Latin 23-33 Review
Ablative Absolute
Consists of a noun and adjective in the ablative case (with sometimes two nouns). The noun in this grammatical construction is NOT mentioned at all in the sentences' main clause. These are usually set off by commas.
Provisio Clause
"dum modo" + subjunctive verb — provided that, so as long as. "ne" indicates negative.
Participle
A verbal adjective that must agree with its noun in: gender, number, and case
Indirect Statement
A way to quote someone/something secondhand or, using modern punctuation without having to use quotation marks. Add "that", but you don't need to translate "that" in Latin. Are created with: (1) a verb of saying, thinking, or perceiving, (2) subject in the accusative, and (3) infinitive.
Perfect Infinitive
Action prior to the main verb. "Prior Infinitive"
Future Infinitive
Action subsequent to the main verb. "Future Infinitive"
carthago delenda est
Carthage must be destroyed
carthago mihi delenda est
Carthage must be destroyed by me
carthago tibi delenda est
Carthage must be destroyed by you
Simple Fact Future/ Future More Vivid (Indicatives)
Future indicative in both clauses; translate verbs in protasis as a present tense; the verb in the apodasis as future.
Present Active Participles
Go to the 2nd principle part. 1, 2, and 3 conjugations: replace final -re of present infinitive with -ns. 3 -io and 4 conjugations: replace the whole infinitive ending with -iens. Decline like 3rd Declension i- stem adjectives. Translates as: "-ing"
Present Infinitive
Goes on at the same time as the main verb. "Contemporaneous infinitive"
Irregular Verbs
Have All principle parts except 4th.
Laudabar ā amante.
I was praised by the loving one/the one loving.
The Protasis
If, if not. A. The condition. B. Subordinate clause introduced by si or nisi. C. Stating a hypothetical action/circumstance.
Simple Fact Past (indicatives)
Perfect/imperfect indicatives in both clauses; translate verbs as past indicatives.
Simple Fact Present (Indicatives)
Present indicative in both clauses; translate verbs as present indicative
The Three Tenses of Participles
Present, Perfect, and Future
Things the "ne" + subjunctive can be used in
Purpose, Jussive/Hortatory, and Provisio Clauses.
Perfect Passive Participle
The same as the 4th principle part of the verb. Decline like 1st and 2nd Declension adjectives. Indicate an action that took place before the action of the main verb. Translates as: "having been"; "after being" "after he had been" "when" "who had been"
Future Active Participles
Take the 4th principle part, drop the -us, and add -urus, a, um. Decline like 1st and 2nd Declension adjectives. Translates as: "about to" "going to"
Coquus vocatus ab omnibus laudatus est.
The cook, having been called, was praised by everyone.
faciens, facientis
doing
Indicatives in Conditionals
When the condition was more likely to be realized.
Subjunctives in Conditionals
Where the premise was either less likely or where both the premise and conclusion were contrary to the actual facts of a situation.
Future Passive Ablative Absolutes
With the noun about to be verbed
Future Active Ablative Absolutes
With the noun about to verb
Perfect Passive Ablative Absolute
With the noun having been verbed
Present Ablative Absolute
With the noun verbing
Conditional Statements
a statement that can be written in if-then form
vetandus, a, um
about to be forbidden
vetaturus, a, um
about to forbid
vetans, vetantis
forbidding
actus, a, um
having been driven
vetatus, a, um
having been forbidden
auditus, a, um
having been heard
habitus, a, um
having been held
laudatus, a, um
having been praised
audiens, audientis
hearing
habens, habentis
holding
id faciendum est
it must be done
Ancillā necandā
since the slave woman will be killed
spē oppressō
since their hope had been overwhelmed
stans, stantis
standing
The Passive Periphrastic
the gerundive + form of sum. This indicates necessity, obligation, or appropriate action. These must be translated idiomatically. "must be" "ought to be" "needs to be". The dative case is used in this construction rather than the ablative case.
muri nobis aedificandi erunt
the walls must be built by us
The Apodasis
then. A. The "conclusion" or "consequence". B. Main clause. C. Expresses the anticipated outcome if the condition turns out to be true.
hic liber cum curā legendus erit
this book must be read with care
haec femina laudanda est
this woman must be praised
servō captō
when the slave had been seized
Besides "with", Ablative Absolutes can be translated with:
when, since, although, if, after
Camerone et Camryne magistrīs
with Cameron and Camryn as teachers
appellatō Crassō
with Crassus having been named/called
causā cogitatā
with the cause having been known
captā urbe
with the city having been captured
puellā amandā
with the girl about to be loved
amissā animā
with the mind having been lost
a patre matre laudandā
with the mother about to be praised by the father
armīs receptā rē publicā
with the republic having been taken
nave ducente
with the ship being led
carmine cantadō
with the song about to be sung