Landmarks in Humanities Chapter 5

rise of the West

3 cultures (classical, christian, germanic) came together to fuel the _______ ___ ___ __________

Germanic

3 most famous _________ epics: Beowulf, The Song of the Nibelungs, The Song of Roland

orally

3 most famous: Beowulf, The Song of the Nibelungs, The Song of Roland - These were transmitted _________ for many years b4 they were written down

Pope Leo

800 CE: ______ _______ 3rd crowned Charlemagne "Emperor of the Romans" thus establishing a firm church-state relationship

Feudalism

A political and military system, established patterns of social rank and status that dominated early medieval society

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

tiny

Although the feudal class monopolized land/power in medieval societies, this was only a ______ percent of the total population.

laypeople

Carolingian books were prepared for and by monks and clerics (rather than for ___________-who mostly couldn't read/write)

minuscule

Carolingian copyists replaced the Roman script with the Carolingian ___________ (the model for modern typography)

church

Central to each monastic complex was a _________ that served as a place of worship, and as a shrine that housed the sacred relics (bone, skull, shank of hair exhumed from the Roman catacombs of Christian saints and martyrs)

Crusades

During the 11th century numerous circumstances contributed to a change in the character of Medieval life (Normans pushed Muslims out of the Mediterranean sea, Europeans enjoyed more security) The __________ were directly related to these changes.

literacy

During the early Middle ages few could read/write BUT by the 11th century CE __________ was spreading beyond cathedral schools/monasteries

warriors

Every Germanic chieftain would have a band of ____________ that followed him into battle (every warrior anticipated sharing the spoils of victory)

land

Feudalism involved the exchange of ________ for military service as well as other obligations like: lord's provision of a court of justice, vassal's contribution of ransom if his lord was captured, reciprocation of hospitality

law

Germanic ______ was not legislated by the state but rather was a collection of customs that had been passed orally from generation 2 generation.

horseback

Germanic culture differed from that of Rome - Fighting was a way of life, Germanic warriors fought fiercely both on foot and __________ - They imposed their own traditions on Medieval Europe

traditions

Germanic culture differed from that of Rome - Fighting was a way of life, Germanic warriors fought fiercely both on foot and horseback - They imposed their own _____________ on Medieval Europe

Rome

Germanic culture differed from that of ________ - Fighting was a way of life, Germanic warriors fought fiercely both on foot and horseback - They imposed their own traditions on Medieval Europe

chieftains

Germanic folk often buried the most lavish of these items with their ___________ in boats that were cast-off to sea (corpses, 89-foot-long ship as a tomb)

epic poems

Germanic traditions including those of personal valour and heroism associated with a warring culture, are reflected in the ______ _________ of the early Middle Ages

Christianity

Germanic tribes slowly converted to _____________, but their art entered the mainstream of medieval art (fused with Greco-Roman artforms to flower into the great age of Cathedrals)

Huns

Germanic tribes threatened Roman territories (When the _______ drove them westward) they pressed into the Roman empire

Roman

Germanic tribes threatened ____________ territories (known as the Huns ) they pressed into their empire

Charlemagne

He sponsored the Carolingian renaissance

divided

In the mid-9th century Charlemagne's 3 grandson's _____________ the Empire among themselves (separating the French + German-speaking territories)

material

It soon became apparent that the ___________ benefits of the Crusade outweighed the spiritual ones

serfs

Majority of ppl in Medieval societies were unfree peasants or "______" (along with free men , farmed the soil)

vassal lord

A _________ owed his _______ a # of fighting days (usually forty) per year

school

With Alcuin's assistance, Charlemagne established a _________ at his place in Aachen and similar at Benedictine monasteries throughout the empire.

The Song of the Nibelungs

_____ ________ ____ ____ ___________: an epic that is a product of the Burgundian tribes (recorded in Old German)

The Song of Roland

_____ ________ ____ __________: - The ideals of the fighting nobility in the feudal age are best captured in the oldest/greatest French epic poem - It is based on the ambush at the "Gate of Spain" - is grandiose in its dimensions and profound in its lyric power

Pope Urban

________ _________ the 2nd in 1095 CE called the First Crusade

Song of Roland

__________ _____ __________: an epic that is a Frankish song

Feudal Nobility

__________ _________: closed class of men/women whose superior status was inherited at birth

Beowulf

___________: an epic originating among the Anglo-Saxons

Manuscripts

_____________ were handwritten on parchment (sheepskin)/Vellum (calfskin) + ornamented with gold lead/gold paint + brightly coloured pigments

Norman Conquest

The _______ _________ had consequences: It marked the transfer of power in England from Anglo-Saxon rulers to Norman noblemen (already vassals of the king of France)

Knight

The ________'s conduct and manners in all aspects of life were guided by a strict code of behaviour called chivalry

Germanic

The ___________ people were a tribal folk who followed migratory existence

Germanic

The ________________ empire of Charlemagne provides an example of synthesis

transported

The artistic production of the Nomadic ppl consists of easily _____________ objects: carpets, jewelry, weapons

feudalism

The bond of fealty btwn the warrior + chieftain was fundamental to the practice of _______________.

food

Majority of ppl were unfree peasants or "serfs" (along with free men , farmed the soil) - They were bound to farms/manors and they provided _______ in exchange for military protection (they owned no property + were forbidden to leave the manor BUT they could not be evicted)

warfare

Medieval __________ was both a profession and a pastime (knights entertained themselves with jousts or war games that imitated the trials of combat)

ornamental

Medieval bibles and liturgical books were lavishly _____________, as befitted their sacred character

castle-fortresses

Norman kings erected strong _________________

Bayeux Tapestry

One of the most notable landmarks of the early Middle Ages is the eleventh-century CE embroidered wall-hanging known as the ____________ _____________

fortresses churches

The brilliance of Norman's achievements in architecture was apparent in their ___________ and __________ (it lies in their use of stone in order to replace earlier timber fortifications)

Synthesis

The combining of individual parts to form a whole

feudalism

These circumstances enhanced the growth of a unique system known as _____________: 1. The Fragmentation of the Empire 2. The insecurity generated by Viking invasions 3. People of all social levels attached themselves to members of a military nobility who were capable of providing protection

Fragmentation

These circumstances enhanced the growth of a unique system known as feudalism: 1. The _____________ of the Empire 2. The insecurity generated by Viking invasions 3. People of all social levels attached themselves to members of a military nobility who were capable of providing protection

Viking

These circumstances enhanced the growth of a unique system known as feudalism: 1. The fragmentation of the Empire 2. The insecurity generated by __________ invasions 3. People of all social levels attached themselves to members of a military nobility who were capable of providing protection

nobility

These circumstances enhanced the growth of a unique system known as feudalism: 1. The fragmentation of the Empire 2. The insecurity generated by viking invasions 3. People of all social levels attached themselves to members of a military _________ who were capable of providing protection

VIkings

They were expert shipbuilders, sailors, navigators, they soon came to control the North Atlantic

troubadours

To entertain the French nobility _____________ composed/performed poems devoted to courtly love, chivalry, religion, and politics

England

Under the Norman kings, ___________ would become one of Europe's leading medieval states

army taxation law

When Charlemagne died in 814 CE the short-lived unity he had brought to Western Europe died with him - There was no standing _______ no system of __________, and no single code of ______ to unify the widely diverse population

Western Europe

When Charlemagne died in 814 CE the short-lived unity he had brought to _________ ____________ died with him

Vikings

As early as the 8th century CE the ________ moved beyond their Scandinavian homeland

mingled

As the Germanic tribes poured into Europe their art/culture "__________" with that of the people with who they came into contact

Byzantine emperor

At the request of the ____________ ___________, the Roman Catholic Church launched a series of military expeditions designed to regain territories dominated by the Turks

raiding

Battle of Adrianople: Visigoths defeated the Roman army - Visigoths later swept the Roman border, ___________ the cities (even Rome itself)

Adrianople

Battle of ____________: Visigoths defeated the Roman army

England

Bayeux Tapestry: It depicts the political and military events leading up to the battle that gave William of Normandy control of ____________

Christian Classical

Charlemagne authorized the construction of numerous Benedictine monasteries, or abbeys-communities for prayer and the preservation of ___________ and ___________ learning.

read write

Charlemagne could barely ______ or ______ (biographers stated that his sword hand was so callused that he had difficulty forming letters)

local administrators

Charlemagne sought to control conquered lands by placing them in the hands of _______ _____________ and by periodically sending out royal envoys to carry his edicts abroad

forcible

Charlemagne's holy wars-the Christian equivalent of the Muslim jihad-resulted in the ___________ conversion of the Saxons, the Lombards, the Slavic peoples

education arts

Charlemagne's imperial mission was driven by interest in ____________ and _______

protection

Romans allowed the Germanic tribes to settle on the borders of the the Empire but in exchange for ______________ against other invaders

Beowulf

The 3000 line epic known as ___________ is the first monumental literary composition in the European vernacular language

Scandinavian

The Carolingian Empire was shattered by the ______________ seafarers (vikings)

Jerusalem

The Crusades began as an effort to rescue ____________ from Muslim Turks who were threatening the Byzantine Empire and denying Christian pilgrims access to the Holy Land

Charlemagne

The Frankish chieftain Charles the Great (____________) pursued the dream of restoring the Roman Empire under Christian leadership

language

The Germanic ___________ family differed from tribe to tribe (Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Burgundians, Angles, Saxons..etc)

medieval life

The Germanic empire of Charlemagne provides an example of synthesis - Integrated classical, germanic, christian traditions to form the fabric of ___________ _____

vocabulary

The Germanic ornamental ___________ influenced not only the illumination of Christian manuscripts but also the decoration of Christian liturgical objects (the paten and chalice)

pre-urban

The Germanic people were a tribal folk who followed migratory existence - They lived in ____________ village communities throughout Asia and they plundered nearby lands for material gain (they settled no territorial state)

barbarians

The Germanic tribes struck the Romans as inferior hence "______________"

book production

The Middle Ages was the great era of _________ ______________.

England

The Normans brought feudalism to ____________

stone

The Normans led the way in the construction of ________ castles/churches

traded

The Vikings _______ animal hides, amber, captive Eastern Europeans-Slavs

Iceland Greenland

The Vikings were the 1st to colonize ________ and they set up a colony in _________ b4 the year 1000 CE

monastery

The heart of Charlemagne's educational revival was the _______________.

stylistic

The integration of ____________ traditions typifies the Carolingian Renaissance, the glories of which would not be matched for at least three centuries

lyric poems

The most famous collection of such _______ ________, the Carmina burana

Middle Ages

The thousand year period btwn the fall of the Roman Empire (476 CE) and the European Renaissance (ca. 1400) is generally known as "the ____________ _______"

Carolingian Renaissance

period of intellectual, cultural, and economic revival occurring in the late eighth and ninth centuries, with the peak of the activities occurring during the reigns of both Charlemagne and Louis the Pious.