?
circular folds
The three primary germ layers develop during this stage of human fetal development.
cleavage
The __________ is/are homologous to the penis.
clitoris
Which structure(s) of the female's external genitalia has/have erectile tissue?
clitoris
Many nephrons empty into a ________.
collecting duct
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
collects newly formed urine
The female vulva ________.
consists of the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, urethral and vaginal orifices, hymen, and greater vestibular glands
When blood pressure increases, what changes can occur to maintain glomerular filtration rate?
constriction of the afferent arteriole and dilation of the efferent arteriole
Surgical removal of the gallbladder is called a cholecystectomy. The presence of gallstones that block any of the ducts that carry bile is the usual reason for the surgery. Which of the following dietary changes might a patient need to make after a cholecystectomy?
consume fewer fats
Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system?
control caloric intake
The penis contains three elongated cylinders of erectile tissue. Select the most dorsal tissue.
corpora cavernosa
The __________ is a solid glandular structure with a scalloped lumen that develops from a ruptured follicle.
corpus luteum
In the penis, the urethra passes through the __________.
corpus spongiosum
The ________ is the erectile tissue in the penis that surrounds the spongy urethra.
corpus spongiosum
Nephrons consist of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscles are located in the ________ of the kidney.
cortex
The outermost portion of the kidney is called the renal ________.
cortex
Blood flows from the peritubular capillary to the renal vein through this sequence of vessels.
cortical radiate vein, arcuate vein, interlobar vein
The duct that drains the gall bladder is the __________.
cystic duct
The decidua basalis and decidua capsularis are portions of the uterine wall. Which is (are) involved in formation of the placenta?
decidua basalis
Which of the following resulted in an increase in glomerular filtration rate?
decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter
When the micturation reflex is initiated, the brain responds by __________ action potentials (APs) in somatic motor neurons, resulting in the relaxation of the __________ urinary sphincter so urine can be voided.
decreasing; external
The prefix -- means skin, covering, or integument.
derm
The __________ traverses down the left side of the abdominal cavity and becomes the sigmoid colon.
descending colon
Hyposecretion of insulin, or a deficiency in insulin receptors leads to ________.
diabetes mellitus
Using this assay, glucose concentration is _______.
directly proportional to optical density
Maltose is a _______.
disaccharide
As the number of glucose carriers increased, the concentration of glucose in the _______.
distal tubule decreased and bladder decreased
This component of the male duct system carries sperm from outside the body into the abdominal cavity.
ductus deferens
The tube that leaves the stomach (and is the first part of the small intestine) is called the ________.
duodenem
Which of these cells would contain 23 chromosomes?
early spermatids
In humans, this primary germ layer gives rise to the epidermis and the nervous system.
ectoderm
The __________ gives rise to the epidermis of the skin and the nervous system.
ectoderm
The ____________ is the layer of cells on the dorsal embryonic surface that will become nervous system and the epidermis of skin.
ectoderm
The __________ arteriole drains the glomerular capillary bed.
efferent
In humans, the sperm in the ductus deferens empty into the __________.
ejaculatory duct
Pituitary gland tumors can secrete excess amounts of growth hormone. Which of the following is not a symptom of hypersecretion of growth hormone?
elavated metabolic rate
The prefix -- means embryo.
embry
The _______________ of the blastocyst is another name for inner cell mass, which will become the embryo.
embryoblast
Micturition is a synonym for ________.
emptying of the bladder
The crown of the tooth is covered by ________, the hardest substance in the body.
enamal
An __________ gland is a ductless gland that empties its hormone into the extracellular fluid, from which it enters the blood.
endocrine
The __________, the thick mucosal lining of the uterus, has a superficial layer that sloughs off periodically.
endometrium
The ________________ is the nutritive layer of the uterus prepared for the possibility of a fertilized egg.
endometrium
The prefix -- means intestine.
entero
During the ____________ reflex, acid secretion in the stomach is inhibited.
enterogastric
After sperm are produced, they enter the first part of the duct system, the __________.
epididymis
The pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells that line the tubules in this organ bear stereocilia that absorb excess fluid.
epididymis
Blood borne factors (e.g. ions, glucose, amino acids) cause the release of all of these hormones except ________.
epinephrine
Approximately 25 cm long, the __________ conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach.
esophagus
The tube that connects the oral cavity to the stomach is called the ________.
esophagus
Which of the following showed the greatest improvement in vertebral bone density for the rats?
estrogen
Replacement therapies for which two hormones were tested in this experiment?
estrogen and calcitonin
Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the tissues
The functions of the urinary system include ________.
excreting nitrogenous wastes, maintaining electrolyte balance, and maintaining acid-base and fluid balance
The __________ urethral sphincter consists of skeletal muscle and is voluntarily controlled.
external
Which structures are innervated by the dorsal and ventral facial nerves?
facial muscles
During tubular reabsorption, components of the filtrate move from the bloodstream into the tubule.
false
The __________ of the kidney is segregated into triangular regions with a striped appearance.
false
The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney.
false
The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying urine to exit the kidney.
false
The placenta is composed solely of embryonic membranes.
false
There are no special precautions that I need to observe when performing today's lab.
false
Chorionic villi look like ________.
feathery extensions of the chorion in the uterine wall
The uniting of the egg and sperm nuclei is known as __________.
fertilization
By the ninth week of development, the embryo is referred to as a __________.
fetus
Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney.
fibrous capsule
Tumors of the adrenal medulla, called pheochromocytomas, cause hypersecretion of catecholamines. Which of the following is not a symptom of this tumor?
flushed (reddened) skin
Peptide hormones include which of the following?
follicle-stimulating hormone andcalcitonin
The end product of meiosis is __________.
four haploid daughter cells
Pyloric stenosis is a type of gastric outlet obstruction caused by a narrowing of the pyloric part of the stomach. It is most common in infants. Which of the following clinical signs would not be expected with this condition?
frequent urination
During filtration in the nephron, substances move ________.
from the glomerulus into the nephron
Tubular secretion in the nephron is a process by which substances move ________.
from the peritubular capillary into the nephron
The superficial layer of the uterus, which sloughs off periodically in response to cyclic hormonal changes, is the ________.
functional layer of the endometrium
The prefix -- means ventral area or stomach.
gastr
These specialized parts of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and a protein-digesting enzyme.
gastric glands
After swallowing, the ____________________ opens to allow food from the esophagus into the stomach.
gastroesophageal sphincter
The alimentary canal is also called the ________.
gastrointestinal (GI) tract
The prefix -- means glomerulus of the kidney.
glomerul(o)
Which of these cells is located interspersed between the capillaries of the glomerulus?
glomerular mesangial cells
When the beaker pressure was lowered, which of the following decreased?
glomerular pressure, glomerular filtration rate and urine volume
The functions of the nephron include all of the following EXCEPT _______.
glomerular secretion
A fenestrated squamous epithelium can be observed in this structure within the kidney.
glomerulus
The specialized capillary bed responsible for the pressure that drives filtration is the ______________
glomerulus
This knot of coiled capillaries, found in the kidneys, forms the filtrate. It is the __________.
glomerulus
This structure is a capillary bed from which blood is filtered into the nephron.
glomerulus
What is the name for the "ball" of capillaries found in the renal corpuscle?
glomerulus
Which capillary bed produces filtrate?
glomerulus
Which structures form the filtration membrane in the nephron?
glomerulus and the glomerular capsule
List the parts of the nephron in correct sequential order: ________.
glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop
The pancreas produces two hormones that are responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. Name the hormone that increases blood glucose levels. __________
glucagon
Which hormone stimulates the breakdown of polymerized glucose?
glucagon
These hormones are produced in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. They help the body resist long-term stressors.
glucocorticoids
After your fish became comatose secondary to hyperinsulinism, you administered ________ to restore normal function.
glucose
When the glucose transport maximum is reached, _______.
glucose is excreted in the urine and not all of the glucose is reabsorbed
Glucose is stored in the human body as _______.
glycogen
Which cells in the small intestine's mucosa secrete mucus?
goblet cells
FSH and LH are examples of _________________ hormones, which target the ovaries or testes.
gonadotropic
We can stimulate amphibians to ovulate by injecting ________.
gonadotropins
The essential organs of reproduction are the __________, which produce the sex cells.
gonads
Which cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin?
granular cells
The mesentery attached to the inferior margin of the stomach is called the ________.
greater omentum
The function of this hormone is to stimulate growth, particularly of long bones and muscle.
growth hormone
The juxtamedullary nephrons ________.
have a nephron loop that penetrates deep into the renal medulla, and play an important role in concentrating urine
In addition to endocrine glands, some organs whose functions are primarily nonendocrine also produce hormones. These endocrine tissues include ________ and ________.
heart and kidneys
Which vessel delivers nutrient-rich blood to the liver from the digestive tract?
hepatic portal vein
The prefix -- means liver.
hepato
Liver cells are more properly referred to as _____________.
hepatocytes.
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease in which the body makes abnormal antibodies that mimic the action of TSH on the thyroid gland. You would expect a patient with this disease to have ________.
high levels of thyroid hormones
The renal artery enters the kidney at this indented area.
hilum
Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney?
hilum
Substrates are held in the active site by _______.
hydrogen and ionic bonds
What is(are) the driving force(s) for filtration in the nephron?
hydrostatic pressure gradients and osmotic pressure gradients
Graves' disease, characterized by high metabolic rate, weight loss, irregular heart rate, and protrusion of the eyeballs is caused by ________.
hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
The structure that is located medial to the digastric muscle is the
hypoglossal nerve
The pituitary gland, also known as the __________, is located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.
hypophysis
Diabetes insipidus, a condition characterized by thirst and excessive urine output is caused by ________.
hyposecretion of ADH
ADH is produced in the _______.
hypothalamus
Connected by a stalk called the infundibulum, this region of the brain is intimately associated with the pituitary gland and its hormones.
hypothalamus
Where is thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) produced?
hypothalamus
Where is thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) made?
hypothalamus
Development progresses ________.
in rostral to caudal and proximal to distal directions
In what region of the uterus does implantation usually occur (as indicated by the position of the placenta)?
in the upper part of the uterus
Which teeth in the permanent dentition are best suited for cutting or nipping off pieces of food?
incisors
The dental formula for the permanent teeth indicates two ________ and two ________ in both upper and lower quarters of the mouth.
incisors; premolars
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is __________.
increased in individuals with hyperthyroidism
Adding bile to triglycerides _______.
increases the surface area of the triglycerides
Many factors modify metabolic rate. Which one increases metabolic activity?
increasing exercise
Which of the following resulted in a decrease in glomerular capillary pressure?
increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter
In humans and in cats, the structure that embraces the ovary and receives the oocyte is the __________.
infundibulum
Which of the following represents the correct pathway of the egg after leaving the ovary and entering the uterine tube?
infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterus
Increasing levels of thyroid hormone cause ________.
inhibition of TRH and TSH
This portion of the blastocyst forms the embryo proper.
inner cell mass (ICM)
The human blastocyst consists of two populations of cells with different functions. Select the correct match between population and its function.
inner cell mass (ICM); forms the embryo and three of the four extraembryonic membranes
Many people with diabetes mellitus need injections of __________ to maintain homeostasis.
insulin
The mammary glands are classified as being part of which of the following systems?
integumentary system
What region of the male urethra runs through the urogenital diaphragm, extending about 2 centimeters from the prostate to the beginning of the penis?
intermediate part of the urethra (membranous urethra)
The __________ produce testosterone, the hormonal product of the testis.
interstitial endocrine cells
The presence of reducing sugars _______.
is detected using Benedict's reagent
The juxtaglomerular apparatus ________.
is found where the most distal part of the ascending limb of the nephron loop touches the afferent arteriole, contains granular cells in the afferent arteriole that sense blood pressure, and contains a region of chemoreceptor cells called the macula densa in the distal nephron loop
In humans, the yolk sac ________.
is the site of origin for blood cells and primordial germ cells
What is true of the structure of the human placenta?
it is disc shaped
The prefix -- means situated near.
juxta
Renin is released by cells of the______________ apparatus in response to afferent arteriole pressure and the degree of stretch of the arteriole wall.
juxtaglomerular
Of the following urinary system organs, major homeostatic functions are performed by the ________.
kidneys
The __________ perform(s) the excretory and homeostatic functions of the urinary system.
kidneys
The ________________ are the lips that enclose the vestibule of the female external genitalia.
labia minora
Which of these structures directly encloses the vestibule?
labia minora
The word root -- means lips.
labio
The prefix -- means milk or lactose.
lact(i)
The process of milk production is called ____________.
lactation
Hyperthyroidism is associated with ________.
lethargy
The prefix -- means fat or fatty tissue.
lip(o)
The enzymes that digest lipids are called _________.
lipases.
Besides adult muscle and bone, what other body organ is a major target for human growth hormone (hGH)?
liver
Hexagonal lobules are characteristic of this organ.
liver
Located inferior to the diaphragm, the __________ is the largest gland in the body.
liver
A patient suffering from hypothyroidism has developed a goiter. This occurred because ________.
low levels of thyroid hormone removed inhibition from the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus, more TSH was produced and it stimulated the thyroid gland to increase in size
Enzymes are _______.
made of protein and are catalysts
The four muscles identified in this video all attach to the
mandible
Which of the following propels food residue over large areas of the colon three to four times a day?
mass movement
The placenta is formed by ________.
maternal and fetal tissues
The process of cellular division by which gametes are formed is called ________.
meiosis
The __________ phase of the female cycle occurs from days 1-5 and is signaled by the sloughing off of the thick functional layer of the endometrium.
menstrual
The word root -- means in the middle or intermediate.
meso
A series of ligaments anchors the uterus, ovaries, and uterine tubes. They include all the following except the ________.
mesocolon
In the human, this germ cell layer gives rise to many of the organ systems, including the skeleton, skeletal muscles, walls of GI organs, urinary system, and circulatory system.
mesoderm
The middle embryonic germ layer that forms everything except the epidermis of the skin, nervous system, and epithelial linings and glands is the ________________.
mesoderm
The ________ is/are a portion of the broad ligament that anchors the uterine tubes.
mesosalpinx
The word root -- means layer of the uterus.
metrium
As urine is formed it flows through the collecting ducts to enter, in order, the following structures.
minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter
Which of the following directly enclose the papilla of the renal pyramid?
minor calyx
What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?
monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate
Prior to lipase digestion of triglycerides, the solution would be _______.
more basic
The __________ abuts the lumen of the alimentary canal and consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae.
mucosa
This tunic of the GI tract is important for secretion of enzymes and absorption of nutrients.
mucosa
Which layer of the alimentary canal is constructed from either stratified squamous or simple columnar epithelium?
mucosa
Which layer of the stomach contains the gastric pits that secrete mucous, acid, and digestive enzymes?
mucosa
The lining of the alimentary canal is a ________.
mucosa (mucous membrane)
The myenteric plexus is associated with this tunic of the alimentary canal.
muscularis externa
Which layer of the alimentary canal is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis?
muscularis externa
Which muscle listed below functions in swallowing?
mylohyoid
This is the muscular layer of the uterus.
myometrium
Which layer of the uterus is made of smooth muscle?
myometrium
The prefix-- means kidney.
nephr
The structural and functional unit of the kidney is a ___________.
nephron
Name the structures in the kidney that produce urine.
nephrons
What do we call the anatomical units responsible for the formation of urine? __________
nephrons
In its excretory role, the urinary system is primarily concerned with the removal of __________ wastes from the body.
nitrogenous
Which hormones are produced by the parathyroid gland?
only PTH
What muscle forms the labia of the mouth and controls most lip movement, including puckering?
orbicularis oris
Inhibiting osteoclast activity would prevent _______.
osteopenia and osteoporosis
The baseline T score for the rats was indicative of _______.
osteoporosis, because their ovaries were removed
A developing egg is ejected from the ovary at the appropriate stage of maturity in an event known as __________.
ovulation
What event coincides with the transition from the proliferative phase to the secretory phase?
ovulation occurs
Action potentials from hypothalamic neurons cause the release of this hormone.
oxytocin
This hormone stimulates uterine contractions during birth and causes milk ejection in the lactating mother.
oxytocin
Which of the following hormones is regulated by a positive feedback mechanism?
oxytocin
This accessory organ of the digestive system makes digestive enzymes that act upon all of the major food types.
pancreas
__________ form the endocrine portion of the pancreas.
pancreatic islets
Hypersecretion of this hormone results in loss of calcium from the bones, and softening and spontaneous fractures of the bones.
parathyroid hormone
This hormone is the major controller of blood calcium on a day-to-day basis.
parathyroid hormone
If a male undergoes a vasectomy, which of the following can no longer take place?
passage of sperm cells from the epididymis to the urethra
Which patient would be diagnosed with secondary adrenal insufficiency?
patient 1
Which patient would be diagnosed with secondary hypercortisolism?
patient 3
Which of the patients tested was(were) in the borderline range for insulin-mediated glucose uptake?
patients 2 and 4
Which patients would be diagnosed with primary hypercortisolism?
patients 2 and 5
Which of the patients tested was(were) in the diabetic range?
patients 3 and 5
The protein-digesting enzyme that works in the stomach is ________.
pepsin
Wavelike contractions of the digestive tract that propel food along are called __________.
peristalsis
The word root _________ means feeding or eating.
phag
The word root ____________ means phosphate or phosphorus.
phospho
An enzyme that degrades second messengers like cAMP or cGMP is ______________________.
phosphodiesterase
Melatonin, a hormone made by this gland, controls our diurnal (daily) cycle.
pineal
This gland is located in the cranial cavity and produces the hormone melatonin.
pineal
What gland makes growth hormone?
pituitary
A hypophysectomized rat is missing its _______.
pituitary gland
Together, what do the decidua basalis and the chorionic villi form?
placenta
These cells form a porous membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of the glomerulus.
podocytes
Overeating, or _______________, is a sign associated with diabetes mellitus.
polyphagia
Overproduction of urine, or __________, is a sign of diabetes mellitus.
polyuria
Hormones released from this gland include ADH and oxytocin.
posterior pituitary
This fold of loose skin covers the glans of the penis.
prepuce
Which portion of the penis is removed during circumcision?
prepuce (foreskin)
As the primordial follicle grows and its epithelium changes from squamous to cuboidal cells, it becomes a(n) __________ and begins to produce estrogens.
primary follicle
The digestive function of the liver is to ________
produce bile
The role of both sexes in fulfilling the function of the reproductive system is to ________.
produce gametes
The endocrine products of the ovaries are estrogen and __________.
progesterone
The secretion of this male gland is important in activating sperm.
prostate
In sequential order from proximal to distal, the components of the male urethra are ________.
prostatic urethra, intermediate part of the urethra, spongy urethra
The digestive system __________.
provides the body with waterprovides the body with nutrientseliminates undigested food
In which segment of the nephron would you find cuboidal cells with many microvilli and mitochondria?
proximal convoluted tubule
The section of the renal tubule closest to the glomerular capsule is the __________.
proximal convoluted tubule
The portion of the stomach closest to the duodenum is called the ________.
pyloric part
Which area of the stomach directly adjoins the small intestine?
pylorus
The hormone glucagon ________.
raises blood glucose
When using the Benedict's assay, which color would indicate the most reducing sugar present?
reddish brown
Besides controlling metabolic rate, thyroid hormone has many functions. These include ________.
regulation of growth and development, and maturation of the nervous system
These hormones pass through the hypophyseal portal system to act on cells of the anterior pituitary gland.
releasing or inhibiting hormones
Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?
renal columns
Where does the kidney filter the blood?
renal corpuscle
What are the two main parts of the nephron?
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?
renal cortex
Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?
renal cortex
Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?
renal cortex
Where are the renal columns located?
renal medulla
A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures?
renal pelvis
A tooth consists of two major regions, the crown and the __________.
root
The uterine tube, or oviduct, extends from the uterus. This structure captures the ovulated oocyte. Fertilization generally occurs in the ampulla of the uterine tube.
round ligament
Specializations of the small intestine that increase its surface area for maximal absorption of nutrients include all the following except ________.
rugae
The prefix -- means hard or dry.
sclero
The _____________ is the component of each somite that becomes the vertebrae and ribs.
sclerotome
The paired oval testes lie in the __________ outside the abdominopelvic cavity, where they are kept slightly cooler than body temperature.
scrotum
The testes reside in the ________.
scrotum
Which of the following cells is released during ovulation?
secondary oocyte
As the renal artery approaches a kidney, it is divided into branches known as the __________.
segmental arteries
The pathway taken by blood from the renal artery to the afferent arteriole is, in correct sequence, ________.
segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery
segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery
segmental veins
The prostate, seminal glands, and bulbo-urethral glands produce __________, the liquid medium in which sperm leaves the body.
seminal fluid
Semen is a combination of ________.
seminal fluid and sperm
Of the five accessory glands of the male, this one produces the bulk of the seminal fluid.
seminal glands
Which of the following shows the correct pathway for sperm cells as they leave the testes?
seminiferous tubule, rete testis, epididymis, ductus deferens
Sperm are produced in the ________.
seminiferous tubules
In sequential order, the pathway from sperm production to the external environment is from ________.
seminiferous tubules to epididymis to ductus deferens to urethra
Thyroxine is a _______.
slow-acting hormone that enters the nucleus
The GI organ that is the major site of nutrient absorption is the ________.
small intestine
Twisting in the portion of the bowel attached to the mesentery proper can result in disruption of blood flow to the __________.
small intestine
Which of following does NOT secrete a lipase?
small intestine
The uvula is an extension of the __________
soft palate
In this experiment, optical density is measured using a _______.
spectrophotometer
The word root -- means seed or sperm.
sperm
Stem cells that give rise to sperm are _______________
spermatogonia.
Identify the structure listed below that does NOT travel through the lesser omentum.
splenic artery
IKI is used to test for the presence of _______.
starch and cellulose
In a histology section of the digestive tract, you observe that the mucosa is made of simple columnar epithelium and the tissue has three layers of smooth muscles. This section represents ________.
stomach
The __________ is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity and is hidden by the liver and diaphragm.
stomach
This GI tract organ stores food temporarily, and continues the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food.
stomach
Which organ has both a dorsal mesentery and a ventral mesentery attached to it?
stomach
What type of receptors embedded in the urinary bladder wall initiate the micturition reflex?
stretch receptors
Which layer of the alimentary canal contains not only glands and blood vessels but also a nerve plexus that helps regulate digestive activity?
submucosa
The substance that the enzyme acts on is called its _______.
substrate
All of the following conditions would stimulate the pancreas to release insulin EXCEPT one. Which one?
sympathetic activation
The male gonads are the ________.
testes
Which of the following is/are contained within the spermatic cord?
testicular arteries and veins
A grouping of four chromatids, known as a __________, occurs only during __________.
tetrad; meiosis
High levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the _______.
the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus
When the efferent arteriole constricts, _______.
the back pressure in the Bowman's capsule increases
One distinct difference between the human female reproductive tract and the cat female reproductive tract the how each opens externally. The urogenital sinus in the cat is __________.
the common opening of the urinary and reproductive tracts
With the valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder closed and with the pressure increased, _______.
the glomerular filtration rate increased and the glomerular pressure increased
Propylthiouracil injections resulted in goiter formation in _______.
the normal rat
Which rat(s) was euthyroid without any injections?
the normal rat
The injection of TSH resulted in goiter in _______.
the normal rat and the hypophysectomized
The palatine tonsils are located between which two structures?
the palatopharyngeal arch and the palatoglossal arch
As wastes navigate the large intestine, which features do they pass through, in order?
the right colic, left colic, and sigmoid flexures
What defines the trigone of the urinary bladder?
the ureter entrances and the opening to the urethra
What is not true about the lactiferous ducts and sinuses?
they are part of the uterus
As a result of gastrulation, a __________-layered embryo forms, with each layer corresponding to a primary germ layer.
three
This gland is rather large in an infant, begins to atrophy at puberty, and is relatively inconspicuous by old age. It produces hormones that direct the maturation of T cells. It is the __________ gland.
thymus
The __________ gland is composed of two lobes and located in the throat, just inferior to the larynx.
thyroid
This gland produces the hormone calcitonin.
thyroid
Cretinism, a condition characterized by mental retardation in children, is caused by deficiency of ________.
thyroid hormone
__________ is the single most important hormone responsible for influencing the rate of cellular metabolism and body heat production.
thyroid hormone
Which hormone is the single most important one that influences metabolism?
thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
Which hormone stimulates the release of thyroid hormone?
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
This type of epithelium is found lining the inside of the urinary bladder.
transitional
Which of the following best describes the function of the urethra?
transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
The word root _______ means attracted specifically to the specified organ or tissue.
tropic
A sudden release of luteinizing hormone by the anterior pituitary triggers ovulation.
true
Gonadotropins are produced by the anterior pituitary gland.
true
Nearly all nutrient absorption occurs in the small intestine.
true
The anterior pituitary gland is also referred to as the master endocrine gland because it controls the activity of many other endocrine glands.
true
The gonads are considered to be both endocrine and exocrine glands.
true
The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface.
true
Which tubes demonstrated amylase activity with a small amount of reducing sugar produced?
tubes 7 and 8
Urine is formed by three processes. In which process do filtrate components that are useful to the body move from the nephron into the blood?
tubular reabsorption
This connective tissue covering of the testis also divides it into lobes.
tunica albuginea
The fascial sac derived from the peritoneum that covers the testis is the __________.
tunica vaginalis
Glucose remains in the bloodstream as a result of _______.
type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus
This cord attaches the embryo to the placenta.
umbilical cord
The prefix -- means urine, urinary tract, or urea.
ur
An elevated level of urea in the blood is __________.
uremia
Which of these male accessory ducts transports both sperm cells and urine?
urethra
The word root _______ means urine.
uria
With the valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder closed, _______.
urine volume was zero
What part of the female system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte?
uterine (fallopian) tube
The "arms of the Y" that extend from the body of the uterus in the cat are the __________.
uterine horns
After ovulation, the "egg" travels to the uterus through the ________.
uterine tube
The __________ is a pear-shaped organ that houses the embryo or fetus during its development.
uterus
The canal that extends from the vestibule to the uterus is called the ________.
vagina
The nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons are surrounded by a looping, ladder-like blood vessel called the ________.
vasa recta
What structure receives blood from the efferent arteriole of a juxtamedullary nephron?
vasa recta
Which of the following is the primary physiological function of the large intestine?
water absorption and feces elimination
Excess glucose can be found in the urine _______.
when the transport maximum for reabsorption in the kidney tubules is exceeded, as a result of type 1 diabetes or as a result of type 2 diabetes
Which of the following should NOT be found in the filtrate in the Bowman's capsule?
white blood cells
The outer cortex of the adrenal gland is divided into three areas. Which one produces aldosterone?
zona glomerulosa
The fertilized egg, or __________, appears as a single cell surrounded by a fertilization membrane and a jellylike membrane.
zygote
