Latin America

Who probably belonged to the creole class?

A colonel in the Spanish colonial army

Who was Father Miguel Hildalgo?

A priest in the small village of Dolores who took the first step toward independence. He was poor but well educated and believed in enlightenment ideals. He issued a call for rebellion against the Spanish and this call is known today as the cry of Dolores.

Who was Jose de San Martin?

An Argentinian liberator. He lead southern liberation forces across the Andes to Chile. He spent much of his youth in Spain as a career military officer. He fought with Spanish forces against Napoleon. He helped liberate Latin America from Spain and eventually became the liberator of Argentina, chile and peru.

Describe the inequalities of the pre-revolutionary Latin American class system.

Class dictated peoples place in society and jobs. At the top of society were the peninsulares, people who were born in Spain. Only peninsulares could hold high office in Spanish colonial government. Creoles, spaniards born in Latin America, were below the peninsulares in rank. They could not hold high-level political office but they could rise as officers in Spanish colonial armies. These two groups controlled land, wealth, and power in the Spanish colonies. Below the peninsulares and Creoles were the mestizos, people of mixed European and Indian ancestry. Next were the mulattos, of mixed European and African ancestry. Enslaved Africans and Indians were at the bottom of the social ladder. There was little social mobility.

What are some of the lasting results of these independence movements in latin america?

Independence for Spanish controlled regions of Latin America, ineffective political social and economic policies, and Brazil being granted independence from portugal

What statement best describes the economies of the newly independent nations of South America during the nineteenth century?

Latin America became dependent on the production of a small number of natural resources or cash crops for export to global markets

Why is this region of the world known as Latin America?

Latin America is so called because it is a region of the Americas where Romance languages are primarily spoken. These languages are particularly Spanish, Portuguese and French.

Describe the difference between liberation in Spanish controlled Latin America and Portuguese controlled Brazil.

Latin American liberation was violent; Brazils liberation was nonviolent.

What European nations established colonies in this region of the world?

Spain, britain, and portugal

Hat does nationalism enforce?

That ones greatest loyalty should be to the people, the nation of people should share a common culture, and a nation of people should be autonomous.

Which social class led the revolutions against Spain? Why?

The Creoles. They were discontent at being left out of government jobs and trade concessions. They feared social unrest due to the various social classes and wanted to maintain their power. There was also a rise of nationalism among them as they gained inspiration from the American and French revolutions.

What was the independence of Haiti influenced by?

The French revolution

What events inspired Latin Americans to revolt for freedom?

The enlightenment, and French Revolution and American revolutions. Also, the preoccupation of Spain and Portugal in fighting the napoleonic wars.

Why did the Latin-born spaniards, a group that suffered far less oppression than other groups, lead the revolution against Spain?

They wanted to gain power in Latin America, instead of other revolting groups gaining the power. They believed in nationalism and had pride to be the owner of their country and if they didn't take action, they might not have power in the future government.

What was bolivars goal for Latin America?

To gain it independence from Spanish rule.

Who was simon bolivar?

A brilliant general, visionary, writer, and a fighter. Simon Bolivar was a wealthy Venezuelan creole. He was called Libertador (liberator) and also the George Washington of South America. Bolivar planned to unite the Spanish colonies of South America into a single country called Gran Columbia. He won Venezuelans independence.

Who was Toussaint L'Ouverture?

A formerly enslaved leader of the Haiti revolution. He rose to become a skilled general and diplomat despite the fact that he was at first unfamiliar with these matters. By 1801, he had taken control of the entire island of Haiti and freed all the enslaved Africans.