Latin 23-33 Review

Ablative Absolute

Consists of a noun and adjective in the ablative case (with sometimes two nouns). The noun in this grammatical construction is NOT mentioned at all in the sentences' main clause. These are usually set off by commas.

Provisio Clause

"dum modo" + subjunctive verb — provided that, so as long as. "ne" indicates negative.

Participle

A verbal adjective that must agree with its noun in: gender, number, and case

Indirect Statement

A way to quote someone/something secondhand or, using modern punctuation without having to use quotation marks. Add "that", but you don't need to translate "that" in Latin. Are created with: (1) a verb of saying, thinking, or perceiving, (2) subject in the accusative, and (3) infinitive.

Perfect Infinitive

Action prior to the main verb. "Prior Infinitive"

Future Infinitive

Action subsequent to the main verb. "Future Infinitive"

carthago delenda est

Carthage must be destroyed

carthago mihi delenda est

Carthage must be destroyed by me

carthago tibi delenda est

Carthage must be destroyed by you

Simple Fact Future/ Future More Vivid (Indicatives)

Future indicative in both clauses; translate verbs in protasis as a present tense; the verb in the apodasis as future.

Present Active Participles

Go to the 2nd principle part. 1, 2, and 3 conjugations: replace final -re of present infinitive with -ns. 3 -io and 4 conjugations: replace the whole infinitive ending with -iens. Decline like 3rd Declension i- stem adjectives. Translates as: "-ing"

Present Infinitive

Goes on at the same time as the main verb. "Contemporaneous infinitive"

Irregular Verbs

Have All principle parts except 4th.

Laudabar ā amante.

I was praised by the loving one/the one loving.

The Protasis

If, if not. A. The condition. B. Subordinate clause introduced by si or nisi. C. Stating a hypothetical action/circumstance.

Simple Fact Past (indicatives)

Perfect/imperfect indicatives in both clauses; translate verbs as past indicatives.

Simple Fact Present (Indicatives)

Present indicative in both clauses; translate verbs as present indicative

The Three Tenses of Participles

Present, Perfect, and Future

Things the "ne" + subjunctive can be used in

Purpose, Jussive/Hortatory, and Provisio Clauses.

Perfect Passive Participle

The same as the 4th principle part of the verb. Decline like 1st and 2nd Declension adjectives. Indicate an action that took place before the action of the main verb. Translates as: "having been"; "after being" "after he had been" "when" "who had been"

Future Active Participles

Take the 4th principle part, drop the -us, and add -urus, a, um. Decline like 1st and 2nd Declension adjectives. Translates as: "about to" "going to"

Coquus vocatus ab omnibus laudatus est.

The cook, having been called, was praised by everyone.

faciens, facientis

doing

Indicatives in Conditionals

When the condition was more likely to be realized.

Subjunctives in Conditionals

Where the premise was either less likely or where both the premise and conclusion were contrary to the actual facts of a situation.

Future Passive Ablative Absolutes

With the noun about to be verbed

Future Active Ablative Absolutes

With the noun about to verb

Perfect Passive Ablative Absolute

With the noun having been verbed

Present Ablative Absolute

With the noun verbing

Conditional Statements

a statement that can be written in if-then form

vetandus, a, um

about to be forbidden

vetaturus, a, um

about to forbid

vetans, vetantis

forbidding

actus, a, um

having been driven

vetatus, a, um

having been forbidden

auditus, a, um

having been heard

habitus, a, um

having been held

laudatus, a, um

having been praised

audiens, audientis

hearing

habens, habentis

holding

id faciendum est

it must be done

Ancillā necandā

since the slave woman will be killed

spē oppressō

since their hope had been overwhelmed

stans, stantis

standing

The Passive Periphrastic

the gerundive + form of sum. This indicates necessity, obligation, or appropriate action. These must be translated idiomatically. "must be" "ought to be" "needs to be". The dative case is used in this construction rather than the ablative case.

muri nobis aedificandi erunt

the walls must be built by us

The Apodasis

then. A. The "conclusion" or "consequence". B. Main clause. C. Expresses the anticipated outcome if the condition turns out to be true.

hic liber cum curā legendus erit

this book must be read with care

haec femina laudanda est

this woman must be praised

servō captō

when the slave had been seized

Besides "with", Ablative Absolutes can be translated with:

when, since, although, if, after

Camerone et Camryne magistrīs

with Cameron and Camryn as teachers

appellatō Crassō

with Crassus having been named/called

causā cogitatā

with the cause having been known

captā urbe

with the city having been captured

puellā amandā

with the girl about to be loved

amissā animā

with the mind having been lost

a patre matre laudandā

with the mother about to be praised by the father

armīs receptā rē publicā

with the republic having been taken

nave ducente

with the ship being led

carmine cantadō

with the song about to be sung