lab guide
waste disposal containers
-Sharps Non-Biohazard-cardboard box marked "broken glass" -Sharps Biohazard-small red plastic container with NO bag -Non-Sharps Non-Biohazard-regular trash can (or a recycling bin) -Non-Sharps Biohazard-larger round red plastic container with an orange Biohazard sign and waste bag -Hazardous Waste (or surplus chemicals)- A sturdy, plastic jug (or container) for disposing of chemicals or anything contaminated with chemicals posing a significant hazard
mitosis Number of nuclear divisionsNumber of daughter cells produced Chromosome number Cells are genetically Crossing over When do homologous chromosomes pair?
1 2 stays the same genetically identical does not occur does not occur
The VP test tests for Alcohol production A positive test result is ____ Which organism tested positive?
1 alcohol production 2 red 3 enterobacter
Nitrate reduction tests for A positive test result is Which organism tested positive? E. coli
1 nitrite production 2 red 3 E. coli
Oxidase tests for A positive test result is Purple Was Pseudomonas positive or negative for this test?
1 the presences of cytochrome oxidase 2 purple 3 positive
scientific method
1. Make observations—The scientific method is an approach to carrying out science and typically begins with an observation. 2. Ask a question—Since we are naturally inquisitive creatures, our observations often spawn questions about what we have observed. 3. Do background research—To keep from re-inventing the wheel or starting from scratch regarding your question, you will need to consult scientific literature and see what others may know related to your question. This will help you make a prediction (hypothesis) and back it up 4. Construct a testable hypothesis—A hypothesis is a tentative (or possible) explanation for an observation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that you can examine by further investigation. Your prediction is that there is a measurable interaction between the variables being investigated and what you observe is the result of a real effect. An alternative explanation (null hypothesis) is that no difference between the different groups exists. Although some studies are performed to obtain more information and do not require a hypothesis, very little academic research is done just to satisfy curiosity. 5. Design an experiment—First, determine which variables are relevant to the question. A variable is any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types and is capable of being controlled, changed, or measured in an experiment Types of variables in an experiment include independent variables, dependent variables, and controlled variables. Independent variable—the one variable changed in the experiment. For example, if you are trying to find out how carbon dioxide concentration affects photosynthetic rates in plants; your independent variable might be the concentration of carbon dioxide in the solution. You must have only one independent variable in your experiment. You should not vary both the carbon dioxide concentration and the temperature. You can not draw reliable conclusions from the experiment if you altered more than one experimental condition. Dependent variables—the variable measured or observed to see how it responds to changes in the independent variable. Unlike the independent variable, an experiment can have several dependent variables because variations in the independent variable may have multiple effects. Dependent variables can include qualitativeas well as quantitative data. Quantitative data could include the length of leaves and weight of roots. Qualitative data could include the color of the radish leaves or the taste of the root would. Controlled variables—these are the variables you want to remain constant or unchanged. Controlled variables might include light exposure, humidity, pH of solution, plant species used, temperature, etc. If you change these variables, they become independent variables, and remember that you should not have more than one independent variable in a scientific experiment. 6. Perform the experiment 7. Analyze data and draw conclusions-Statistical analysis ensures that your data are interpreted correctly and those apparent relationships are meaningful (or "stastistically significant") and are not simply due to chance happenings. The statistical anaylsis will indicate if your results support your hypothesis or do not support your hypothesis. At this point it is important to reevaluate the experiment to be sure it is free from flaws in design and execution then repeat and replicate the experiment to verify the findings and weed out human error. If your original hypothesis is not supported, it is alright to go back to the drawing board and hypothesize a new answer to the question and a new way to test it. If your hypothesis was supported, you may refine your hypothesis. Either way, the process of experimentation often yields new questions to investigate. 8. Communicate results-Scientific journal articles are how researcher labs communicate their results to the broader scientific community. For now, you will typically use lab reports, graphs, or tables to share your findings. Graphs and figures help your audience understand the data quickly by illustrating comparisons, relationships, and trends.
You were told to examine amyloplasts in potato cells. Write your proposed procedure for preparing your specimen & viewing amyloplasts-be sure it is in a numbered, step-by-step format!
1. use a blade to slice off a thin section of potato 2. place slice on the center of a clean microscope 3. place 1-2 drops of iodine onto the specimen 4. place a cover slip over the top of the specimen 5. view on the microscope
If you counted 100 cells and 90 of the cells were in interphase, what would the mitotic rate be?
10/100=10%
elodea (why it is a plant)
1a. It has a nucleus, or its size is > 10 um diameter- It has a cell wall- It has chloroplast-
staphylococcus aureus and escherichia coli
1b. It does not have a nucleus, or its size is < 10 um diameter-Prokaryotic
The individual cells scattered across the slide are much smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter The cells have a cell wall The cells do not contain chloroplast The cells do not have cilia or flagella
1b. It does not have a nucleus, or its size is < 10 um diameter-Prokaryotic The organism is prokaryotic
meiosis Number of nuclear divisionsNumber of daughter cells produced Chromosome number Cells are genetically Crossing over When do homologous chromosomes pair?
2 4 halved genetically different occurs in prophase 1 occurs in prophase 1
can these two individuals have a child with o blood
2 no
Assume there are 50 cells in this image. What is the mitotic rate? (Count recently divided cells as 1).
24
Which temperature produced the highest enzyme activity?
40 0C
You are viewing a fungal specimen on a compound light microscope through a 40X objective lens with 10X ocular lenses (or eyepieces). What is the total magnification?
400X
Fill in the blanks for the equation below representing photosynthesis.
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
Which temperature produced the lowest enzyme activity?
80 0C
enzyme
A biological catalyst that is typically a protein. Lowers activation energy.
tRNA
A single strand of RNA folded on itself. Has an anticodon on one end and an acceptor stem, which binds to specific amino acids, on the other end.
mrna
A single stranded RNA molecule that contains codons that are "read" at the ribosome.
The data suggest that Pseudomonas uses which metabolic pathway?
Aerobic respiration
What type of variation in anoles is passed to the offspring?
All characteristics that are genetically determined
care for microscope
Always use two hands to carry the scope. Place one hand under the base and the other hand on the arm of the microscope. Never tilt the microscope from an upright position, as lenses or filters may fall and break. Only use lens paper to clean the lenses on the microscope. Never use anything other than lens paper to clean the lenses as it will scratch the lenses. Never use water or other liquids when cleaning the lenses. Be aware of the location of the cord. Make sure the cord does not create a tripping hazard. Keep the cord out of the sink to prevent accidents. Always use the proper focusing technique. Only use the coarse focus adjustment knob on the scanning objective lens (the lens with the shortest tube). Using the coarse focus any other time can ram the objective lens into a slide and break the lens or the slide. See the section on focusing a compound light microscope for more information. Do not use the oil immersion lens (100x) without oil. It is not possible to focus properly without oil and you risk damaging the lens and the slide. Store the microscope properly.
The data suggest that E. coli uses which metabolic pathway?
Anaerobic respiration
check regent labels twice
Be sure you are using the correct chemical. DOUBLE CHECK THE LABEL on the bottle before you remove the chemical and to remind yourself of the hazards listed on the GHS label.
The sodium bicarbonate serves as a source of which reactant in the equation?
CO2
The variable(s) you want to remain constant and unchanging.
CV
next generation squeuence
Cellular DNA is fragmented, captured on a solid surface, amplified by PCR, then islands of DNA are sequenced by adding fluorescently labeled reversible chain terminating nucleotides and interpreting the fluorescence.
In the dialysis tubing experiment, which of the following provides evidence for your conclusion about the movement of iodine?
Change in color inside the dialysis tubing bag (artificial cell)
How did the different body types first arise in the Caribbean anoles?
Changes in the anoles occurred by chance, and when there was a good match between structure and available resources, those anoles had more offspring
ribosomes
Consists of a large and small subunit. Made up of protein and rRNA. Has an E, P, and A site.
non biohazards
Container for temporarily storing of basic, everyday waste
organismal cloning
Creates a genetically identical multicellular organism
Typically a double-stranded helix
DNA
Contains adenine, cytosine, and guanine
DNA and RNA
The variable (or thing) measured or observed to see how it responds to changes in the variable (or thing) you are changing.
DV
In the dialysis tubing experiment, which of the following are true statements about the starch or movement of starch? (Select all that apply)
Did not move across the dialysis tubing was a solute
Which statement best describes the interactions among the various species of anoles and the food supply?
Different species of anoles compete primarily with species that eat the same kinds of food and utilize the same portion of the habitat and some may die.
Established Cell Lines
Escaped the normal constraints of the cell cycle and can grow indefinitely Sometimes obtained from clinical tumors
The data suggest that Enterobacter uses which metabolic pathway
Fermentation
biohazards non sharp
For the disposal of any item that (1) would not normally penetrate the skin and (2) contains a biological substance, such as blood or microorganisms, that could be dangerous to people or the environment
hazardous waste container
For the disposal of chemicals or anything contaminated with chemicals posing a significant hazard
tissue culture
Growth of cells or tissues in an artificial medium
cytosine goes to
Guanine
heating substances
Heat substances in heat-resistant glassware only.
fire blanket
Highly flame-resistant blanket that can be used to extinguish a small fire or to wrap around a person in case of a fire
The one variable (or thing) you change in the experiment. Limit to only one in the experiment.
IV
first aid kit and eyewash station
If you are injured or have an existing injury that needs treatment while in a biology lab, you may use the items in the first aid kit on yourself. Unless specifically trained to do so, you MAY NOT perform first aid, nor use the supplies provided in the first aid kit on another person.
Which of the following statements would describe a likely explanation for lactose intolerance?
In many adult mammals the gene that codes for lactase is not expressed and the protein is not produced.
In the dialysis tubing experiment, which of the following provides evidence for your conclusion about the movement of water?
Increase in the mass/volume of the dialysis tubing bag (artificial cell)
Nanopore technology:
Involves a synthetic membrane with a current and a small opening. Determines nucleotide sequence on intact DNA strands based on disruption of current.
stentor why it is a protozoan
It has a nucleus, or its size is > 10 um diameter It does not have a cell wall It has cilia or flagella
human cheek cells
It has a nucleus, or its size is > 10 um diameter It does not have a cell wall- It does not have cilia or flagella
The individual cells in the tissue of the specimen are larger than 10 micrometers in diameter The cells have a cell wall The cells do not contain chloroplast The cells do not have cilia or flagella
It has a nucleus, or its size is > 10 um diameter It has a cell wall . It does not have chloroplast The organism is a fungus
The individual cells in the tissue of the specimen are larger than 10 micrometers in diameter The cells lack a cell wall The cells do not contain chloroplast The cells do not have cilia or flagella
It has a nucleus, or its size is > 10 um diameter- It does not have a cell wall It does not have cilia or flagella The organism is an animal
PPE
Long hair should be pulled back to prevent dragging through biohazards or reagents. Loose or baggy clothing and hanging jewelry are hazards in the lab. Closed-toed shoes - Closed-toed shoes are required for all labs. Never wear sandals or shoes with cut out toes or backs to the lab. Goggles - For proper eye protection, safety goggles or safety glasses must be worn when required in the SDS of the chemical you are working with OR when working with biohazard materials in liquid form. Ordinary eyeglasses do not provide adequate protection for use in the science laboratory or classroom. Lab coats - For proper clothing protection, a lab coat or removable over garment must be worn when required in the SDS of the chemical you are working with OR when working with biohazard materials. Gloves - For skin protection gloves must be worn whenrequired in the SDS of the chemical you are working with OR when working with biohazard materials
Would you expect a cell from a benign tumor or a cell from a malignant tumor to have a higher mitotic rate? Explain.
Malignant tumors are cancerous. These cells divide rapidly and can invade other tissues
In the dialysis tubing experiment, which of the following are true statements about the glucose or movement of glucose? (Select all that apply)
Moved with/down the concentration gradient (only select this if the chemical moved across the dialysis tubing) -Moved across the dialysis tubing - This is an example of diffusion, but not osmosis (only select this if the chemical moved across the dialysis tubing) Correct!
One gene determines if a person will have Huntington's disease. There are two alleles for this gene. The allele that causes Huntington's disease is a dominant allele. Huntington's disease is expressed through simple/complete dominance. Could two parents that do not have Huntington's disease have a child that has Huntington's disease?
No, if both parents were hh they could not have a child with Huntington's.
Is this karyotype from a human?
No, it has too many chromosomes pairs to be from a human.
Explain why the enzyme activity and temperature results make sense for human lactase. To earn full credit you should reference human body temperature and explain in terms of the structure and function of lactase.
Normal human body temperature is 37°C, which is close to 40°C. Enzyme activity was highest at 40°C. Extreme deviations from 37°C may result in denaturation of lactase, thereby decreasing or destroying its function.
primary cells
Obtained directly from donor tissues
primary cell
Only able to grow a finite number of times due to telomere loss (chromosomal shortening)
Why do some adaptive traits, such as thicker fur or flowers of different colors, evolve over time within a population of organisms?
Organisms with these traits survived longer and had more offspring than other organisms in the population, so their traits were passed on to more offspring.
Fire Extinguisher
PASS pull the pin aim at the base of the fire squeeze the lever slowly sweep from side to side
A homozygous-polled cross heterozygous polled
PP Pp PP Pp 100% polled
Regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and bioprinting are relatively new fields. List and briefly describe 2 potential benefits to bioprinted tissues or organs.
Patients would be less likely to have an immune response to tissues printed with their own cells Repairing tissues or organs with limited blood supply like cartilage Using functioning human tissue to help screen medication candidates and reduce the number of lab animals required for research Providing organs for transplant when no matching donors are available
dna micoarray
Pinpoint differences in gene expression between cell types
Describe how the anatomy of the plant and animal cells change the way hypotonic solutions affect them.
Plant cells are surrounded by rigid cell walls. When plant cells are exposed to hypotonic environments, water rushes into the cell, and the cell swells, but is kept from breaking by the rigid wall layer. Animal cells lack rigid cell walls. When they are exposed to hypotonic environments, water rushes into the cell, and the cell swells. Eventually, if water is not removed from the cell, the pressure will exceed the tensile strength of the cell, and it will burst open, or lyse.
In the dialysis tubing experiment, which of the following provides evidence for your conclusion about the movement of glucose
Positive Benedict's test result from solution in specimen dish
A positive oxidase test provides evidence that aerobic cellular respiration can occur by testing for
Presence of an enzyme required for aerobic cellular respiration
karyotype
Process where stained chromosomes are photographed and sorted to look for abnormalities
sanger didoexy sequence
Produces fragments of DNA because fluorescently labeled nucleotides with a 3'-H are added which terminate DNA synthesis. These fragments are then denatured and then separated by gel electrophoresis.
The VP test provides evidence that alcoholic fermentation is happening by testing for
Production of a product in alcoholic fermentation
The nitrate reduction test provides evidence that anaerobic respiration is happening by testing for
Production of a product in nitrate reduction
Which of the following would you need to do to safely perform chemical tests with bacteria. (Select all that apply)
Put on gloves if you are handling the tubes containing bacteria Remove personal items from table except for a writing utensil and printed data sheet with instructions Pull back long hair if applicable Put on lab apron Put on safety glasses
Look back at the results of Benedict's test. Would you consider this testing procedure to be qualitative chemical analysis or quantitative chemical analysis or both? Explain your reasoning.
Qualitative-color change indicates that reducing sugars are present. Quantitative-The specific color (green, yellow, red) indicates how much sugar is present.
Which enzyme uses single-stranded DNA to synthesize a complementary strand of mRNA?
RNA polymerase
which of the following DNA sequencing takes the longest
Sanger method
If your enzymatic reaction was at saturation, and pH and temperaturewere constant, how would you increase the rate of reaction?
Saturation implies that the substrate (lactose) is abundant. To increase the rate of reaction add more enzymes.
gel electrophoresis
Separates particles by size, shape, and electrical charge.
Would you expect a skin cell or a bone cell to have a higher mitotic rate? Explain.
Skin cell. Skin cells are directly exposed to the environment and must be replaced more frequently.
disposing of excess regents
Some reagents are disposed of in hazardous waste containers while others may be flushed down the sink.
A volcano erupted on an island. The ash released from the volcano changed the acidity (pH) of the soil from the level it had been for hundreds of years. This significant change resulted in new environmental pressures on species in the soil. Which of the following is a likely outcome of these pressures?
Some species will disappear from the soil because they do not have individuals with traits that allow them to survive in more acidic soil.
general safety awareness
Students may not work in the lab unless they are under the supervision of their lab instructor. Learn and memorize the location and use of the emergency eyewash station, fire extinguisher, first aid kit, glass disposal container, fire blanket, and exits. Food and drink are not allowed in the lab. Do not taste chemicals. Only smell substances when given specific instructions to do so. Your instructor will demonstrate the appropriate method to waft chemicals. Be aware of others working in the lab and place your books and bags out of the way to prevent others from tripping and damage to your property during the lab. Never use chipped or cracked glassware. If you find broken glassware inform your instructor and discard it in the broken glass container. Wipe down your lab table before and after lab and wash your hands before leaving the lab.
gathering regents
Take only the amount of reagents you need. To prevent contamination, use a clean pipette, dropper, or spatula and do not return the excess to stock containers. For some labs, you may have a small container that you can take to your lab bench to return the container to the center bench when you are finished. Secure lids or stoppers on reagents to prevent spilling.
Why is a heat-stable DNA polymerase needed for PCR?
Taq polymerase comes from a species of bacteria, found in hot springs, which can tolerate high temperatures. This polymerase is a heat-stable and can tolerate the high-temperature denaturation steps of all reaction cycles. Other polymerases subjected to high temperatures used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) would denature and become non-functional.
In the spinach leaf disk experiment, which beaker had more disks float and had disks float faster?
The beaker with bicarbonate ion and water
If you put a fresh potato strip into distilled water what would you expect to happen to the cells that make up the potato strip?
The cell size would increase
What would you expect to happen to a plant cell that was placed in an extremely hypotonic solution like pure water?
The cell would increase in volume The cell would neither lyse nor crenate
What would you expect to happen to an animal red blood cell that was placed in an extremely hypotonic solution like pure water?
The cell would increase in volume The cell would likely lyse and expel cellular contents.
activation energy
The energy required to start a reaction
If we performed the spinach leaf disk experiment without light would the leaf disks float? Explain your answer. Be sure to include the reactions involved and the molecules that made the disks float.
The leaf disks would not float. The disks float because oxygen is produced in the light reactions of photosynthesis, and without light available, the leaf disks would not perform photosynthesis.
If you followed the directions provided in the video, and put a potato strip in a solution of 3 g/100 ml of water, what would you expect to happen to the length of the potato strip?
The length of the potato strip would decrease
Explain why your enzyme activity and pH results make sense for human lactase. To earn full credit you should reference pH in the human small intestine (in particular the duodenum where lactase is active) and explain in terms of the structure and function of lactase.
The pH in the human duodenum is around 6. If the pH is too high or low the enzyme would denature.
active site
The portion of the enzyme that binds to the substrate.
Which of the following BEST DESCRIBES the reason why you couldn't you put the organisms in the test tube right before you ran the tests?
The products of the bacteria's metabolism needed to accumulate in large enough quantity to produce a positive test result.
In an anole population, what are the primary changes that occur over time?
The proportions of anoles having different traits within a population change
substrate
The reactant in an enzymatic reaction
This is an image of a red blood cell in a 10% salt solution. Fill in the blank using the proper "tonicity" word to describe the solution.
The solution outside of the cell is hypertonic to the cell's cytoplasm. The cell's cytoplasm is hypotonic to the solution around the cell.
This is an image of a red blood cell in a 0% salt solution. Fill in the blank using the proper "tonicity" word to describe the solution.
The solution outside of the cell is hypotonic to the cell's cytoplasm. The cell's cytoplasm is hypertonic to the solution around the cell.
This is an image of a red blood cell in a 0.9% salt solution. Fill in the blank using the proper "tonicity" word to describe the solution.
The solution outside of the cell is isotonic to the cell's cytoplasm. The cell's cytoplasm is isotonic to the solution around the cell.
rate of reaction
The speed that the reactant is converted into the product.
The test tubes you would typically use to conduct the nitrate reduction and VP tests contain the organisms being tested and specialized broth that contained nitrate and glucose, respectively. The organisms have to be placed in each of the types of broth for several days before testing them. What result would you have obtained if the organisms would have been placed in the tubes right before you ran the test?
The test would come back negative for the products being tested for regardless of the organism's metabolism.
Why can bacteria grow on the gelatinous medium, even when antibiotics are added?
They are expressing an antibiotic resistance gene encoded on the plasmid DNA that the gene of interest was "pasted" into
aminoacyl tuna synthetases
This enzyme binds amino acids to the acceptor stem
You receive a slide containing an unknown specimen (see below). The only notable characteristics are: It is larger than 10 micrometers in diameter It lacks a cell wall It contains chloroplast It has a flagellum
This organism is a protozoan It has cilia or flagella It does not have a cell wall It has a nucleus, or its size is > 10 um diameter
adenine goes to
Thymine
Provide both a title and a descriptive figure legend for the graph for the temperature experiment. Please label them in your answer.
Title: Glucose Production Based on the Measure of Lactase Activity Lactose concentration of 500 (mg/ dL) at a pH of 7 on time recorded in 3 minute intervals as lactase activity is being measured at 4 different temperatures; 20, 40, 60, & 80C.
Which of the following best describes the purpose of DNA replication?
To make 2 identical copies of DNA to prepare for cell division
glass disposal box
To safely store and dispose of any decontaminated/clean broken glassware and non-infectious slides
The enzyme that makes cDNA from mRNA is called reverse transcriptase. Why is that a good name for this enzyme?
Transcription is the process of creating a complementary RNA strand from a DNA template with the enzyme RNA polymerase. Reverse transcriptase produces cDNA from a complementary RNA strand, which is the reverse of transcription. Also, the ending "ase" indicates the molecule is an enzyme.
In the dialysis tubing experiment, which of the following are true statements about the water or movement of water?
Was a solvent Moved across the dialysis tubing Moved with/down the concentration gradient (only select this if the chemical moved across the dialysis tubing) This is an example of osmosis (only select this if the chemical moved across the dialysis tubing)
eyewash station
Washing chemicals or substances that might splash into an individual's eyes before he or she can seek further medical attention
uild a Punnett square that would give you a 3:1 ratio of yellow to green peas in the F1 generation. If heterozygous individuals are involved, place the dominant allele first.
Y y Y y YY Yy Yy yy
One gene determines if a person will have CF. There are two alleles for this gene. The allele that causes CF is a recessive allele. CF is expressed through simple/complete dominance. Could two parents that do not have CF have a child that has CF?
Yes, if both parents are Gg they could have a child with cystic fibrosis.
Which kind of life cycle has a multicellular diploid form and multicellular haploid form?
alternation of generations
codon
amino acid
Look back at the test results for the Grease Spot test, Iodine test, Ninhydrin test, Benedict's test, and Biuret test. Determine which macromolecules are present in Unknown 4.
amino acids and glucose
Look back at the test results for the Grease Spot test, Iodine test, Ninhydrin test, Benedict's test, and Biuret test. Determine which macromolecules are present in Unknown 2.
amino acids starch
f oxygen is not available for aerobic respiration
an organism will do either anaerobic respiration or fermentation.
spliceosomes
are the enzymes that remove
Poll Merino sheep are a subtype of merino sheep bred specifically for their lack of horns and high quality fine wool.
artificial selection
Episodic Falling Syndrome is a syndrome of muscle stiffness and collapses found in Cavalier King Charles spaniels. No other breed is known to suffer from it. Here is (somewhat sad) a Youtube video of an affected animal.2- Episodic Falling Syndrome - Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (Links to an external site.) In order to be affected an individual must receive two copies of the mutated allele, which is located on chromosome 7. Which of the following terms best describe this syndrome?
autosomal recessive
Which type of cell division occurs in organisms without a nucleus?
binary fission
chemical abstracts service
chemical is aceton e seek medical attention safety glasses and gloves should be worn when using this chemical
females in pedigree
circle
The template strand of DNA (also called the antisense strand) is complementary to which of the following?
coding dna mrna
With regards to evolution, the term "fitness" refers to an organism's contribution to the gene pool of the next generation
contribution to the gene pool of the next generation
Which kind of life cycle has a multicellular diploid form and a single-celled haploid form?
diploid
Contains thymine
dna
triplet
dna
What is the name of the enzyme responsible for synthesizing new daughter strands of DNA?
dna polymerase
True or False. Immunosuppression would still be necessary for patients receiving tissue transplants derived from their own iPS cells.
false
True or False. In all sexually reproducing organisms (ex: animals, plants, and fungi) gametes are created by meiosis.
false
When viewing a specimen through the high power (40X) objective, it is okay to use the coarse focus (or adjustment) to focus the specimen.
false
introns
from pre mrna in eukaryotic organisms to create mature mrna
The Black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) plummeted to only a few dozen ferrets for various reasons including habitat destruction, decline in prairie dog population, and exotic diseases like canine distemper. However, a successful captive breeding program and reintroduction to the wild has increased the total number of ferrets to more than 1,000!
gene drift
The Canada goose (Branta canadensis) is normally migratory, however in some human-altered areas, like golf courses, some geese no longer migrate and are full-time residents. When only some of the members of a goose population enter or leave the area this can change the proportion of alleles in the gene pool.
gene flow
Use this figure of DNA microarray to answer the microarray question. What do the yellow spots indicate?
genes that are expressed in both normal cells and tumor cells
Fill in the blanks for the equation below which represent nitrate reduction, a type of anaerobic respiration.
glucose + 6 nitrate ---- nitrite + 6 water + ATP
Fill in the blanks for the equation below representing aerobic respiration
glucose + 6 oxygen -- carbon dioxide + 6 water + atp
Alcoholic Fermentation equation
glucose --- 2 ethanol + 2 CO2 + ATP
A gardener thinks that the type of soil and amount of water affect the growth of their carrot plants, and they want to find out if they are right. The gardener first tests if the type of soil affects the growth of the carrot plants. They use three different types of soil and places 10carrot plants in each type of soil. The gardener uses the same amount of water for all the plants. Which of the following is the dependent variable in this experiment?
growth of Carrot
Which kind of life cycle has a single-celled diploid form and multicellular haploid form?
haploid
Enzyme that untwist/unzip the double helix at the replication forks
helicase
Evolution is a theory about
how life changed after its origin
dna sequencing
identifying the "sequence" of bases in a gene
The figure shows (A) Tricolored (black, sable, and white), nonmerle Shetland Sheepdog (mm). (B) Blue merle Shetland Sheepdog (Mm). (C)Double merle Shetland Sheepdog (MM). (Left) Phenotypes. (Center) Exon 11 PCR products. (Right) Length markers.
incomplete dominance
Bacillus thuringienses (Bt) bacteria produce a natural insecticide. Widespread use of Bt has lead to Bt resistance among insects. Why is this occurring?
individual insects that have mutations providing resistance to Bt can survive in the presence of Bt. The survivors pass this Bt resistance on to their offspring.
molecule
lactase is the enzyme glucose is the product galactose is a product lactose is the reactant
Ear length in sheep is expressed through incomplete dominance and is determined by a single gene. There are two alleles for this gene; long ears (EL) and no ears (EN). A sheep that inherits one long-eared allele and one no eared allele will have short ears. Match the genotypes to the description of the phenotype. EL EL long ears EN EN no ears EL EN short ears
long ears no ears short ears
Which type of cell division is most likely to increases genetic variation?
meiosis
Which type of cell division produces haploid cells from diploid cells?
meiosis
In a karyogram, you are looking at images of chromosomes from metaphase . The chromosomes are arranged in pairs and numbered from the largest to smallest with the sex chromosomes last.
metaphase largest smallest
Which type of division produces daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell? (select all that appl
mitosis binary fission
Which type of cell division occurs in eukaryotic cells? (select all that apply)
mitosis meiosis
There is also an arrow pointing at chromosome 31, indicating an abnormality. What term could be used to describe this?
monosomy 31
How many copies of our target DNA is produced after 30 cycles of PCR from a single copy of the template (or DNA fragment)?
more that a billion
In the dialysis tubing experiment, which of the following are true statements about the iodine or movement of iodine?
moved across the dialysis tubing This is an example of diffusion, but not osmosis (only select this if the chemical moved across the dialysis tubing) Was a solute Moved with/down the concentration gradient (only select this if the chemical moved across the dialysis tubing)
Microarray evaluates gene expression by evaluating the presence of...
mrna
An error in occurred in the germ-line tissues during the production of gametes. This error altered a DNA sequence within a gene producing a new allele.
mutation
A single black widow spider (Latrodectus spp.) is capable of producing hundreds of offspring at one time. Black widow spiders catch their prey using webs. The strength of the web varies by the spider who spins it. The stronger the web, the more likely the prey will not be able to escape the web. Therefore spiders who have the ability to spin stronger webs, are more likely to catch prey, which increases their odds of surviving to reproduce.
natural selection
You have an animal tested and the genetic test result comes back heterozygous. Should you breed this animal?
no
You have an animal tested and the genetic test result comes back homozygous recessive. Should you breed this animal?
no
In the dialysis tubing experiment, which of the following provides evidence for your conclusion about the movement of starch?
no color change in the specimen dish
You have finished performing a procedure in the biology lab and now need to dispose of a plastic test tube that contains the sample starch solution you were testing. Which waste container should you use?
non sharps non biohazard waste
For the next part of the lab, you are going to create a standard curve using a set of protein standards containing known concentrations of "bovine serum albumin" (BSA), which is a protein, and Biuret reagent. We mixed 1 ml of biuret reagent and 1 ml of the specific protein standard then use a spectrophotometer to record the absorbance at 545 nm. Which tube would you use to calibrate or "blank" the spectrophotometer? (If you need to, go back to the information in the pre-lab quiz to help you with this question)
o mg/ml
The data suggest that the spinach uses which metabolic pathway?
photosynthesis
Whenever a gene is "cut" out of the genome of one organism, instead of directly "pasting" it directly into the genome of another organism it is typically "pasted" into a circular DNA molecule called a plasmid . (See below)
plasmid
evolution occurs in
populations
Enzyme that synthesizes a short RNA strand using the parental DNA as a template
primase
Short RNA strand that base-pairs with the template strand of DNA and allows the enzyme responsible for polymerizing DNA to initiate synthesis
primer
Typically, significant amounts of a sample of DNA are necessary for molecular and genetic analyses or manipulation. Therefore, studies of isolated pieces of DNA are nearly impossible without PCR amplification. Which of the following ingredients in PCR plays a role in choosing (or selecting) the region of DNA that will be amplified?
primers
The leaf disk method provides evidence that photosynthesis is occurring by testing for
production of a product of photosynthesis
Look back at the test results for the Grease Spot test, Iodine test, Ninhydrin test, Benedict's test, and Biuret test. Determine which macromolecules are present in Unknown 3.
protein starch
ninhydrin test
purple is positive
Located at each end of a replication bubble, a Y-shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound
replication fork
What do biologists typically use to "cut" this gene out of the genome of this organism?
restriction enzymes
Has a -OH group on the 2' carbon of its sugar component
rna
In Texas Longhorns (a type of cattle) coat color is determined by one gene that is expressed through codominance. There are two alleles for this gene; red (CR)and white (CW). Both alleles are dominant. Longhorns that display both red and white hair are called "roan". Match the genotype to the phenotype. CRCW [ Select ] ["Roan", "White", "Red"] CRCR [ Select ] ["Roan", "Red", "White"] CWCW White
roan red white
If you were looking at a slide of an onion root, which part of the root would you look at to find cells undergoing mitosis?
root tip
The base pairing relationship between the nucleotides suggested a possible mechanism for copying, but how was it done? 3 models for DNA replication were proposed.
semi conservative
Proteins that bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA
single stranded binding protein
Which of the following were examples of organs that have already been successfully tissue-engineered and implanted into humans?
small arteries Correct! all of these trachea bladder skin graft cartilage
males on a pedigree
squares
What macromolecule is commonly synthesized and stored in amyloplasts?
starch
Look back at the test results for the Grease Spot test, Iodine test, Ninhydrin test, Benedict's test, and Biuret test. Determine which macromolecules are present in Unknown 1.
starch glucose
A flammable solution you are heating catches fire and ignites your lab coat. Which of the following is the best choice?
stop drop and roll
fire blanket
stop drop and roll fire retardant blanket nearby
rhizopus (why it is a fungus)
t has a nucleus, or its size is > 10 um diameter It has a cell wall It does not have chloroplast
How do we get DNA into plant cells? Nature provides a way! The bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens is commonly used by researchers to introduce genes of interest into plant cells so that we can generate a genetically modified plant.
the bacteria agrobacterium tumefacines
What instrument is typically used to carry out a PCR?
thermocycler
A given plant population is pollinated exclusively by a particular bee. A wet spring leads to a disease that wipes out all of the bees in the plant's habitat. What is the likely outcome for this plant population?
this plant population will die off
DNA segment
thymine is the 5 end and adenine is the 3 end
The following questions relate to the x & y-axes of the graph that depicts the data from the temperature experiment Which variable should go on the x-axis? Time What are the units for the x-axis Min Which variable should go on the y-axis? Lactose concentration What are the units for the y-axis? Mg/dL
time min glucose concentration and mg/dl
Enzyme that relieves the strain caused by tight twisting ahead of the replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
topoisomerase
Which of the following uses a template strand of DNA to produce a complementary strand of mRNA?
transcription
hich of these occurs at the ribosome?
translation
There is an arrow pointing at chromosome 5, indicating an abnormality. What term could be used to describe this? monosomy 5
trisomy 5
anticodon
trna
A gardener thinks that the type of soil and amount of water affects the growth of their carrot plants, and they want to find out if they are right. The gardener first tests if the type of soil affects the growth of the carrot plants. They use three different types of soil and places 10 carrot plants in each type of soil. The gardener uses the same amount of water for all the plants. Which of the following is the independent variable in this experiment?
type of soil
You have an animal tested and the genetic test result comes back homozygous dominant should you breed this animal?
yes
