LearningCurve Ch16

Which of the following resulted from industrialization in the decades after the Civil War? A higher standard of living Rapid price inflation A shortage of agricultural products Slowing immigration

A higher standard of living

On which factor did American economic growth in the late 1800s depend?

A rapidly growing population

What term was used to describe a labor organization based on skilled workers in a specialized field of employment?

A trade union

Refer to the map The New South, 1900 to answer the following question. What does this map illustrate about the extent to which the "New South" of 1900 was different from the antebellum "Old South"?

Agriculture continued to dominate the South in 1900, but the introduction of railroads and textiles made the New South different from the old.

Who of the following represented the American notion that through hard work, even a poor immigrant could become tremendously successful? Thomas Edison Jay Cooke Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller

Andrew Carnegie

What message is the artist aiming to send with this 1880 political cartoon?

Both political parties supported legislation restricting the Chinese. The cartoon contains images of Republican presidential candidate James Garfield and Democratic presidential candidate Winfield Hancock nailing up their party's planks in favor of restricting Chinese immigration. It suggests that politicians and white Americans generally agreed about the need to limit the influx of Chinese immigrants into the United States.

Under the price-support system proposed by the Farmers' Alliance, the federal government would aid farmers in what way?

By warehousing crops and issuing loans on their value until they could be profitably sold

What late-nineteenth-century development made it possible for rural Americans to participate in the national consumer culture? Billboards Catalogs Store chains Automobiles

Catalogs

Which of the following pairs is properly matched? Trade union—all jobs reserved for union members Collective bargaining—union negotiates with the employer for all the employees Yellow-dog contract—workers in one industry organized into a single organization, regardless of skill Closed shop—force applied on a comparable industry to bring pressure on the primary target

Collective bargaining—union negotiates with the employer for all the employees

Which of the following statements characterizes the economics of working-class family life in late-nineteenth-century America? Except for the lowest-paid factory workers, most male heads of household were able to support their families through their own labor. As children grew older, their material needs increased, which strained family budgets and made supporting the children's adolescent years hardest on families. Due to their dire economic circumstances, working-class families frequently sent their children out to work in mills, factories, or mines. Women's household work was crucial in maintaining the family, and this work was commonly done by older daughters because wives were employed outside the home.

Due to their dire economic circumstances, working-class families frequently sent their children out to work in mills, factories, or mines.

What did the practice of having "paper sons" allow immigrants in the late nineteenth century to do?

Evade restrictions on Chinese immigration

Why did so few African American men hold factory jobs in the United States in 1890? Factory owners found that they could satisfy most of their labor needs with white workers, so they rejected most black applicants. Black workers intensely disliked factory work and preferred agricultural or casual urban labor. White-dominated labor unions generally refused to allow blacks to join and seek industrial employment. There were almost no factories in the South, where the majority of African Americans lived at that time.

Factory owners found that they could satisfy most of their labor needs with white workers, so they rejected most black applicants.

Which organization emerged in the late 1880s to take up the issues Greenbackers had raised in the previous decade?

Farmers' Alliance The Farmers' Alliance was a new rural movement that emerged in the late 1880s to take up many of the issues that Grangers and Greenbackers had sought to address ten years earlier. Initially the group formed cooperatives; ultimately it sought political solutions to farmers' economic problems.

Which of these factors were the critical determinants of workers' occupational opportunities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries? Ethnicity and skills Gender and race Skills and race Age and ethnicity

Gender and race

What was the ethnic background of most American Jews before the 1880s?

German

This photograph shows the residents of an immigrant working-class community in Marianna, Pennsylvania, observing the passage of a horse-drawn wagon carrying the bodies of some of the 158 miners killed in an explosion in the local coal mine in November of 1908. What does the image suggest about the impact of large-scale industrialization on the experiences of working people and communities around the turn of the nineteenth century?

Industrialization frequently exacted a high cost on individual workers, their families, and their communities.

Which statement characterizes the larger historical significance of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?

It provided a model for future exclusionary immigration policies.

What did Samuel Gompers mean by "pure-and-simple" unionism?

Limited membership and limited goals Pure referred to membership: strictly limited to workers, organized by craft and occupation, with no reliance on outside advisers or allies. Simple referred to goals: only those that immediately benefited workers—better wages, hours, and working conditions. Pure-and-simple unionists distrusted politics. Their aim was collective bargaining with employers.

The introduction of mass production in the late-nineteenth-century American economy had which of the following advantages? It gave workers a greater sense of accomplishment. Mass production made work more interesting. It gave workers greater control over the pace of their work. Mass production increased workers' output.

Mass production increased workers' output.

What explains the difference between vertical integration and horizontal integration?

Method; vertical integration implied control of all stages of production, while horizontal integration implied complete control of one segment.

Why was clerical and office work appealing to white working-class women in the late nineteenth century? Factory work was too difficult to obtain because it paid higher wages. There was a decrease in demand for domestic servants. Women were often promoted to better-paying positions in the company. Office work offered new opportunities and better pay than domestic service.

Office work offered new opportunities and better pay than domestic service.

What was a response to Frederick W. Taylor's system of scientific management when it was introduced in the early twentieth century?

Opposition by workers, who felt it stripped them of mastery and skill Workers opposed the new system of management, which reduced their autonomy and control, and it was never fully or successfully adopted by companies. Workers were not—as Taylor assumed—only interested in more money, and the result was embittered rather than improved labor relations.

What processes did vertical integration allow industrialists of the late 1800s to control?

Production Gustavus Swift pioneered vertical integration, a model in which a company controlled all aspects of production from raw materials to finished goods.

Which of the following was a consequence of mass production? Craft workers became more valuable to industry. Skilled workers gradually lost their autonomy. Workers became masters of their craft. Workers' wages increased as they grew more productive.

Skilled workers gradually lost their autonomy.

New immigration patterns in the early twentieth century reflected growing emigration from the British Isles. North and Central Europe. Southern and Eastern Europe. Eastern Africa.

Southern and Eastern Europe.

Which of the following describes vertically integrated corporations? Such corporations controlled all aspects of their operations' businesses. These corporations operated using predatory pricing. These corporations concentrated on one function in the production process. They made it difficult for a few corporations to monopolize an industry.

Such corporations controlled all aspects of their operations' businesses.

What specific change is evident in this map when compared to what occurred economically in the Old South, circa 1850?

Textile manufacturing One of the defining characteristics of the antebellum South was limited manufacturing because of cotton's profitability. Thus, in the 1850s, most southern cotton was exported to places like England for manufacturing into textiles. After the Civil War, the South began, to a limited extent, to manufacture its own textiles.

Why was the strike by steelworkers at Homestead, Pennsylvania, significant? The steelworkers were led by immigrant German Marxists. The strike was the culmination of a long history of poor labor relations at Homestead. It ended when the strike leaders were held in contempt of court and jailed. The lockout represented Carnegie's effort to break the plant's union.

The lockout represented Carnegie's effort to break the plant's union.

The process through which American corporations created new procedures to administer their complex operations in the second half of the nineteenth century is known by what name?

The management revolution The management revolution was the process through which corporations instituted new internal structures to administer their increasingly complex operations. The process departmentalized operations by function and relieved top executives from the responsibilities of the day-to-day operations of their organizations.

What trait evident in this image distinguished the Knights of Labor from other workingman's groups like the Grange and the Greenback Party?

The portrait of T. W. Powderly

Which of the following statements describes the Chinese immigrants to the United States in the nineteenth century? They faced more severe discrimination than European immigrants. Most were unemployed and depended on government assistance to survive. They came in greatest numbers prior to 1850. Chinese immigrants were mostly women escaping sexual slavery.

They faced more severe discrimination than European immigrants.

Which of the following describes the traveling salesmen of the late nineteenth century? Nineteenth-century salesmen were little different from their eighteenth-century predecessors. Salesmen, like workers, organized to improve their wages and working conditions. Many men sought these jobs because they appreciated independence and autonomy. They helped build nationwide distribution networks for a multitude of products.

They helped build nationwide distribution networks for a multitude of products.

Which of the following statements describes the experiences of the new immigrants who entered the United States between 1880 and 1920? The new immigrants were welcomed much more graciously than were the Irish in 1840. They quickly assimilated into American culture and gave up their customs and languages. These groups found adjustment to the new country easier than earlier groups had. They often planned on working and saving money for a few years before returning home.

They often planned on working and saving money for a few years before returning home.

What did Standard Oil, Singer Manufacturing, and General Electric have in common? All were led by immigrants into the United States. They succeeded through vertical integration. They succeeded through horizontal integration. Each of their leaders began as an industrial mechanic.

They succeeded through vertical integration.

Which of the following arguments did Andrew Carnegie make in his famous 1889 essay "Wealth" (later called "The Gospel of Wealth")? Industrialization would bring economic decline in the United States as it did in England, a mature industrial power. Though industrialization increased the gap between rich and poor, everyone's standard of living rose. Industrialization had allowed the poor to raise themselves to nearly same level as the wealthy. Industrialization only led to a decrease in the standard of living, especially for the working classes.

Though industrialization increased the gap between rich and poor, everyone's standard of living rose.

How did John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil Corporation come to control 95 percent of the nation's oil refining capacity by the 1880s? Through predatory pricing and the creation of the trust By inventing the process that extracted kerosene from crude oil By implementing the process of vertical integration Through expanded sales and production overseas

Through predatory pricing and the creation of the trust

Why did members of the Farmers' Alliance form cooperatives in the late nineteenth century?

To better their economic position Alliance leaders pinned their initial hopes on cooperative stores and exchanges that would circumvent middlemen. Cooperatives gathered farmers' orders and bought in bulk at wholesale prices, passing the savings along.

Which of the following correctly describes the economic situation of the American worker relative to the American capitalist in the late nineteenth century?

While workers' per capita income increased, the gap between rich and poor also increased. Between 1877 and 1900, Americans' average real income increased from $388 to $573 per capita, even though industrialization increased the gap between rich and poor. Everyone's standard of living rose.

Gustavus Swift boosted productivity in his Chicago slaughterhouses in the 1860s by using horizontal integration. the foreman system. the closed shop. assembly lines.

assembly lines.

The federal government responded to the problem of discrimination against the Chinese in nineteenth-century California by establishing a quota limiting Chinese immigration to 10,000 per year. paying white workers higher wages to do agricultural work. passing a civil rights law that protected them from anti-immigrant violence. barring Chinese immigration to the United States in 1882.

barring Chinese immigration to the United States in 1882.

For this question, refer to the following photograph by Lewis Hine.The photograph above is best understood in the context of the consolidation of large corporations in the United States. the theory of Social Darwinism. organized workers confronting corporate power directly. industrialization of the nation leading to an expanded industrial workforce.

industrialization of the nation leading to an expanded industrial workforce.

The outcome of the implementation of scientific management was resistance from managers. resistance from workers. that workers found unions less appealing. decreasing production efficiency.

resistance from workers.

"It looks to me like slavery to have a man stand over you with a stop watch." This statement by an iron molder refers to working conditions for breaker boys. yellow-dog contracts. industrial unionism. scientific management.

scientific management.

In an era of cheap and increasingly rapid travel by steamship, many immigrants came to the United States as

sojourners. These European immigrants expected to work and save for a few years and then head home.

After the Civil War, Republican economic policies led to huge budget deficits. the dominance of large corporations. sustained inflation. significant tax increases.

the dominance of large corporations.