last exam labs

In sponges, the cells responsible for generating water currents that facilitate gas exchange and nutrition are the:

choanocytes

t/f all fish lay eggs

false

t/f stiff hair is a synapomorphy of reptiles

false

The most diverse group of arthropods is the:

insects

Bilaterian animals are divided into two monophyletic groups, the _____ and the _____, which are supported by patterns of comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, and molecular sequence data.

Protostomia; Deuterostomia

So far, OʼConnell tested the elephantsʼ response to a sound traveling above the ground. Which other condition is she likely to test next as part of her experiment?

She will likely test the elephants' response to a sound traveling through the ground as the next part of her experiment.

An experiment was performed on 10 small arthropods called "pill bugs". The animals had a choice between a dark environment and a light environment. They could freely move between either environmental condition. The results of their choice are shown in the graph. light = very small bar dark = very tall bar

The pill bugs perform negative phototaxis when given a light stimulus.

Which of these is a pair of chordate synapomorphies?

Eutherians

Cnidarians share a common body plan that takes two forms. The free-floating form is called a medusa, whereas the sessile form is called a:

polyp

which par of traits do reptiles have that make them more successful on land than amphibians?

Amnion layer and scales

In a few sentences, describe how you would design an experiment to determine whether elephants can detect and interpret the calls of other elephants through the ground.

I would record the sounds from a group of elephants that are frequently together and evidently communicating with one another. Then, I would go to a secondary location far from the group of elephants and play them into the ground. While recording the group of elephants, I would see how they respond to a number of different recordings played through the ground (ex. if they freeze in place when they feel the vibrations, how they react afterwards, etc.). I would record this data and repeat this process a few times to compare and interpret the behavior of the elephants

Which of these groups includes almost half of all animal phyla?

lophotrochozoans

According to this phylogeny, which of the answer choice correctly lists the sequence in which multicellularity, tissues, and bilateral symmetry arose, from the oldest characteristic to the most recent?

multicellularity, multiple tissues, bilateral symmetry

When the brine shrimp were presented with red light, they displayed

no response

Which of these characteristics would you expect to find in a member of the Bilateria?

specialized head region

Insects exchange gases through pores called _____, which connect to an internal system of tubes called _____, which are in turn connected to respiring tissues.

spiracles, trachae

t/f bony fishes are the largest group of fishes

true

t/f feathers are a synapomorphy of birds

true

t/f reptiles include the snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles, and birds.

true

t/f taxis is an orientation behavior where an organism moves toward or away from a stimulus.

true

An experiment was performed on planarians. The distanced a planarian moved was measured for 5 minutes. Then, the planarian was given caffeine, and its movement was measured for another 5 minutes. This was repeated for multiple planarians, and the averages of all planarian movement with and without caffeine is shown in the following graph. What do the results of this graph suggest for planarians and caffeine? without caffeine = 8 with caffeine = 7

Planarian movement is not really affected by caffeine.

Pollinating insects are in part responsible for _____ diversity.

flowering plant

The two types of Osteichthyan are [A], which are the most numerous, and [B], the group with only a few taxa. (be sure to use the scientific name for these groups and spell correctly for full credit, add nothing else except the word needed)

a = actinopterygi b = sarcopterygi

In the Elephant Interactive experiment, when the elephants hear/ feel an alarm call, they move [A] the water hole. This is an example of [B] [C].

a = away from b = negative c = taxis

A behavior starts with [A] which is detected by sensory receptors. Next, it is evaluated by the central nervous system, a process referred to as [B]. The central nervous system determines a [C], which is a pattern of nerve impulses directed by the central nervous system and the sequence of muscle contractions that are initiated. All behaviors arise via natural selection and are therefore [D], a benefit to the organism.

a = stimulus b = neural integration c = response d = adaptation

List at least three examples of ways in which animals of the same species communicate with one another.

auditory communication - using different sounds to signal different things chemical - pheromones, marking their territory visual - displays when they are trying to mate (ex. fluffing up feathers)

According to this phylogeny, bilaterians (animals with bilateral symmetry) are most closely related to:

cnidarians

As in many other animals, the endoderm in ctenophores functions in:

digestion

What would non-avian reptiles have to evolve in order to fly like avian reptiles?

endothermy

what is a major cost of endothermy?

energetic expense

t/f muscular post-anal tail is a synapomorphy of Osteichthyes

false

t/f paired fins is a synapomorphy of gnathostomata

false

What do you conclude from these results?

I can conclude that elephants are able to listen and distinguish different sounds traveling above ground that their elephant friends produce. In this example the elephants were able to interpret that there was a threat nearby.

Predict what will happen when the shaker is turned on if elephants communicate using only sound traveling through the air and not the ground

If elephants only communicate using sound traveling through the air, then they will have no reaction to the shaker being turned on

In the past, species of sponges, cnidarians, and ctenophores were referred to as "lower" or "primitive" animals because of their relatively simple body plans and lack of any sophisticated organ differentiation. Why are the terms "lower" or "primitive" not that useful as descriptors for these organisms?

These groups have been around for millions of years; therefore, their evolutionary path has been successful in spite of limited complexity.

The Ecdysozoa include:

arthropods

Let's say we had a different outcome from the elephant experiment. If the elephants showed the same responses to both the speaker (above ground) and the shaker (below ground), which graph would fit those results?

speaker and shaker are equal in length no signal = longest bar

t/f lampreys have no true teeth

true