Lab Quiz 5

1. The Lowest pressure in the artery - produced during the heart's relaxation phase. 2. Normal for 20 year old male is ________ (plus units)

1. Diastolic Blood Pressure 80 mmHg

1. Diastolic Pressure + (1/3) Pulse Pressure. This is the average effective pressure forcing blood through the circulatory system. 2. Normal range is . . .

1. Mean Blood Pressure 2. 96 - 100 mmHg

1. The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures. 2. Normal value is . . .

1. Pulse Pressure 2. 40 mmHg

1. The highest pressure in the artery - produced during the heart's contraction phase. 2. Normal for 20 year old male is _________ (plus units)

1. Systolic Blood Pressure 2. 120 mmHg

The specific gravity of blood is ______ while that of mercury is _____.

1.056 13.6

Blood pressure carries with a person's age, weight and sex. Below age 35, women have a B.P of ______mmHg lower than men. 40-45 years, women have a BP _________ than does a man's. What is the rule of thumb? What is the exception?

10 mmHg Faster 100 + age = Ideal systolic pressure at any age. After 50, is invalid

Produced at the beginning of systole when the atrioventricular (A-V) valves close and the semilunar (S-L) vales open. -This has a lower pitched tone commonly termed the "lub"

1st Heart Sound

The cardiovascular efficiency of a person is determined by the amount of exercise required to obtain a ______ ratio.

2.5 pulse ratio

Occurs during the end of systole and is produced by the closure of the S-L valves, the opening of the A-V valves, and the resulting vibrations in the arteries and ventricles. -Due to the higher blood pressure in the arteries, the sound produced is higher pitched. It is commonly referred to as the "dub" sound

2nd Heart Sound

Occurs during the rapid filling of the ventricles after the A-V valves open and is probably produced by vibrations of the ventricular wall.

3rd Heart Sound

Occurs at the time of atrial contraction and is probably due to the accelerated rush of blood into the ventricles.

4th Heart Sound

In palpatory method, systolic pressure recorded with the palpatory method is usually around _______mmHg lower than obtained from auscultatory method.

5 mmHg

What pressure is higher than venous pressure?

50 mmHg

How do you interpret index scores?

<55 = Poor Physical condition 55-64 = Low Average 65-79 = High Average 80-90 = Goof 90 > Excellent

All ________ must ultimately make regular excursions to the surface for O2. When they are submerged, their O2 stores are economically utilized through a depression of metabolism and slowing of the heart, which is called ________

Amniotes Bradycardia

_______ blood pressure is the most frequently measured pressure and the most useful

Atrial

Four major _________ areas on the chest where sounds from each valve can be heart most clearly. List them and their corresponding valve

Ausculatory Areas 1. Upper right hand side: Aortic Area; Aortic S-L valve 2. Lower right hand side: Tricuspid Area; Right A-V valve 3. Upper left hand side: Pulmonary Area; Pulmonary S-L valve 4. Lower left hand side: Mitral Area; Left A-V valve

__________ of the heart means "to listen to" and study sounds arising from the heart during its pumping activity.

Auscultation

Name the Method: Place the bell of the stethoscope below the cuff over the ______ artery where it branches into radial and ulnar arteries. Inflate cuff above diastolic (___ - _____ mmHg) so you can hear the spurting of blood through partially occluded artery. Increase cuff pressure to above systolic pressure (______ mmHg) so that the artery is completely collapsed and no sounds are heard

Auscultatory Method Brachial 80-90 mmHg 160 mmHg

Which method has been found to be fairly close to the direct method in the pressures recorded? How off is it from the direct method?

Auscultatory method 3-4 mmHg lower than direct

The measurement of ______ provides us with information on the heart's pumping efficiency and the condition of the systemic blood vessels.

Blood Pressure

The pressure exerted by blood against the vessel walls.

Blood pressure

Norms for the Tuttle Pulse-Ratio test

Boys age 10-12: 33 steps Boys age 13-18: 30 steps Adult man - 29 steps Adult woman - 25 steps

Human blood pressure is most commonly measured in the ____________. It has the added advantage of being approximately the _________ as the heart so that the pressures obtained closely approximate the pressure of the _______ leaving the heart .

Brachial artery of the upper arm same level as the heart Aorta

What is a disadvantage of the palpatory method?

Can't measure diastolic pressure

How do you find Cardiac Output? Include units

Cardiac Output (mL/min) = (HR beats/min)(SV mL/beat)

For diving bradycardia, why is only the face is submerged and why only cold water?

Cold water activates the vagus nerve receptors in the face, causing peripheral vasoconstriction to conserve oxygen to the brain and heart.

In the _______ method, a cannula is inserted into the artery and the direct, head-on pressure of the blood is measures with a _________ or _______________.

Direct Transducer or mercury manometer

This is associated with reduction of circulation to all regions of the body except the heart and brain. (Though the heart slows down)

Diving Reflex is associated with Bradycardia

When lying, standing, and exercising, under what conditions were you vasodilated?

Exercising??? Decreased TPRest

There are ______ major heart sounds, but only the _______ two can be heart without using special amplification.

Four First

This test consists of measuring the endurance in stepping up and down a bench 20 inches/16 inches and the pulse reaction to this exercise.

Harvard Step

Index score goes along with what test?

Harvard Step Test

A normal reflex response to such a cold stimulus is an _______ in blood pressure (both systolic and diastolic). A normal person's systolic pressure may ____ no more than ______ mmHg, but a hypertensive individual may be ___-___ mmGg.

Increase rise, 10mmHg 30-40 mmHg

The index of physical fitness is computed from the following formula:

Index = (Duration of exercise in seconds x 100) / 2 (sum of the pulse counts in recovery)

In the ________ method, pressure is applied externally to the artery and the pressure is determined by listening to arterial sounds (using a ________) below the point where pressure is applied.

Indirect Stethoscope

Why do kids survive better in cold water than warm water?

Kids have more surface area and less developed thermoregulatory control of body temperature, so they cool much more quickly than adults, preserving oxygen stores within the blood and tissues much longer than adults.

In Auscultatory Method, you will hear 4 sounds. What are they called in general?

Korotkow Sounds

How do you find Mean Blood Pressure? Include units

Mean B.P (mmHg) = (cardiac output mL/min)(Total Peripheral Resistance TPR units)

Name the Procedure: Have subject seated with arm on table. Wrap pressure cuff. Close the valve on the bulb by turning it _________. Feel the radial pulse with the wrist and slowly inflate cuff. Increase the pressure to _____mmHg above where you lost pulse Turn valve _______ and write down when pulse first appears

Palpatory Method Clockwise 20 mmHg Counterclockwise

An older and less accurate method of measuring blood pressure is the ______ method, in which one simply palpates or feels the pulse as pressure is applied to the artery.

Palpatory method

Which Phase? Appearance of fairly sharp thudding sound which increases intensity during the next 10mmHg of pressure drop. The pressure when the sound first appears is the _______ pressure

Phase 1 Systolic

Which phase? The sounds become a softer murmur during the next 10-15 mmHg drop in pressure

Phase 2

Which phase? The sounds become louder again and have a sharper thudding quality during the next 10-15mmHg of pressure drop

Phase 3

Which phase? The sounds suddenly become muffled and reduced intensity, The pressure at this point is termed the _______ pressure. Thus muffled sound continues for another 5mmHg pressure drop, after which all sound disappears. The point where the sound ceases completely is called the ___________. It is sometimes recorded along the systolic and diastolic pressures in this manner: _________

Phase 4 Diastolic pressure End Diastolic Pressure 120/80/75

The vibrations producing the sounds can be visually displayed through the use of a heart sound microphone and psychological recorder to produce a ___________

Phonocardiogram

Why a difference in blood pressure readings when sitting verses lying down?

Pressure decreases; The heart is a pump. It takes less effort to pump blood to your brain when you are lying down because your head is about the same level as your heart. When you stand up, your head is much higher than your heart.

The number of steps required to obtain a 2.5 pulse-ratio formula. Define all the symbols

S0 = [S1+(S2-S1)(2.5-r1)]/(r2-r1) S1 = # steps in 1st test S2 = # steps in second test S0 = # Steps required to obtain a 2.5 ratio r1 = The pulse ratio for S1 r2 = The pulse ratio for S2

In either indirect method, pressure is applied to the artery using an instrument called the

Sphyngmomanometer

A medical instrument for listening to the action of someone's heart or breathing

Stethoscope

In general, we say that _____________ indicates the force of contraction of the heart, whereas the __________ reflects condition of the systemic blood vessels -For instance, an increase in ___________ indicates a decrease in vessel elasticity.

Systolic Blood Pressure Diastolic Blood Pressure

How do you measure Total Peripheral Resistance? How do you estimate Total Peripheral Resistance?

TPR (TPR units)= mean arterial pressure (mmHg)/cardiac output(mL/min) TRPest = (systolic + 2 diastolic/3) / (Pp x HR)

This test is based on the observation that for the same number of steps, a less fit person will have a relatively higher pulse rate during the two-minute period of recovery immediately after the exercise

The Tuttle Pulse-Rato Test

The ___________ appears to be fairly accurate for measuring physical condition in middle range and has been also been found to be useful in the detection of pathological hearts and heart abnormalities

The Tuttle-Pulse Ratio Test

This is called the auscultatory method since the detection of sounds is termed "auscultation"

The indirect method of measuring blood pressure

Defined as the total number of pulse beats counted for one minute.

Tuttle's pulse ratio

Increase B.P with age largely caused by loss of __________ with age due to increased deposit of cholesterol and other lipid materials in the blood wall vessels.

Vessel elasticity

Auscultation of the heart are the result of _______ produced when the _______ ________ ________ and the blood rebounds against the _________ walls or blood vessels.

Vibrations Heart Valve Closes Ventricular

Explain why victims of drowning often surface extended periods of submergence in cold water

a parasympathetic response that dramatically slows heart rate (bradycardia), and a compensatory sympathetic response of massive peripheral vasoconstriction, shunting blood to key organs such as the heart and brain (diving reflex)

Peripheral resistance depends on the ________ of the blood vessels and the _______ of the blood.

caliber (diameter) viscosity