Lare Section3-design principles
Simple curve
Curve with single radius, most common configuration for low- speed roads
Necrotic symptoms
leaf cells dry and die.
Saline Soils
"Saline" is a term applied to soils which have a pH value below 8.5, and generally show good physical properties. They mainly contain sodium, calcium, sulfates, etc., and are visible because of the white crust of white alkali on the soil surface. Since these minerals are highly water soluble, they can be removed through leaching.
Color
-Light is the source -Violet has shortest wavelength, Red the longest -White, all wavelengths are reflected equally -Black, none of the wavelengths are reflected, all are absorbed. -Green, all wavelengths absorbed except green rays which are reflected.
Slope of pipe
.5% Min
Slope of Paving
1% Min
Fibonacci Series
1,2,3,5,8,13,21,34. Visually pleasing progression, approximates plant growth and other organisms, "organic". Each number is sum of previous 2.
Slope of Ramp
12:1 Max 5% Min Intermediate landing must be added every 30 ft Cross pitch must not exceed 50:1
Minimum depth of drainage line
2 ft in mineral soils and 2.5 ft in organic soils
Slope of Swale
2% Min
Slope of Planting
2:1 Max
Slope of Grass
3:1 Max 2% Min
Slope of Parking
6% Max 1% Min
Ece,
A measure of the electrical conductivity which represents the total salts in the soil, often referred to as salinity. The unit of measurement is mmhos/cm @ 25 degrees Centigrade. This relates to plant growth as follows: 0-2 No damage from salts 2-4 Sensitive plants may be damaged 4-8 Many plants affected 8-16 Most plants damaged / only tolerant plants suggested over 16 Few plants can survive Excess salts can only be removed by leaching with sufficient amount of water of a suitable quality. Dissolved salts must be carried below the root zone. About 30% of salts in 3 feet of soil will be removed by 3 feet of leaching water.
Plant Nutrients
A plant must have various elements to compete its life cycle. For example, plants use Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Sulphur to produce proteins and protoplasm, the living material of which plant cells are made. Furthermore, plants grow through cell division; a process that occurs only if the plant produces enough protoplasm. Therefore the availability of these directly affects a plant's well being.
Design storm
A storm with a frequency and duration for which the management system is designed
Runoff coefficient c
A value between 0 and 1, where zero represents a completely pervious surface from which there is no runoff, while 1 represents completely impervious and wetted surface from which there is total runOff
Antitranspirant Sprays
A water-diluted, plastic, antitranspirant spray greatly reduces the probability of losing plant material that has been planted or transplanted. These sprays help keep the plant from losing the moisture in its cells, because they reduce evaporation during the time that the roots are unable to take in enough moisture. Spray should be directed to all sun or wind exposed plant surfaces such as branches, stems, trunks, and foliage. The coating is colorless, and quite durable. In some cases, the spray can be substituted for wrapping the trunk, if the plant will not be subjected to temperatures below 50 degrees (when it is planted, and during the time that it will reestablish its roots).
Plant Character
Accent/Flower Background Circulation Control Erosion Control Hedge Shade Spatial Definition Specimen Visual Screen Wind Screen
Visual Surround
All portions of the visual field except the visual task.
Tree for a interpretive walkway, taste and smell sensory path:
Amelanchier canadensis, Saskatoon serviceberry Magnolia soulangiana, Saucer Magnolia Cornus florida, Flowering Dogwood
thuja occidentalis
American arborvitae-fastigate habit
Hydrologic condition
Applies to the vegetative cover, residue, and surface roughness of a particular area
Extensive Green roof systems
Are comprised of 2 to 6 in. Of lightweight mineral growing medium planted with drought tolerant species, usually sedums, and subsisting solely on rainwater, are lightweight, typically weighing between 15 and 30 lb/ft2
Accessible Routes
At least 50% of all public entrances must be accessible. Ground floor entrances. Entrances should be ones used by majority visiting or working in building. Minimum clear width 3'-0" Public entrance is any entrance not used for loading or service.
Turn Around Radius
Autos, minimum radius 30' to outside edge of pavement. Trucks, emergency vehicles, 45' radius to outside edge of pavement.
Universal design
Basic tenet is to to be inclusionary by striving to provide equal choices and opportunities for people with a range of abilities
Hydrologic soil group
Classification indicates how much of the precipitation is likely to enter the soil and how much will run off A soils have high infiltration rates and d soils have very low infiltration rates
Cheek walls
Commonly used along the edges of stairs for safety and maintenance purposes
Compound curve
Curve consisting of two or more radii in the same direction
Reverse curve
Curve consists of two acres in opposite directions, usually a tangent is required between the two
Tangent distance (t)
Distance between the pi to either the pc or the pt
Chord (c)
Distance from pc to pt measured along a straight line
Uscs
Distinguishes soils based on their engineering performance as a construction material, and it considers texture, gradation, plasticity, and organic matter content
Invert elevation
Elevation of the bottom of the pipe opening in a drainage structure
Peak curve
Entering tangent is positive and the exiting tangent gradient is negative in the direction of stationing
Usda textural classification system
First developed to describe soils for agricultural purposes, based on three major particle size groups: sand, silt, and clay
Subcritical
Flows at depths greater than critical (with lower velocities)
Supercritical
Flows at less than the critical depth ( with higher velocities)
Off street stacking spaces
For drive up windows, etc. Provide spaces for at least 6 parking for 1st window and 2 parking for each additional window or unit. Can't interfere with parking and travelway Minimum width of drive through lane 11'-0" Min width of drive through parking 18'-0" Standard loading space is 12'-0" x 45'-0"
Continuous wall foundation
Forms a line that provides for a moderate degree of flexibility. Depending on the height, grade changes of a story or more may be achieved.
Intensive green roofs
Have deeper more organics-rich soil and are planted with a wide range of plants, even trees. The weight of the type can vary widely and is limited by the structural load that the roof is designed to support
Spatial / Volumes
Horizontal, curvilinear, relaxation, quiet colors, soft light, soothing sound, simplicity, familiar objects and materials, agreeable textures. Gaiety, free spaces, movement and rhythm, lack of restrictions, warm bright colors. Contemplative, no sharp contrast, privacy, security, diffused light, recessive color, muted stream, quiet. Action, Bold forms, angular planes, diagonals, solid materials (stone, concrete, wood, steel), rough, natural textures, focus on point of action and movement (sequences), primary colors, angular vertical elements (pitched roofs)
Sulphur
Identify deficiency, the plant yellows, and small calibers of the stem and root systems that are small in diameter. Stems also become woody and hard, and some edible plants such as onions lose some of their taste. The decreasing use of fertilizers and pesticides containing ---- may account for the lack of this element in the soil. Required pH level in the soil, 6.0 to 9.0. It is absorbed through leaves and roots. It helps plants produce the soil required to establish thicker roots and sturdier leaf-stems. It also promotes leaf color and enhances the uniformity of cultivated plants. It is used to correct unproductive alkaline soils.
Calcium
Identify deficiency, the plant's stem weakens, its terminal buds die (if the deficiency is severe), and younger leaves look scalloped. Some foliage may take on an abnormal green color, and blossoms and buds may be shed prematurely. Required pH level for the soil, 6.0 to 8.0. It is primarily a soil conditioner. However it is believed that It is used in the translocation of carbohydrates (sugar, starch, cellulose, etc.) within the plant. It influences the growth of young plant cells, reduces oil acidity, and liming, and flocculates heavy clay soil (yet retards flocculation in sandy soils). It increases the moisture holding capacity of soil because it reduces air space between soil particles. It also helps microorganisms decompose organic matter.
Manganese
Identifying a deficiency, yellow spots appear on young leaves, and withered tips on older leaves. The growth of the entire plant is stunted. Required pH level for the soil, 5.0 to 6.5. Soils that are poorly drained, too heavily limed, or show a high acidity, lack sufficient amount of this. It is closely associated with Copper and Zinc, acting as a catalyst in the plant's growth process, and assisting in photosynthesis.
Lighting, Recreational Area
In a recreational area, uniformity is the most critical factor to design for. Non-uniform lighting on a sports field results in shadows and blind spots that can reduce safety and lead to injury.
Desire lines
Indicate the optimal path of travel according to the analysis of the site and function of the road and are typically drawn as tangent lines
Soil Texture
Is determined by the relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay in soil. The most common soil textural names, listed in order of increasing fineness are: 1. Sand 2. Loamy Sand 3. Sandy Loam 4. Loam 5. Silt Loam 6. Silt 7. Sandy Clay Loam 8. Clay Loam 9. Silty Clay Loam 10. Sandy Clay 11. Silty Clay 12. Clay Refers to the relative percentages of the primary soil particles, or separates, in a soil mass.
Time of concentration
Is the time required for water to flow from the hydraulically most remote part of the drainage area to the section under consideration
Storm frequency
Number of years during which the design storm statistically may be expected to occur once
Critical velocity
Occurs at the critical depth and is attained when the specific energy of the flowing water is at the minimum
Off Street Parking and Loading
Open off street parking areas with more than 40 spaces shall have a maximum of 10 spaces before an island is required. Minimum width of parking island is 9'-0"
Off Street parking
Paved surface. Cul-de-sac, maximum length 800; Parking space 9; x 20;, parallel 9; x 22; Site distance at corner, 45; each side of triangle No backing from parking into street. Slope in parking area no more than 5% Two way aisles 22; to 26; minimum/maximum, one way 11;-0; minimum Clearly marked directions i.e.: one way
Cutoff drains
Pipes placed across a slope to intercept water that would otherwise be forced to the surface by an outcropping of an impermeable layer such as a tight subsoil
Point of curvature (pc)
Point that marks the beginning of the curve at which the road alignment diverges from the tangent line in the direction of stationing
Point of tangency (pt)
Point that marks the end of the curve at which the road alignment returns to a tangent line
Pole or pier construction
Provides the greatest amount of grading flexibility and potentially the last amount of grading impact since their is minimal ground disturbance. This technique uses poles or piers as the primary method of transferring the structural load to the ground thus allowing drainage to continue uninterrupted
Permeability
Quality of soil which determines the speed which a quantity of water percolates through an area of soil in a unit of time. The ability of water (or other fluid) to flow through a soil by traveling through the voids. The ability of a soil to transfer water. Soil Type -Degree of Permeability -k, Coeff. Of Permeability (cm/sec)-Drainage Properties Clean gravel-High-1 to 10-Good Clean sand, sand and gravel mixtures-Medium-1 to 10(-3)-Good Fine sands, silts-Low 10(-3) to 10(-5)-Fair through Poor Sand-silt-clay mixtures, glacial tills- Very low-10(-4) to 10(-7) Poor through practically impervious Homogeneous Clays-Very low to practically impermeable- Less than 10(-7) Practically impervious Note: To convert cm/sec to ft./min., multiply cm/sec by 2; i.e., 1 cm/sec = 2 ft/min; also ft/day = cm/sec x 3 x 103Relative Degreev
Capillarity
Quality of soils to transmit water in all directions. Cohesive clay soils possess high ___. i.e. raise water to great heights but at a slow rate. Silt, lower _____, but raises water 5 times faster.
Hydraulic radius
R= r/2
Primary Colors
Red, Blue and Yellow
Steps
Riser + Tread = 17" or 2 risers+1 tread=24-26" 6" riser with 12" tread or 5" and 15" 3 risers minimum to 10-12 risers maximum 1/4" wash on each step. Stair treads should pitch 1% in the downhill direction 7 steps per flight max.
Vitruvius
Roman architect, established system of proportion. Based on architectural planning of ancient Greece. Based on proportions of the human body. Affected planning during the Renaissance. Minimum dimension of city square should be equal to height of building. Maximum dimension ought not to exceed 2 times the height. Average dimensions of great squares of old European Cities are 465 x 190 feet.
Broad Upright Types (Type 4)
Size grading is by height. Generally height will be equal to or greater than the spread, but spread should not be less than two thirds of the height.
Semi-Spreading Types (Type 2)
Size grading is by spread only with no consideration to height. Spread is determined by the average diameter of the spreading growth.
Balled and Burlapped
Size-grading is according to the standards appropriate for the particular type of broadleaf evergreen, and root ball depth and diameter. There are both nursery grown and "collected" requirements. The collected material requires a relatively larger rootball than what is required for nursery grown.
Globe or Dwarf Types (Type 3)
Size-grading is by height, but the ratio of height to spread should not be more than 2 to 1.
Broad-Spreading, Globe and Upright Types (Type 3)
Size-grading is by height.
Creeping or Prostrate Types (Type 1)
Size-grading is by spread only with no consideration for height. Spread is determined by the average diameter of the spreading growth.
Spreading Types (Type 1)
Size-grading is by spread only with no consideration for height. Spread is determined by the average diameter of the spreading growth.
Semi-Spreading Types (Type 2)
Size-grading is by spread, but height should be at least one half of the spread. Spread is determined as in Type 1.
Fruit Tree Grades
Size-grading of these are primarily by caliper which is measured 2" above the collar. Caliper measurements should correlate with typical heights. When used in size-grading, height is measured from the collar to the uppermost growth.
Underdrainage
Specific type of subsurface drainage used to maintain proper structural conditions; examples include footing and foundation drains and lateral drains placed behind retainib retaining walls
Soil Characteristics
Structural characteristics are important to know for all construction issues, especially foundations. Permeability is important due to drainage issues, and possible sanitary issues. Shrink swell factor is also important due to possible structural issues. Angle of repose, the angle at which soils will remain together before sliding downhill, is a grading issue and is the least influential with regard to site developments.
Intermediate peak or sag curves
The change in slope occurs in the same direction, both values either positive or negative
Drainage coefficient
The depth of water removed over the the drainage area in 24 hours; 3/8 in. Is normal for mineral soils in humid areas. For organic soils the acreages of the tables should be reduced by half
Sag curve
The entering gradient negative and the exiting gradient positive
Unequal tangent curves
The horizontal distance from BVC to PVI does not equal the horizontal distance from PVI to EVC
Runoff distance
The length over which the gradual change of the superelevation occurs, it is computed by adding the rate of the crown of the road in in/ft to the rate of superelevation in in/ft and multiplying the sum by 160
NH4-N
The molecular formula for ammonium nitrogen. A form of nitrogen used by plants which is characterized by being bound to the surfaces of soil particles and, thus, unable to move to the roots.
PO4-P
The molecular formula for phosphorus absorbed by plants. Phosphorus is relatively immobile in the soil and, thus, needs to be near the roots to be of use to the plant. Phosphorus stimulates early root growth and root formation, hastens maturity, and promotes flower and seed production.
Center of curve (o)
The point about which the included angle I is turned
Point of intersection (pi)
The point at which the two tangent lines intersect
Rainfall intensity
The rate of rainfall in inches per hour or mm per hour for the design storm frequency and for the time of concentration of the drainage area
Liebig's Law
The smallest quantity of plant nutrients present, will affect the growth of the plant, even if all others are present in adequate amounts. Justus von ----, 1803-1873, German Chemist.
Broad Upright Type (Type 5)
These are all the broader upright-growing evergreens that develop straight-sided form with many upright branches. Size-grading is by height, but the ratio of height to spread should not be less then 3 to 1.
Cone Type (Type 4)
These are the pyramidal forms which are size-graded by height. The ratio of height to spread should not be less then 5 to 3.
Broken-back curve
This consists of two curves in the same direction connected by a tangent
Columnar Type (Type 6)
This group includes all the narrower upright growing evergreens that develop a straight-sided form. Generally the ratio of height to spread should be less than 5 to 1.
Cone Types (Type 5)
This group includes all the upright-growing broadleaf evergreens that are characterized by a conical form. Size-grading is by height. Generally the ratio of height to spread is approximately 3 to 2.
B
This is the abbreviation for the element Boron. Boron is a necessary minor element for differentiation of meristematic cells and regulation of metabolism of carbohydrates in plants. It is often toxic in western soils as it is deficient. Toxicities occur most often in inland desert areas associated with high boron waters. Deficiencies are generally related to high rainfall areas as well as areas irrigated for a length of time with low boron waters. The unit of measurement is PPM (parts per million) in saturation extract. This relates to plant growth as follows: 0-0.7 No damage from salts 0.7-1.5 Sensitive plants may be damaged 1.5-5 Many plants affected 5-10 Most plants damaged / only tolerant plants suggested over 10 Few plants can survive Excess boron can only be removed by leaching with sufficient amounts of water of a suitable quality. Removal is about twice as difficult as for excess salts and thus requires about twice as much water for an equal amount of improvement.
Included angle (I)
This is the central angle of the curve which is equal to the deflection angle between the tangents I+B1+B2=180
Length of the curve (l)
This is the length of the arc from pc to pt
Modular system
This system contains all of its components within a tray that behaves similarly to a potted plant, can be used with either extensive or intensive type plantings
Visual Task
Those details and objects which must be seen for performance of a given activity. Includes immediate background and objects detail.
Equal tangent curves
Thw horizontal distance from the beginning of curve (bvc) to the point of vertical intersection (pvi) equals the horizontal distance from the PVI to the end of the curve (EVC)
Accessible Parking
Total Parking in Lot Required Minimum Access Spaces 1-25=1 26-50=2 57-75=3 76-100=4 101-150=5 151-200=6 201-300=7 301-400=8 401-500=9 501-1000=2% of total 1000+ =20+ 1 for each 100 over 1000
Law of the Similar
Unity in variety.
Pore Pressure
Water pressure within the voids of a soil mass. Excess pore pressure refers to the condition where the pressure is greater then the normal hydrostatic pressure expected as a result of its position below the water table.
Chlorosis
a condition, usually due to iron deficiency, in which the body of the leaf is paler or more yellow than normal while the veins remain green. The soil may lack iron, but it is more common that the iron is "tied up" and unavailable to the roots. Over watering and lack of aeration may cause both the body and the veins of the leaf to turn yellow.
trench drain
a linear inlet structure used to collect sheet flow runoff in paved areas
hydrograph
a plot of flow rate (q) versus time (t) or the tabular representation of such plots and are labeled by the duration of rainfall events not by the duration of the runoff three types can be developed by the Modified Rational Method
area drain
a prefabricated structure, similar to a floor drain that collects runoff from paved areas and one is used for each 1000 to 2000 ft squared of pavement
pH Neutral
a soil is considered this when its pH rating is 6.6 to 7.3. it is critical to the survival of some plants and changes the color of others. In some cases the selection of plant material should be based upon pH and drought conditions. It can also affect durability of elements such as rock and plastics used in landscape construction projects.
Pipe culvert
a structure not classified as a bridge that allows a water course to flow beneath a road, walk, or highway, this type has a circular, or arch cross section
Box culvert
a structure not classified as a bridge that allows a water course to flow beneath a road, walk, or highway, this type has a rectangular cross section
catch basin
a structure that is typically concrete block or precast concrete rings, 2.4 to 4 ft in diameter that is used to collect and divert surface runoff to an underground conduction system. A general rule of thumb is that one may be used for each 10,000 ft squared of pavement. At the base of this is a sump or sediment bowl to trap and collect debris
Saline Soils
a term applied to soils which have a pH value below 8.5, and generally show good physical properties. They mainly contain sodium, calcium, sulfates, etc., and are visible because of the white crust of white alkali on the soil surface. Since these minerals are highly water soluble, they can be removed through leaching.
Soil Slippage
a type of erosion similar to landslides, but of a lesser magnitude.
Landslides
a type of erosion which generally occurs when soils on slopes become saturated with water. In this more liquid condition the soils are more susceptible to the forces of gravity and are likely to slide downhill. These along with soil slippage account for almost 50% of the total erosion occurring in most watersheds.
Lighting
above and below is best to provide 3-D perception -An above light source accents form and shape. -A below light source provides fill light for details
Open drainage system
all surface runoff from paved and unpaved areas is collected and conveyed on the ground, primarily by swales
pH
an expression of the relative concentrations of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-) in a soil sample. A scale range from 0 to 15 is used. The terms "acid". "neutral", and "alkaline" are used when describing the soil pH or "soil reaction". An expression of the relative concentrations of hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxyl ions (OH-) in a soil sample. A scale range from 0 to 14 is used. The terms "acid" (low), "neutral", and "alkaline" (high) are used when describing the soil pH or "soil reaction" as it is often referred to. Generally values from 6.0 to 8.0 are acceptable unless acid-loving plants are used. To lower pH, soil sulfur or similar acid-forming chemical can be added to the soil. To raise pH, lime can be used.
Mulch
any of a variety of materials, usually organic but also including gravel or stone dust, that is used to protect plant roots from severe cold or heat, to help retain soil moisture, and to hinder growth of invasive plants.
Microorganisms and Earthworms
any well drained, damp, but non-acidic soil, containing decomposed organic matter provides the necessary conditioning for an active microorganism environment. Bacteria, fungi, antibiotics, etc. alter compositions, decay organic matter into humus, and change humus into soluble inorganic compounds; thus increasing the fertility of the soil for the benefit of higher plant forms. Rhizobias, who live in the nodules of the roots of legumes, take nitrogen from the air, and make it available to the host plants, a process known as "fixation of nitrogen". At times the same helpful microorganisms compete with higher plant forms, as they use all nitrogen made available during the breakdown of fresh manures. They are excellent aerators, burrowing and digesting soil in which they live.
Traffic Calming Measures
are design changes in a roadway that cause a driver to interpret the surroundings differently or slow down. Roundabouts, rumble strips, patterned intersections.
Turf, Sod & Sward
are frequently used synonymously. Nevertheless, the word "turf" stems from Sanskrit's "darbha" which means "tuft of grass", whereas "sod" refers to plugs, blocks, squares, or strips of turf grass that include the soil surrounding the roots. A "sward" denotes a combination of several grass species. Terms such as "green" refer to a well maintained grassy area used for such lawn games as bowling, golf, etc. Finally, a grassy-leafed groundcover that is mowed regularly is designated as a lawn.
Alkaline Soil
arid regions with poor drainage and high moisture evaporation often produce this type of soil, since soluble salts rest on the soil surface.
Cohesion
attraction of solid substances for liquid substances, binding force which holds together a mass of soil composed of fine particles. The ability of a soil to bind together under moderately dry conditions.
Retention (or wet) ponds
basins that contain a permanent pool of water May be designed to appear refined, naturalized, or wild possible disadvantages include safety problems, algae bloom, offensive odors, mosquitoes, or the need for maintenance or sediment removal 1) maximize flow length between inlet and outlet at a 3:1 ratio 2) the pond should expand gradually in the direction of flow 3) Pool depth should be between 4 and 8 ft 4) the use of complex and organic geometry for the shape to increase habitat and storm water treatment
Contrast
best features of an object/site can be emphasized through contrast. One of the two contrasting elements must clearly dominate the other, so that one is a backdrop.
Contrast
best features of an object/site can be emphasized through one of the two elements clearly dominating the other, so that one is a backdrop.
Broadleaf evergreen
best option to reduce noise. The leaves are wider, which means that they will cover more area and do a better job at blocking sound.
Texture
both tactile and visual. Smooth, light is reflected. Rough, light is absorbed.
overwatering
causes roots to rot and therefore kills the afflicted plant.
Chelates
certain organic chemicals used to form strong bonds with nutrient metals (iron, zinc, manganese, and copper). These used in fertilizers are soluble and help to keep nutrient metals mobile in the soil, thus aiding in availability to plants. Chelated iron is commonly used in the treatment of iron chlorosis.
Compressibility
change in thickness of a soil mass due to compressive loading. It is the volume change resulting from expulsion of pore water. Decrease in volume resulting from different increments of pressure. Dense sands, least __. Clays, High __.
Asymmetry
closer harmony with nature and usually most logical for landscape planning.
rainwater harvesting
collection and storage of rainwater on site must include: 1)catchment area 2)conveyance system connecting to the storage element 3)storage element or cistern May include: 4) roof-wash system 5) delivery system 6)water treatment system
annuals
complete their entire life cycle in a year or less
Meristematic Tissue
composed of the cells actively or potentially involved in cell division or growth. There are various types, including apical (at the tips of roots and shoots) and cambium, or lateral (which increase the girth of woody stems, creating both phloem and xylem tissue).
Sequence
conscious arrangement of elements or spaces, Usually has one of more climax to support it.
Sequence
conscious arrangement of elements or spaces, Usually has one of more climax to support sequence.
Compost
consisting almost totally of decomposed organic matter, is used as soil additive, topdressing, or mulch. Since it requires an isolated and shaded space, time and some knowledge, many users of soil shy away from composting. Yet, the experienced and budget minded land manager will make it a part of his maintenance program. There are fast and slow programs available: Slow, breakdown of material in a closed vessel, thus creating odor. Fast, the open air method creating little or no odor when properly handled. The following items are required for a program: An isolated shady area approximately 50' x 70', or smaller. Water Adequate air circulation Accessibility Disease free organic matter (it is important to use only disease free organic matter, diseased material should go to the public garbage dump. Turn pile every two to three months, thus having it available in 24 months. Keep pile at workable dimension, always wider than high, and narrower on the top, providing better moisture retainage. Individual soil conditions, budget, man hours available, etc. must be used as guidelines to arrive at the proper method.
Muck or Peat
consists of accumulations of decayed or decaying vegetable matter that lacks minerals. Where it exists in sufficient depths and quantity it is harvested and sold as humus producing components. When it is found underwater or in bogs, it is sold as "peat moss". it's sponge like quality causes it to receive water rapidly, and to dry quickly if exposed to air. Although it is possible to use it as a growth medium, it is generally used only as a component in soil mixtures. Do not mistake it for humus.
Container Classes
containers are classed according to minimum and maximum acceptable dimensions in height, inside top diameter, and inside bottom diameter. Classes are #1, #2, #3, #5, #7, and #15 according to the dimensions. Although these classes closely relate to "gallon" terms often used, the "official" standard uses the dimensions described.
Humus
decomposed organic matter which can aid in flocculating clay soils and help increase water-holding capacity and fertility of sandy soils. It is produced when microorganisms decompose vegetable and animal matter. It differs from compost, leaf mold, well-rotted manure, etc., in that it is the final product of decayed organic materials and has already mixed with the mineral content of a soil. Not all is alike; plant and animal residues, drainage, climatic conditions, and the amount of microorganisms vary. In sufficient amounts, it is capable of changing the structure of other soils, as it can increase moisture-retention capacity, and change a soil's chemical content.
Magnesium
deficiency of this is identified if the plant's leaves become abnormally thin.Trees produce weak branches, susceptible to fungus, that shed their leaves early and may even die during the following spring. Leaf tips lose color between their veins (this color loss starts with the lower leaves and spreads upward). Leaves also become brittle and tend to curve upward. If the deficiency is severe, affected parts of the plant dry up and die. Required pH level for the soil, 7.0 to 8.5. The only mineral in the chlorophyll molecule. This element moves easily from older parts of the plant to newer parts if there is a deficiency in the newer part. It is essential to chlorophyll, and may be involved in the translocation of starch. It activates enzymes involved in the carbohydrate metabolism as well as in the chemical reactions that produce sugar, starch, etc. It also is thought to be essential in the formation of soils and fats.
Chaos
derives from the Greek and typically refers to unpredictability. In the metaphysical sense, it is the opposite of law and order: unrestrictive, both creative and destructive.
dual-purpose detention basins
detention ponds that extend temporary storage time, allow for more effective removal of particulate pollutants and provide a technique for improving water quality
Axis
directional, orderly, dominating, sometimes monotonous. Axis can bend, but never diverges. It's a unifying element.
Emphasis
dominance and accentuation. Implies a sequential time element. Done by: repetition of element or idea, contrast of element or idea.
Vista
enframed segment of view. Confined view usually toward a terminal or dominant element or feature. Each has a viewing station, object or objects to be seen, intermediate ground. It is enframed by base, vertical and overhead planes. It is a visual function of a plan axis. Can be volume or line.
infiltration trench
excavation backfilled with course aggregate stone
Loam
generally a fertile and easily manageable soil consisting principally of sand (+/- 40%) and silt (+/- 40%) particles with some clay (+/- 20%).
Acid Soil
generally occurs in areas of heavy rainfall where the soil is formed from such volcanic acid rocks as granites and sandstone, as opposed to such basic volcanic rock as basalt (dark marble).
Law of the Same
harmony created by repetition of same elements, forms or spaces. Unity in uniformity.
unity
harmony, compatibility of design elements with each other and in relation to the whole. Repetition, reinforce a theme, similarities. Need variety for interest. Landscape character that's harmonious is what we strive for, "beauty / complete". There can be visual unity and functional harmony in the ideal plan.
Hyperplastic
heavy budding from normally dormant buds.
Copper
identifying a deficiency, Leaves and other parts of the plant look bleached. Required pH level for the soil, 5.0 to 7.5. It's solubility decreases as the pH level rises. It activates other elements within the plant, and is a regulator in soils that contain large quantities of Nitrogen. It increases the fertility of peat and muck soils, as well as some sandy and gravelly soils. An excess of it is toxic.
Iron
identifying a deficiency, eventual chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll) of all the leaves, beginning with the newest leaves. In arid regions, foliage lacking chlorophyll slowly dries and shrivels. Normally, veins retain their green color, and the leaves curl upward. Required pH level for the soil: the element is most effective between 5.5 and 6.5, However, it can be applied in reduced quantities if the pH is from 6.5 to 8.0. Location in soil: plants can absorb this element as a composite organic salt, or through leaves as an iron chelate (applied as a foliage spray). Iron is important in the formation of chlorophyl. A lack of this causes leaves to turn yellow between the veins and may eventually cause them to fall off, resulting in the death of the plant. This may occur even when fertilizer has been applied to the soil. It is tied up in the soil due to a high or low pH.
Chlorine
identifying a deficiency, hard to identify, plants wilt, yellow, and leaves turn bronze and die. Little is known of it's affect on plants. However, tests seem to indicate that the element stimulates some enzymes, influences the food making process, as well as the production of chlorophyll, and increases the plant's water retention capacity.
Molybdenum
identifying a deficiency, plant growth is retarded and the plant yellow. This element is probably absorbed through the roots. It regulates high Nitrogen concentration in plants. Large amounts are toxic to plants and particularly to animals feeding on plants.
Sodium
identifying a deficiency, symptoms are similar to those caused be a Potassium deficiency. It is beneficial to some crops when Potassium is not present. It influences the water retention in some plants, and increases their resistance to drought. Large quantities are toxic.
Boron
identifying a deficiency, terminal buds fail to develop and turn light green, paler at the base than at the tip. A leafy vegetable might produce deformed and small heads. Fruits such as apples develop patches of cork-like tissue. Required pH level for the soil: 5.0 to 7.0 and 8.5 to 9.5. It aids in cell division, the carbohydrate metabolism, and helps the plant use calcium. Large quantities can be toxic to plants.
Zinc
identifying deficiency, leaves turn yellow and stop growing. Fruit bud formation is severely reduced and the number of new branches decreases. Required pH level for the soil, 5.0 to 7.0 and, in reduced amounts, for a pH from 7.0 to 8.0. It is absorbed through roots and foliage (if the element is applied as a spray). It is present in many enzymes involved in the plant's growth.
sediment Basin
impoundment area or structure that slows the velocity of runoff in order to allow sediment particles to settle out
Bioengineering
in landscape architecture involves the establishment of plant materials on hillsides or on the banks of streams, canals, or ponds to control erosion and prevent excessive runoff. A successful project will use live stakes and small plants and will involve collaboration with other design professionals.
Symmetry
in landscape is not natural, it's imposed by man. Can be about a point, area, line or plane. Symmetrical plan must express symmetrical function.
Long Term Plant Health
in the installation process, the single most important contributor to long term plant health is the condition of the plants upon arrival on site. Plants should be inspected for dryness and damage, and trees should be examined for unhealed wounds in the bark.
porous pavement
increases perviousness while still providing a stable, protective surface
rain garden
infiltration basins that have been designed as a depression in the landscape as opposed to requiring an embankment for containment, more informal and organic than an infiltration basin
Fasciation
is a disorder that causes a single stem to appear as if it were several stems fused together. It is caused by frost, insect or physical damage to a stem early in its development.
Mildew
is a fungal problem that is characterized by a white powdery growth on the tops and sometimes the bottoms of leaves.
Hydric Soil
is a highly saturated soil where little or no usable oxygen is present (anaerobic)
louver
is a window blind or shutter with horizontal slats that are angled to admit light and air, but to keep out rain, direct sunshine, and noise.
Capillary Flow
is greatly responsible in providing moisture directly to plants. Through irrigation, soil particles absorb and hold moisture, which appears as a thick film of water on the surface of the soil particle. Gradually, moisture is either absorbed by plants, or evaporates, and the moisture film becomes thinner. Moisture equalization between the individual soil particles takes place through suction power, this enables the water starved soil particles to draw moisture from soil particles possessing greater water concentration, and the moisture equalization is completed. All these beneficial actions of flow and circulation cannot take place unless the soil is consistently and permanently drained of any excess moisture.
Leaf Spot
is the appearance of dark brown spots on leaves, in concentric zones of discoloration.
Diameter Breast Height
is the measure used to specify trees and determine a proper size per the specifications. Trees that fail to meet the DBH industry standards for nursery stock should be rejected from the project and not installed.
Liquefaction
is the point at which soil acts like a liquid, typically under earthquake conditions.
Flocculation
is the process of gathering solid soil masses into individual soil particles. This results in an aerated, crumbly soil. Several methods of achieving this are: till and mix clay soil with sandy materials, organic matter, bog and peat, or any commercially prepared soil conditioner. N
Hardiness Zone Map
it gives a general indication of what species will grow in what climatic conditions around the country. However, the survival of each cultivar of a specific species may depend upon where the plant is grown and what nursery it came from.
Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)
it represents the relative saturation extract values of calcium, magnesium, and soluble sodium. High amounts of sodium relative to calcium and magnesium result in a high -----which is characterized by reduced rates of water penetration due to bonding with soil particles. -----values relate to plant growth as follows: 0-4 No damage from salts. 4-8 Sensitive plants may be damaged 8-22 Many plants affected 22-47 Most plants damaged / only tolerant plants suggested Over 47 Few plants can survive Values of 8 or more represent soil structure that has been adversely affected. Excess sodium requires the use of soil amendments to displace sodium on the soil particle followed by leaching. Lime soils can be treated with sulphur or acid, neutral soils with gypsum, and acid soils with lime.
Container Grown Plants
keep these plants moist, but not wet, until planted. Although such plants are generally easier to handle, they should never be held by the stem. Furthermore, they should never be thrown, dropped (set down hard), or stacked.
Landscape Architect's Law
limits wall height to 30" for a un-engineered wall.
Elements of Design
line, form, plane, volume, shape, scale, pattern, texture, color
perennial
live beyond two years and woody shrubs would be an example
Transpiration
loss of water vapor from the leaves and stems of living plants to the atmosphere.
Proportion
mathematical concept, ratios. Comparison of one part to another or the whole.. Can be color, size, spaces, forms, texture, etc. Uneven numbers are more pleasing. 2:3 proportion is preferred to 1:1 5 (Height)-7 (Width)-11 (Length) (Parthenon) 3D design
Detention Facilities (dry basins)
means of controlling peak discharge rates through the temporary storage of storm runoff, outflow rates are set at or below predevelopment rates and flow is metered out of the basin until no water remains 1)elongated form is preferred 2) side slopes should not be steeper than 3:1, the floor of the basin should have a 2% minimum slope toward the outlet to ensure positive drainage, a 10 ft wide access way should be provided for maintenance 3) low flow channel for drying time
Best Management Practice (BMP)
measures that have been developed to control, store, and/or treat storm water runoff from developed areas for the purpose of reducing flooding or removing pollutants while maintaining or enhancing environmental quality examples include, wet ponds, detention facilities, infiltration facilities, water quality basins, biofilters, green roofs, cisterns, rain gardens and constructed wetlands.
Atterberg Limits
named after the Swedish soil scientist Atterberg, a method of describing the varying effect of water content on the consistency of fine graded soils. Liquid Limit (LL)-Liquid- A slurry, pea soup to soft butter, a viscous liquid Plastic Limit (PL)- Plastic- Soft butter to stiff putty, deforms but will not Shrinkage Limit (SL)- Solid- Hard Candy, fails completely upon deformation
Antidessicant
ometimes called antitranspirants, this refers to solutions which when applied to leaves partially seals the transpiring surfaces and reduces water loss. This may be used on container plants to minimize wilting and stress following planting or in preparation of leafy cuttings for rooting.
Phosphorus
one of the primary nutrients, it stimulates early root growth, plant maturity, and promotes flower and fruit production. It is insoluble, and thus it is more critical that it be applied near the roots to be most effective. Symptoms of deficiency in plants are slow or stunted growth, delayed maturity, and poor flower or fruit development.
Nitrogen
one of the primary nutrients. It is required for the formation of proteins, chlorophyll and enzymes needed for the healthy development of cell structure. The soluble form is most used by plants and is characterized by being quick-release and immediately useable, but also more "leachable." Soluble ammonium or ammonic forms are slower release but longer sustaining, and less "leachable" due to "bonding" with soil particles. Commercial fertilizers may be composed of one or both of these forms, which in turn, reflect their long and/or short-term characteristics. Symptoms of deficiency in plants are slow or stunted growth, yellow-green color (chlorosis), and "firing" of the leaf tips and margins. When it is in short supply the newer growth is generally given priority by the plant and thus symptoms, particularly chlorosis, are usually first noticeable in older growth. Too much nitrogen will burn a plant's roots and kill the plant without changing its leaf color.
Potassium
one of the primary nutrients. It stimulates root growth, aids in disease resistance, and improves flower and fruit production. Like phosphorus it should be applied near the roots, to be most effective. Symptoms of deficiency in plants are tip and marginal burn starting on more mature leaves, weak stalks, poor flower or fruit development, and slow growth.
Colloidal
or cohesive soil.
Space
quality of imposed or implied containment. All exterior volumes formed of 3 volumetric elements. Base (level) plane, induces mass action, base can imply enclosure. Most concerned with use areas and relationships of areas. Mineral/earthy in construction, rock, gravel, water, sand, plants (not fabric, wood, metal) Vertical plane, suggest shelter, people drawn to it, protection. Most important function in creation of outdoor space. Contain and articulate use areas and focuses attention inward or outward. Containment, screen, backdrop and dominant spatial feature, can be used to enframe views. Vertical can be point of reference. We are most conscious of verticals. Therefore features of greatest interest should be incorporate on the verticals at exe height. Overhead plan, affects degree of enclosure, sensed more often than seen, casts shadows. Form follows function, for if something does not work well it well not be perceived as beautiful.
Balance
quality that creates a sense of equilibrium. Reconciliation of opposing forces. Two types, asymmetrical (informal), symmetrical (formal)
Percolation
rate at which free water moves through soil. Note, not to be confused with permeability. A soil can be highly permeable but have poor percolation due to excess pore water.
Primary Colors of Light
red, green and violet
Primary colors of Pigments
red, yellow and blue
Complete Fertilizer
refers to a fertilizer containing nitrogen phosphorus, and potassium. These are shown on labels of commercial fertilizers as percentages of N-P-K. For example a fertilizer labeled as 16-8-16 contains 16% nitrogen, 8% phosphorous, and 16% potassium by weight.
Incomplete Fertilizer
refers to a fertilizer containing two of the primary plant nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium. Compositions with phosphorus and potassium are commonly used to improve flower production.
Gypsum
refers to chemical amendment composed of calcium and sulfur. Used to improve some clay soils by causing clay particles to bind together into larger units, thus improving aeration and drainage.
Lime
refers to chemical amendment composed of calcium. Use to raise pH of overly acid soils, and to improve some clay soils by causing clay particles to bind together into larger units, thus improving aeration and drainage.
Salinity
refers to excess salts in soils. This is common in arid areas with low rainfall because salts are not leached our of the soil as easily as they are in areas of high rainfall. High salts can be a result of the quality of irrigation water, fertilizers, chemical amendments, or manures high in salt content.
Soil Structure
refers to the arrangement of soil particles and how they are grouped together into aggregates.
Micronutrients
refers to the minor elements necessary for plant growth. These are essential for plant growth but are used in much smaller amounts then the other essential elements. They include boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, zinc, and sometimes, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. These should not be applied as a "shotgun" application to cover possible deficiencies, but rather only when a need is recognized.
Primary Plant Nutrients
refers to the three most essential elements necessary for plant growth: nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.
Secondary Plant Nutrients
refers to three other essential elements necessary for plant growth: calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. These are often grouped with the "micro nutrients."
Secondary Plant Nutrients
refers to three other essential elements necessary for plant growth: calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. These are often grouped with the "micro nutrients."
Rhythm
regularity and recurrence which leads to expectancy (sequential)
Expansive (Clay) Soil
requires base course under footings and slabs. Recommend using a base course (compacted) under all construction.
Hypoplastic
retarded cell growth due to the absence of green color in normally green cells.
Soil
silt, sand, and clay are the three components that make up soil. any unconsolidated material composed of separate solid particles with voids between. Every soil consists of mineral and organic matter, water, air, and living organisms. Soil texture is classified by the mineral properties of the separates (sand, silt, clay). The primary distinction between these separates is their size. Depending on organic content, adjectives such as organic or peaty are added. Aside from the usual textural classifications, for engineering purposes, soils are generally broken up into two broad categories. (These terms are synonymous) Fine grained coarse grained cohesive vs. cohesionless plastic Non-plastic
Coniferous Evergreens
size grading of the coniferous evergreens is divided into 6 types: Creeping or Prostrate Types (Type 1) Semi-Spreading Types (Type 2) Broad-Spreading, Globe and Upright Types (Type 3) Cone Type (Type 4) Broad Upright Type (Type 5) Columnar Type (Type 6) Balled and Burlapped - Size grading is according to the standards appropriate for the particular type of conifer, and rootball depth and diameter. There are both nursery grown and "collected" requirements. The collected material requires a relatively larger rootball than what is required for nursery grown.
Bulbs, Corms and Tubers
size-grading in this group is generally by circumference, diameter, or number of "eyes" or "buds".
Christmas Tree Standards
size-grading in this group is generally by density, taper, balance, foliage, and deformities as standardized by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Broadleaf Evergreens
size-grading of the broadleaf evergreens is divided into 5 types: Spreading Types (Type 1) Semi-Spreading Types (Type 2) Globe or Dwarf Types (Type 3) Broad Upright Types (Type 4) Cone Types (Type 5) Balled and Burlapped
Roses
size-grading of the roses is by size, number and length of canes, but additional consideration is given to the weight and caliper of the canes. These standards are for field-grown two-year roses which are sold bare root. Roses which do not meet the standards for individual grades are referred to as Culls. Roses are divided into three groups according to type and each group is further divided into three grades according to size. Group 1 - Hybrid Tea, Tea, Grandiflora, Rugosa Hybrids, Hybrid Perpetuals, Moss and Climbing Roses. Group 2 - Floribunda Roses Group 3 - Polyantha and Low Growing Floribunda Roses Container Grown Roses, these should have been growing in the container for a minimum of one month of active growing season and a maximum of two growing seasons.
manhole
structure often 4 ft in diameter made of concrete block, precast concrete, or fiberglass-reinforced plastic rings, that allows a person to enter a space below ground. Used where there is a change in size, slope, or direction of the pipes
infiltration basin
surface impoundment created by damming or excavating, for storage of runoff temporarily so that the water will enter the soil over a given time period
Closed Drainage System
surface runoff from paved and unpaved areas is collected at surface inlets and conveyed by underground pipes to an outlet either on or off the site
biennials
take two years to grow, flower and setting their seed before they die.
SAR
the abbreviation for Sodium Absorption Ratio, it represents the relative saturation extract values of calcium, magnesium, and soluble sodium. High amounts of sodium relative to calcium and magnesium result in a high __which is characterized by reduced rates of water penetration due to bonding with soil particles. __values relate to plant growth as follows: 0-4 No damage from salts. 4-8 Sensitive plants may be damaged 8-22 Many plants affected 22-47 Most plants damaged / only tolerant plants suggested Over 47 Few plants can survive Values of 8 or more represent soil structure that has been adversely affected. Excess sodium requires the use of soil amendments to displace sodium on the soil particle followed by leaching. Lime soils can be treated with sulphur or acid, neutral soils with gypsum, and acid soils with lime.
Ca
the abbreviation for the element calcium. Calcium is generally abundant in most soils. It is an essential part of cell wall structure and must be present for the formation of new cells.
Mg
the abbreviation for the element magnesium. Magnesium is generally abundant in most soils, but is more often deficient than calcium. The chlorophyll molecule contains magnesium and is therefore essential for photosynthesis.
K
the abbreviation for the element potassium absorbed by plants. Like phosphorus, potassium is relatively immobile in the soil and, thus, needs to be near the roots to be of use to the plant. Potassium is essential for translocation of sugars, encourages root growth, enhances quality of flower and fruit production, and improves resistance to disease.
Cohesion
the ability of soils to stick to one another. Clay soils are cohesive, sandy soils are not cohesive. The bonding or attraction between fine grained soil particles giving them shear strength.
Elasticity
the ability of the soil to return to its original form after a force is applied. Soils with high elasticity are very undesirable as a subgrade. Sands, little. Silt & Clay, high (scale use grains).
Capillary Action
the attraction of soil particles to water molecules, causing an up or downward movement of the water into the soil. Approximate Capillary Heights: Soil Type CM FT Small Gravel 2-10 0.1-0.4 Coarse Sand 15 0.5 Fine Sand 30-100 1-3 Silt 100-1000 3-30 Clay 1000-3000 30-90
water budget
the balance of water in the system including inflows, storage and outflows
NPK
the chemical symbols for the primary nutrients needed by plants. N for nitrogen, P is for phosphate, K is for potassium. Percentages of each always given in this order.
Phloem
the food-conducting tissue which comprises one half of the vascular system of plants.
Lighting, Pathway
the goal of installing pathway lighting is to provide a safe environment for people to travel through at night. Types of pathway fixtures and their frequency of placement can depend upon other surrounding elements and upon the lighting level desired within the landscape.
Landscape Lighting
the goal of landscape lighting is first and foremost to provide safety for the user, second to encourage the use of the space at night, and third to provide legibility of nodes (i.e.,focal points) for people using the space at night. The use of lighting elements will help people feel safe and comfortable and will create a space whose usefulness extends beyond daylight hours.
Soil Separates
the individual size groups of primary soil mineral particles of sand, silt, and clay. Clay, smallest of the separates measure 0.002mm or less in diameter, have a crystalline (layered) structure are generally flat or plate like. Silt, fine grained soil separate greater than 0.002 mm but less then 0.074 in diameter (passing the #200 sieve) Sand, coarse grained soil separate greater than 0.074mm (#200 sieve) but less than 4.74mm (#4 sieve) in diameter) Gravel, soil separate composed of particles greater than 4.76mm (#4 sieve) but less than 3 inches in diameter.
Protection of Existing Trees
the installation of a construction barrier fence at the dripline will keep the topsoil from compacting and allow moisture to soak into the soil, preventing physical damage to the tree roots. Provision for monetary damages should be included in the contract documents, to allow for recovery and replacement by the owner if items are damaged by the contractor.
Sand
the largest mineral particle of the soil separates. It is characterized by large pore space allowing good aeration and rapid passage of water. It is totally composed of silicates, a hard glassy mineral, that is found in a variety of forms such as quartz, opal, onyx, flint, etc. These particles do not cling together, and therefore have little moisture holding capacity. It is however, an excellent additive to humus-producing materials, particularly clay. Granular material that passes through a 3/8" sieve.
Liquid Limit
the minimum moisture content at which a soil will flow under its own weight.
Model Soil
the model landscape soil should be permeable and easily pulverized or "friable". It must retain sufficient amounts of moisture to sustain plant life, and permit percolation (the downward flow of water through soil) of all excess moisture.
NO3-N
the molecular formula for nitrate nitrogen. Nitrate forms of nitrogen are most used by plants for two reasons. First, they are mobile in the soil and move with soil water to plant roots. Secondly, all forms of nitrogen added to the soil are changed to nitrate under proper conditions of temperature, aeration, moisture, etc., by soil organisms.
Photosynthesis
the process by which plants convert water and carbon dioxide into carbohydrates under the action of light. Chlorophyll is required for the conversion of light energy into chemical forms.
Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur,
the secondary nutrients often grouped with the micronutrients, but determined to be more critical then other nutrients in that group. These are generally abundant in most soils. C is an essential part of cell formation and structure. Mg is essential for photosynthesis. S is used in protein synthesis.
Clay
the smallest mineral particle of the soil separates. It is characterized by slow drainage and poor aeration but has the best nutrient holding capacity or all the soil separates. consists of extremely fine inorganic particles that cling closely together and result in a lumpy soil. It is hard to manage, impenetrable to moisture and air, and is dissatisfactory as a plant growing medium. Soil that is more than one-third __, retains moisture well into the spring, stays cold, and must absorb considerable heat before its share of moisture evaporates. Nominal reserves of plant nutrients are locked in ___, present as insoluble chemical compounds that must be dissolved by microorganisms. Roots can then absorb moisture and nutrients through osmosis. It must be treated with materials that lighten it, or that at least produce humus.
Hydrophobic
the water repellent characteristics of certain soils. Fires can cause soils to become this. These soils result in decreased infiltration and increased runoff, thus influencing the amount of potential erosion.
Xylem
the water-conducting tissue which comprises one half of the vascular system of plants.
Density
the weight or mass per unit of volume. In reference to soil, the term usually indicates weight per volume (pounds per cubic foot) and is synonymous with unit weight. Sand 90-140 lb/ft³ Silt 85-135 lb/ft³ Clay 90-120 lb/ft³
Soil Amendments
there are three classifications, all of which are used to improve soil structure, pH and/or fertility. Chemical - includes gypsum, lime, sulfur, and others Mineral - Includes perlite, vermiculite, and sand Organic - Includes humus, peat moss, manure and others. To really be of any benefit, mineral and organic types should be used in amounts of 25 to 50% by volume. Also, the bacterial organisms that break down organic amendments require enough nitrogen to adversely affect the amount of nitrogen available to the plant. This is why humus is often nitrogenfortified or "nitrogenized" for use as an organic amendment.
Non-Saline Alkaline Soils
these soils are characterized by their poor physical structure and a pH value above 8.5. Alkali of this magnitude disintegrates larger soil particles and forms a fine soil imperious to water. Treatments with gypsum, sulfur, sulfuric acid, iron sulfate, etc. are helpful in reclaiming this type of soil. By improving the soil conditions and forming new salts; leaching with water will remove the deterrent salts. Gypsum is sometimes preferred over sulphur or sulphuric acid as a more economical means of soil reclamation.
Small Fruits
this includes Raspberries, Blackberries, Boysenberries, etc. as well as Grape vines, Strawberry plants, and Asparagus crowns. Size grading varies according to the characteristics of the plant. For instance, Raspberries are graded according to caliper and height while Strawberries are to have at least 10 main roots not less than 3" long and a minimum crown diameter of 5/16"
Seedling Trees and Shrubs
this includes forest, game refuge, erosion control, or shelterbelt plantings under natural conditions. Size grading is generally by caliper, minimum height, and minimum root length.
Young Plants
this includes young plants, seedlings, ground covers, vines and lining stock. Sizegrading is generally by height, caliper, spread and/or age depending on the growth character (slow, medium, or fast) of the plant. Method of propagation such as cutting, grafted, layered, seedling, or division, and treatment such as rootpruning, transplanting, bed grown, or container grown, are all designated for plants under this heading. Size-grading of young plants is divided into 4 types: No Stems (Type 1) - Measurement designates fullness, spread, root development and or container size. Single Stem (Type 2) - This type is further divided into groups of Spreading (measured by spread only), Semi-spreading (measured by spread which is usually twice height), Globe (measured by height which is usually equal to spread), Medium Upright (measured by height which is usually twice spread), and Upright (measured by height or age). Stoloniferous (Type 3) - Measurement by fullness and number of stolons. Vining (Type 4) - Measurement by lengths and/or number of runners and/or container size.
Cane
this is a primary stem starting from the ground or close to the ground at a point not higher than one fourth the overall height of the plant. Used in size-grading or shrubs.
Caliper
this is the diameter of the trunk. Standard measurement is to be taken 6" above the ground up to and including 4" caliper size, and 12" above the ground for larger sizes.
Drain Inlet
this structure allows surface runoff to enter directly into a drain pipe, and does not contain a sump
Quercus
this tree makes a superior contribution to wildlife species habitats by providing nesting materials, UV protection, a source of food, and wildlife cover
constructed treatment wetlands
treat point and non-point pollution and/or the control of storm water runoff as well as recharge groundwater and promote biodiversity
Espalier
tree or shrub trained so branching structure is emphasized and directed in a flat pattern against a wall, fence, trellis, or other surface. The resulting pattern may be formal, geometric, or informal.
Neutral
used in referring to soils with a pH equal to seven (7). Most plants prefer a pH form 6.5 to 7.2. However, some prefer acid soils with a pH from 5.0 to 6.5 and others survive quite well with a pH from 7.5 to 8.0.
Alkaline
used in referring to soils with a pH greater than seven (7). These soils are most common in areas with low rainfall.
Acid
used in referring to soils with a pH less that seven (7). These soils are most common in areas with high rainfall and often are high in organic matter.
Berm
vegetated or paved embankments, somewhat dike-like in appearance, commonly used by landscape architects for enclosure and separation purposes. However the use of these devices must be carefully evaluated, since in many cases the scale and proportion of these have been insignificant or inappropriate with regard to the surrounding context.
Hydrostatic Pressure
water pressure
Hygroscopic Moisture
water retained by soil after gravitational and capillary moisture are removed. Held by each soil grain in the form of a very thin film. As grain size decreases, this content increases. Also referred to as the air-dry moisture content.
Soil Property Aspects
when planning and designing a site, soil property aspects that should be considered: physical, site engineering, and horticultural.
Shade and Flowering Trees
with a few exceptions, size-grading for plant material in this grade is according to caliper, height, or a combination of both. Some of the divisions and characteristic standards in this grade are: Street Trees, it is recommended that bid specifications state height to which trees should be free from branching. Height of branching should be appropriate for the species and sizegrading of tree. Shade trees, these are divided into various standards according to growth rate of various species and form (typical upright tree form, low branching shrub form, dwarfs, etc.). Includes large shrubs grown in tree forms. Multi-Stem Trees, these are divided into two forms. The "clump form" has two or more main stems from the root crown or main trunk not more than 6" above the ground. The "shrub form" has multiple stems from the root crown as is typical of most shrubs. Size-grading is according to overall height and not caliper. Palms, palms are size-graded by height. Either of two heights may be specified. Overall height is from the ground to the arc made by the uppermost arching frond. Trunk height is from the ground to the base of the heart leaf. Bare Root, size-grading is according to caliper, height and minimum root spread. Bare root materials may be nursery grown or "collected." Size-grading for "collected" material is similar to nursery grown with the exception that root spread shall be 1/3 greater than that required for nursery-grown. Balled and Burlapped, size-grading is according to caliper, height, and root ball depth and diameter. As with bare root material there are nursery grown and "collected" requirements. The collected material requires a relatively large rootball than what is required for nurserygrown.
