leadership chapter 8
From the most effective to least, how is the full range leadership model ordered?
1) Transformational 4 pillars (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individual consideration) 2) Contingent reward (CR) 3) Management-by-exception active (MBE-A) 4) Management-by-exception passive (MBE-P) 5) Laissez-Faire (LF)
in four experimental studies, what four things were found regarding pseudotransformational leadership?
1) self-serving 2) unwilling to encourage independent thought in followers 3) exhibits little general caring for others 4) uses inspiration and appeal to manipulate followers for his/her own ends
who are examples of pseudotranformational leaders?
Adolph Hitler Saddam Hussein
who is an example of a transformational leader and why?
Mohandas Gandhi raised the hopes and demands of millions of his people and in the process was changed himself
what is a laissez-faire approach?
a hands-off, let-things-ride approach
what is the main element of transformational leadership?
a process - interactions that change us = transform
what is charisma?
a special personality characteristic that gives a person superhuman or exceptional powers and is reserved for a few, is of divine origin, and results in the person being treated as a leader
what are the characteristics of a laissez-faire approach?
abdicates responsibility delays decisions gives no feedback makes little effort to help followers satisfy their needs
what are characteristics of idealized influence in the transformational model?
acting as strong role models; being charismatic high standards of moral and ethical conduct standing proud, making others want to follow the same vision (influential)
how are leaders and followers involved in the transformational model?
both the leader and the follower each are changed through the situational experiences
what is the charismatic leadership theory?
charismatic leaders act in unique ways that have specific charismatic effects on their followers
what are characteristics of inspirational motivation in the transformational model?
communication high expectations inspiring followers to commitment and engagement in shared vision using symbols and emotional appeals to focus group members to achieve more than self-interest
what are the core elements of transformational leadership?
concerned with emotions, values, ethics, standards, and achieving long-term goals
what transactional leadership factor is closest to the transformational model?
contingent reward
what are the two transactional leadership factors?
contingent reward management-by-exception
how do leaders help followers in the transformational model?
express high expectations for followers and help followers gain sense of self-confidence and self-efficacy
what is transactional leadership?
focuses on the exchanges that occur between leaders and their followers
what is psuedotransformational leadership?
focuses on the leader's own interests rather than the interests of his or her followers
what are the four pillars of transformational leadership?
idealized influence inspirational motivation intellectual stimulation individualized consideration
what do management by exception passive leaders do?
intervenes only after standards have not been met or problems have arisen, does not seek to discover errors or issues but will act to resolve them when discovered
how is the transformational leaders influential?
involves an exceptional form of influence that moves followers to accomplish more than what is usually expected: "the extra mile," exceptional commitment/followup
what defines a transformational leader?
leader is attentive to the needs and motives of followers and tries to help followers reach their fullest potential. the leader and followers are changed via this process
what is the management-by-exception transactional leadership factor?
leadership that involved corrective criticism, negative feedback, and negative reinforcement. Manages by "Problems, Exceptions" that occur
what are characteristics of individualized consideration in the transformational model?
listening carefully to the needs of followers acting as coaches to assist followers in becoming fully actualized helping followers grow through personal challenges
what are the two forms of management-by-exception?
management by exception active management by exception passive
what transactional leadership factor is closest related to nonleadership?
management by exception passive
where is the laissez-faire leadership often found?
many of this type of leader are found in very large organizations where they can better hide from active or effective leading
what four things does the "full-range" model of transformational leadership include?
more attention to followers' rather than leaders needs suggested TL could apply to outcomes that were not positive (are dark) giving more attention to emotional elements suggested charisma is a necessary but not sufficient condition
what are examples of transactions?
no new taxes = votes turn in assignments = grade surpass goals = promotion
what is the definition of transformational?
process of engaging with others to create a connection that increases motivation and morality in both the leader and the follower
what is transformational leadership?
process of engaging with others to create a connection that increases motivation and morality in both the leader and the follower
what two ways does transformational leaders motivate followers beyond expectations?
raising consciousness about the value and importance of specific and idealized goals motivating to transcend self-interest for the good of the team or organization
what are characteristics of intellectual stimulation in the transformational model?
stimulating followers to be more creative and innovative challenging their own beliefs and valuing those of leader and organization supporting followers to try new approaches - develop innovative ways of dealing with org issues
what is laissez-faire?
the absence of leadership
where can you find the transactional model?
the exchange dimension is so common that you can observe it at all walks of life
what are contingent rewards?
the exchange process between leaders and followers in which effort by followers is exchanged for specified rewards. The most positive of the transactional factors
what do pseudotranformational leaders focus on?
the leader's own interests rather than the interests of his or her followers
what type of leadership is charisma associated with?
transformational leadership
what are characteristics of a pseudotransformational leader?
transforming but in a negative way, self-consumed, exploitive; power oriented, with warped moral values. can be narcissistic or have psychopath tendencies
what does the transformational model do for followers?
transforms followers' self-concepts; links identity of followers to collective identity of the organization
what do management by exception active leaders do?
watches followers closely to identify mistakes/rule violations. Actively seeks out errors and problems
