Learning Curves Chapter 11

_____ proposed the social-cognitive perspective.

Bandura

_____ refers to giving priority to goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.

Collectivism

_____ refers to giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

Individualism

Which of the following is NOT one of Freud's premises accepted by the neo-Freudians?

Personality is shaped by experiences throughout one's life.

_____ emphasized the importance of unconditional positive regard in healthy personality development.

Rogers

The projective test known as the _____ test, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of a certain type of abstract pictorial representation.

Rorschach inkblot

_____ emphasized the importance of unconscious processes.

Sigmund Freud

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates reciprocal _____.

determinism

The Big Five personality factor _____ involves the following endpoints: sociable versus retiring and affectionate versus reserved.

extraversion

The benefits of a(n) _____ culture can come at the cost of more loneliness, more divorce, more homicide, and more stress-related disease.

individualist

Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of:

a positive self-concept.

People are more likely to perceive themselves favorably. This is known as:

a self-serving bias.

One of the Big Five personality factors is:

agreeableness.

Around the world, people describe others' personality traits in terms that are consistent with a set of factors called the _____.

big five

One of the _____ personality factors is agreeableness.

big five

Carl Jung emphasized the importance of the _____ in personality functioning.

collective unconscious

Interdependence, and emphasis on belonging to a close knit group, are characteristics of a _____ culture.

collectivist

In an effort to preserve team spirit, _____ are more likely to avoid direct confrontation, blunt honesty, and uncomfortable topics.

collectivists

Carl Rogers said, "The only question which matters is, 'Am I living in a way that is deeply satisfying to me?'" Critics of Rogers are likely to object to this statement because:

critics of Carl Rogers are likely to voice all of the objections listed.

Researchers find that in high stress situations, it is common for the stress hormones to _____ memories of traumatic events.

enhance

The humanistic perspective fails to appreciate the human capacity for _____.

evil

Freudian and humanistic theorists sought to _____ traits; trait theorists sought to ____ traits.

explain; describe

Dr. Burns sees his own therapist in order for him to be at his emotional best for seeing patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Rogers refers to this attitude as:

genuineness.

A person with very high self-esteem is likely to _____ than a person with low self-esteem.

have fewer sleepless nights

According to Abraham Maslow, people are motivated through a _____.

hierarchy of needs

Sherry has to give her first speech in her communications class, and she is very anxious. Her advisor informs her of the spotlight effect and encourages her to _____ in order to decrease her anxiety.

imagine herself in the role of a spectator

After the world championships, the winner of the diving competition, discussed how hard she had worked and the dedication and sacrifices she made to reach her goal to be a gold medal winner. From this interview, you can ascertain that she is from a(n) _____ culture.

individualist

Studies show that people in _____ cultures demand more romance and personal fulfillment in marriage; this subjects the relationship to more pressure.

individualist

With regard to reliability and validity, compared to other measures of personality, the Rorschach inkblot test has _____ reliability and low validity.

low

Felipe is a calm, self-satisfied man who appears to be secure. The Big Five personality factor _____ would best describe his personality.

neuroticism

Maslow's hierarchy of needs followed this order:

physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization

A principal is looking for advice on how to improve his relationships with the teachers in his school. Carl Rogers might suggest being genuine with them and showing them unconditional _____ regard.

positive

Self-actualization is the ultimate psychological need. It only arises after basic psychological and physiological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. Self-actualization is the motivation to fulfill one's _____.

potential

The defense mechanism known as _____ occurs when people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

projection

The old saying, "That is the pot calling the kettle black," is a good example of this defense mechanism.

projection

Today's researchers call _____ the false consensus effect.

projection

The _____ perspective emphasizes the role of repressed childhood conflicts in personality disorders.

psychoanalytic

This defense mechanism known as _____ offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.

rationalization

Albert Bandura's social-cognitive perspective highlights the importance of _____ determinism.

reciprocal

Anxious people tend to be on the lookout for potentially threatening events; that is, they perceive the world as threatening. Their personalities shape how they interpret and react to events. This is known as _____.

reciprocal determinism

Felix's optimism leads him to both try new tasks, but also results from his successful accomplishments. This best illustrates ______.

reciprocal determinism

Michael tends to worry a lot. He is particularly aware of potential threats. As a result, his willingness to try new things is limited, and he has few opportunities to see that his worries are unfounded. Bandura called this process ______.

reciprocal determinism

Serena is a worrier. She worries about her family, her friends, and herself. She is particularly aware of potential hazards in the environment, and she sees the world as a dangerous place. Her personality is shaped by how she interprets and reacts to events. Bandura called this process _____.

reciprocal determinism

Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This best illustrates:

reciprocal determinism.

A test that yields consistent results is said to be _____.

reliable

Children who have witnessed a parent's murder report memories that most clearly challenge Freud's concept of _____.

repression

Genevieve was the victim of a violent home invasion in which her entire family was viciously murdered and she was critically injured. Genevieve has nightmares and flashbacks of the trauma which is inconsistent with Freud's view of the defense mechanism known as _____.

repression

In Western psychology, the _____ is thought to be the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of personality.

self

People with high _____ have feelings of high self-worth and tend to persist when faced with a difficult task.

self-esteem

A person with very high self-esteem is likely to have fewer _____ nights than a person with low self-esteem.

sleepless

The _____ perspective emphasizes that personality is the result of interactions between people and their situations. The way one thinks about a situation affects one's behavior.

social-cognitive

According to the psychoanalytic theory, boys' fear of castration is most closely associated with:

the Oedipus complex

The humanistic perspective fails to appreciate:

the human capacity for evil.

Self-actualization is the ultimate psychological need. It only arises after basic psychological and physiological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. Self-actualization is:

the motivation to fulfill one's potential.

People overestimate the degree to which others are noticing and evaluating their appearance, performance, and blunders. Gilovich termed this:

the spotlight effect.

Freud thought that the part of a dream that we remember is a censored version of _____ wishes.

unconscious

Freud's psychoanalytic theory focuses on a(n) _____ region of the mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms.

unconscious

Some think Freud overestimated parental influence and _____ peer influence.

underestimated

In contrast to collectivist cultures, individualist cultures tend to:

value the needs and goals of the individual over that of the group.

When their self-esteem has been threatened, people with large egos may react _____.

violently