Learn Smart #8

What is an axon collateral?

A branch of an axon

What are three general functions of neuroglia?

Carry out phagocytosis, Produce components of myelin, and provide structural support of neurons

The two main divisions of the nervous system are the _____ and the _______.

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

A mass of neuron cell bodies located outside the brain and spinal cord is called a(n) ___________.

Ganglion

The axon _______ is the region of a neuron where the axon originates.

Hillock

The motor division of the nervous system is subdivided into ________ and __________ nervous systems.

Somatic and autonomic

Motor neurons of the _____ nervous system control skeletal muscles. motor neurons of the _______ nervous system control cardiac and smooth muscle

Somatic; automatic

What are three descriptions of the autonomic nervous system?

Subdivision of the peripheral nervous system, controls smooth and cardiac muscle, and effectors are under involuntary control

What is the junction between two neurons called (where they meet without touching)?

Synapse

What two characteristics apply to cells called interneurons (or association neurons)?

They link sensory neurons to motor neurons and they are multipolar neurons.

What is the meaning of the word root "dendr-"?

Tree

What prefix means "one"?

Uni-

Neurons that have one single process are called ______ neurons. The single process divides into two branches that function as a single axon with a peripheral process and a central process.

Unipolar

Gray matter is made up of:

Unmyelinated axons, dendrites and cell bodies

The somatic nervous system is the motor portion of the peripheral nervous system that carries out _____ activities.

Voluntary

Bundles of axons within the central nervous system are called _________.

tracts

Within the central nervous system, tissue called ____ matter consists of bundles of _____ axons.

white; myelinated

What are the four types of neuroglia (glial cells) in the central nervous system?

Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Microglia, and Ependymal cells

Where are axon terminals located?

At the ends of axons

The ______ nervous system is the motor portion of the peripheral nervous system that carries out involuntary activities.

Autonomic

The part of a neuron that sends out nerve impulses is the _________.

Axon

Name the specialized endings found at the end of an axon.

Axon terminals

The process called _______ transport involves the passage of proteins, organelles and other material along an axon.

Axonal

A neuron includes a cell body with its organelles, and cell processes called ________ and _________.

Axons and dendrites

What is the prefix that means "two"?

Bi-

Neurons that have only two processes, one axon and one dendrite, are called ________ neurons.

Bipolar

What kind of neuron is found in specialized parts of the eyes, nose, and ears?

Bipolar

What organs make up the central nervous system?

Brain and spinal cord

The gap between the two neurons is called the synaptic ________.

Cleft

What organs make up the peripheral nervous system?

Cranial nerves and Spinal nerves

What type of process is typically more abundant in a neuron?

Dendrite

Neurons have processes called ________ that receive glands from other neurons.

Dendrites

Within a neuron, the ______ are highly branched cellular processes that carry signals forward the cell body of the neuron.

Dendrites

Muscles and glands, located outside of the central nervous system, function as __________, responding to motor impulses.

Effectors

The neuroglia that line the central canal of the spinal cord and ventricles of the brain are called the ______ cells.

Ependymal

The meaning of the prefix "Oligo-" is ________.

Few

What are three functions of astrocytes?

Forms the blood brain barrier, aids in the metabolism of substances, and helps repair nervous tissue.

Sensory neurons conduct impulses in which direction?

From the peripheral body parts to the brain and spinal cord

What are three functions of the nervous system?

Initiate changes in effectors, sense the environment, and integrate incoming signals

Sensory receptors detect changes in _____ body conditions.

Internal and external

Name the neuroglia in the central nervous system that functions as phagocytes to remove cellular debris.

Microglia

Multipolar neurons called _____ neurons send signals from the central nervous system to effectors, such as muscles and glands.

Motor

The general functions of the nervous system can be describes as sensory functions, integrative functions, and __________ functions.

Motor

What type of neuron would stimulate an effector?

Motor neurons

What prefix means "many"?

Multi-

Neurons are structurally classified as unipolar, bipolar, or _________.

Multipolar

Some neuroglial cells produce the components of the electrical insulator called ________.

Myelin

Structures within the peripheral nervous system called _______ are bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue.

Nerves

Structures within the peripheral nervous system called ________ are bundles of axons wrapped in connective tissue.

Nerves

Feeling, thinking and moving are functions of which organ system?

Nervous

What structure surrounds the myelin sheath and contains the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm of the Schwann cell?

Neurilemma

Name the cell in nervous tissue that provides physical support, insulation, and nutrients for other cells.

Neuroglia

What cell type is most abundant in the brain?

Neuroglia

What are the two cell types in neural tissue?

Neuroglia and neurons

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells are types of _______ found in the _______.

Neuroglia; CNS

Mature _____ do not divide.

Neurons

What is the term for biological messenger molecules that transmit a signal between two neurons?

Neurotransmitters

The ______ of _______ are the gaps between segments of myelin along an axon.

Nodes of Ranvier

Name the type of neuroglia that provides insulating layers of myelin (myelin sheath) in the brain and spinal cord.

Oligodendrocytes

A unipolar neuron has _____ process(es) extending from the cell body.

One

What prefix means "all around"?

Peri-

The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are subdivisions of the ______ nervous system.

Peripheral

Schwann cells are neuroglia that produce myelin in the _______.

Peripheral nervous system

Sensory neurons carry electrical signals from the _______ to the ________.

Periphery; central nervous system

What statements best describe the myelin sheath?

Produced by Schwann cells and composed on many layers of cell membrane with no cytoplasm between them.

The neuroglial cells called ______ cells support neuron cell bodies within ganglia of the peripheral nervous system.

Satellite

The two types of neuroglia in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are ______ cells and ________ cells.

Schwann and Satellite cells

Nerve impulses are conducted via the _______ neurons from peripheral body parts into the brain and spinal cord.

Sensory

________ receptors detect changes in internal and external body conditions.

Sensory

What are examples of effectors that can be stimulated by motor impulses?

Skeletal muscle, glands, and cardiac muscle

Somatic motor neurons control ________ muscles. Autonomic motor neurons control _________ muscles.

Skeletal; smooth

A neuron has no more than one _______, but can have many _________.

axon; dendrites

A synaptic ______ is a space between a synaptic knob and the receptive surface of another cell.

cleft

The ______ function of the nervous system is to gather _______ information and make decisions that affect ________ functions.

integrative; sensory; motor

The _____ division of the peripheral nervous system handles voluntary motor activities.

somatic