Lecture 12 Sagittal, Coronal, and Axial planes
black
Air and other low-density structures appear ______
lungs
Alveoli are functional units of the ________
back
An Axial scan is viewed as if the patient were lying on their _______
bronchi
At the carina, the trachea divides into the right and left main _____________
white
Bone and other dense structures, such as radiopaque contrast media, appear ______
alveolar
Bronchioles connect to an _________ duct, each duct ends in one or more _________ sacs
cross
CT along with MRI requires the technologist to look at anatomy in ________ section
toward the front of the body
Define Anterior
- the cross- sectional plane that passes through the body at a right angle to the long axis of the body - divides the body into superior and inferior portions
Define Axial Plane
toward the feet
Define Caudad
toward the head
Define Cephalad
a plane extending through the body dividing it into anterior and posterior sections. Front and back
Define Coronal plane
an outer region
Define Cortical
outermost corners of the lungs
Define Costophrenic angles
Toward the inside a part
Define Deep
muscular partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities
Define Diaphragm
away from the trunk
Define Distal
Along the vertebral surface
Define Dorsal
area where bronchi enter the lungs
Define Hilum
toward the bottom of the body
Define Inferior
toward the mid-sagittal plane
Define Medial
refers to an inner region
Define Medullary
right left sides are divided equally
Define Midsagittal Plane
toward the wall; away from internal structures
Define Parietal
a double-walled sac that encloses each lung
Define Pleura
space between two pleural walls
Define Pleural Cavity
toward the back
Define Posterior
toward the trunk of the body
Define Proximal
Toward the surface of a part
Define Superficial
along the belly surface
Define Ventral
toward an internal organ
Define Visceral
away from the mid-sagittal plane
Define lateral
toward the top of the body
Define superior
bisects the body into right and left sides
Define the Sagittal plane
lobe
Each main bronchus splits after entering a lung, sending branches to each ______
gray
Fat, organs, etc., appear in varying shades of ______
- Non-contrast CT - homogenous high-density area in L thalamus - low density area adjacent to hematoma is ischemia and edema
For Intracerebral Hematoma is contrast used in CT? Is the area of Hematoma is of ________ (low/high) density, while the areas adjacent to the hematoma is ________ (low/ high) density
posterior and inferior to the left lobe
From the Liver where is the Fundus of the stomach located?
posterior and inferior to the right lobe
From the Liver where is the Gallbladder located?
inferior
From the Liver where is the Pancreas located?
posterior
From the Liver where is the Right Kidney located?
One
How many main bronchus enter each lung?
physical relationship among structures
In Sectional anatomy, what is it's emphasis on?
- names and shapes of anatomical structures - physical relationships among structures
In Traditional anatomy the primary focus is __________________________________________, where the primary focus if sectional anatomy is _________________________________________
names and shapes of anatomical structures
In Traditional anatomy, what is its primary focus on?
brighter
In a normal liver on a CT it would show up _________(brighter/darker) than the spleen.
light dark dotted
In an axial abdomen, the peritoneal cavity shows up as ______ gray, while the Retroperitoneal space shows up as _______ gray and the Perirenal space shows up as ___________.
high
In the Liver, portal veins are ______ (high/ low) density structures
carina
In the Trachea the last band of cartilage is called the ________
terminal
Lobar branches of bronchi divide and become ___________ bronchioles at their smallest point
-Pia Mater- inner sheath - Arachnoid- central sheath - Dura Mater- outermost sheath, it covers the brain and spinal cord
Name the 3 main membrane parts of the Meninges. Also name which part they are.
- Pia mater - Subarachnoid space - Arachnoid - Sub-dural space - Dura mater - Epidural space
Name the Meninges and their spaces in order from Inner to outer.
always round - if not round big issue could be a rupture
The Aorta should always be what shape? and if it isn't what could that mean?
upper and lower
The Axial or transverse plane divides the body into _________ & ________ sections
Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata
The Brainstem is made up of 3 main parts what are they?
hemispheres
The Cerebrum is separated into rt and lt. ____________
cartilage
The Larynx is composed of mainly what material?
hyoid
The Larynx is suspended from the ______ bone
four
The Ventricular system has _____ cavities containing fluid
Larynx
The ________ is an air passage between the pharynx and trachea.
Liver
The ________ is the largest organ in the body
anterior and posterior sections
The coronal plane divides the body into _________&__________ sections
medullar oblongata spinal cord
The fourth ventricle of the brain is connected to the ____________________ which allows CSF to exit into the _____________
2
The left lung has ____ lobes
fissures
The lung lobes of the lungs are divided by deep _______
serous membrane
The lungs are covered with a layer of what?
caudad cephalad
The medical terminology, toward the bottom of the body is referred to as __________ and ________ means toward to the head.
cerebellum brain stem
The outer portion of the brain is called the _________ and the inner portion is called __________
3
The right lung has _____ lobes
right and left sides
The sagittal plane divides the body into ____________ & ________sides
3 main layers 6 if you count spaces
There are _________ layers of meninges
- Helps develop an understanding of 3D anatomy - Allows normal sectional anatomy to become more familiar -Can aid in setting technical factors that can improve an image -Leads to improved skills in aiding the physician to determine an accurate diagnosis for the patient
WHY STUDY SECTIONAL ANATOMY FOR IMAGING?
-Larynx - Trachea - right and left Bronchi - right and left lungs
What Structures make up the Respiratory system?
membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord
What are Meninges?
- epigastric pain - back pain LOC
What are some of the symptoms of an Aortic rupture?
- Axial - Coronal - Saggital
What are the 3 Major imaging planes?
parenchyma
What are the lungs made of?
An upper right and left, third and fourth
What are the names of the 4 cavities of connecting channels of the Ventricular system?
they carry oxygen to the bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide
What do the alveoli do?
lines the wall of the cavity
What does the Parietal pleura do?
is a group of disorders that occur when blood vessels or nerves in the space between your collarbone and your first rib (thoracic outlet) are compressed.
What is Thoracic Outlet Syndrome?
contrast enhanced - benign tumor - highly vascular - arises from arachnoid lining cells
What is a Meningioma? is it done with contrast?
non-contrast CT - Teratoma - inhomogeneous mass - contains calcifications
What is a Pineal Tumor? is it done with contrast?
bleeding between the brain and tissue that covers it
What is a Sub-arachnoid hemorrhage?
a collection of blood on the surface of brain *traumatic injury*
What is a Sub-dural hematoma?
Transverse
What is another name for Axial plane?
forebrain
What is another name for the Cerebrum?
Cerebrum
What is the largest part of the Brain?
pulmonary or visceral pleura
What is the name of the inner layer of the Pleura?
parietal pleura
What is the name of the outer layer of the Pleura?
Fibrous, muscular tube with C shaped rings that make it rigid - cartilage
What is the trachea made out of and what is it's shape?
Ultrasound
What other modality also uses transverse imaging?
Axial plane
What plane is especially relevant to CT since most scans are primarily generated in one plane?
- sternum - 2 clavicles - 12 pairs of ribs - 12 thoracic vertebra
What structures make up the Bony Thorax?
lungs mediastinum
What structures make up the Thoracic Viscera?
imagine you are standing at the patients feet and looking toward the head
When looking at Axial plane images how should you view them? (from what angle or area should you be standing so you can figure out anatomy)
- varying shades of gray - white
When recognizing the different H.U. values it is helpful to remember that fluid is dark, fat is ____________________ and muscle is __________.
occupies the Rt and mid upper abdomen extending toward the left
Where is the Liver located?
at level of C6- T4/T5
Where is the Trachea located?
Dura Mater
Which Meninges cover the brain and spinal cord?
