Lecture 12 Sagittal, Coronal, and Axial planes

black

Air and other low-density structures appear ______

lungs

Alveoli are functional units of the ________

back

An Axial scan is viewed as if the patient were lying on their _______

bronchi

At the carina, the trachea divides into the right and left main _____________

white

Bone and other dense structures, such as radiopaque contrast media, appear ______

alveolar

Bronchioles connect to an _________ duct, each duct ends in one or more _________ sacs

cross

CT along with MRI requires the technologist to look at anatomy in ________ section

toward the front of the body

Define Anterior

- the cross- sectional plane that passes through the body at a right angle to the long axis of the body - divides the body into superior and inferior portions

Define Axial Plane

toward the feet

Define Caudad

toward the head

Define Cephalad

a plane extending through the body dividing it into anterior and posterior sections. Front and back

Define Coronal plane

an outer region

Define Cortical

outermost corners of the lungs

Define Costophrenic angles

Toward the inside a part

Define Deep

muscular partition between thoracic and abdominal cavities

Define Diaphragm

away from the trunk

Define Distal

Along the vertebral surface

Define Dorsal

area where bronchi enter the lungs

Define Hilum

toward the bottom of the body

Define Inferior

toward the mid-sagittal plane

Define Medial

refers to an inner region

Define Medullary

right left sides are divided equally

Define Midsagittal Plane

toward the wall; away from internal structures

Define Parietal

a double-walled sac that encloses each lung

Define Pleura

space between two pleural walls

Define Pleural Cavity

toward the back

Define Posterior

toward the trunk of the body

Define Proximal

Toward the surface of a part

Define Superficial

along the belly surface

Define Ventral

toward an internal organ

Define Visceral

away from the mid-sagittal plane

Define lateral

toward the top of the body

Define superior

bisects the body into right and left sides

Define the Sagittal plane

lobe

Each main bronchus splits after entering a lung, sending branches to each ______

gray

Fat, organs, etc., appear in varying shades of ______

- Non-contrast CT - homogenous high-density area in L thalamus - low density area adjacent to hematoma is ischemia and edema

For Intracerebral Hematoma is contrast used in CT? Is the area of Hematoma is of ________ (low/high) density, while the areas adjacent to the hematoma is ________ (low/ high) density

posterior and inferior to the left lobe

From the Liver where is the Fundus of the stomach located?

posterior and inferior to the right lobe

From the Liver where is the Gallbladder located?

inferior

From the Liver where is the Pancreas located?

posterior

From the Liver where is the Right Kidney located?

One

How many main bronchus enter each lung?

physical relationship among structures

In Sectional anatomy, what is it's emphasis on?

- names and shapes of anatomical structures - physical relationships among structures

In Traditional anatomy the primary focus is __________________________________________, where the primary focus if sectional anatomy is _________________________________________

names and shapes of anatomical structures

In Traditional anatomy, what is its primary focus on?

brighter

In a normal liver on a CT it would show up _________(brighter/darker) than the spleen.

light dark dotted

In an axial abdomen, the peritoneal cavity shows up as ______ gray, while the Retroperitoneal space shows up as _______ gray and the Perirenal space shows up as ___________.

high

In the Liver, portal veins are ______ (high/ low) density structures

carina

In the Trachea the last band of cartilage is called the ________

terminal

Lobar branches of bronchi divide and become ___________ bronchioles at their smallest point

-Pia Mater- inner sheath - Arachnoid- central sheath - Dura Mater- outermost sheath, it covers the brain and spinal cord

Name the 3 main membrane parts of the Meninges. Also name which part they are.

- Pia mater - Subarachnoid space - Arachnoid - Sub-dural space - Dura mater - Epidural space

Name the Meninges and their spaces in order from Inner to outer.

always round - if not round big issue could be a rupture

The Aorta should always be what shape? and if it isn't what could that mean?

upper and lower

The Axial or transverse plane divides the body into _________ & ________ sections

Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

The Brainstem is made up of 3 main parts what are they?

hemispheres

The Cerebrum is separated into rt and lt. ____________

cartilage

The Larynx is composed of mainly what material?

hyoid

The Larynx is suspended from the ______ bone

four

The Ventricular system has _____ cavities containing fluid

Larynx

The ________ is an air passage between the pharynx and trachea.

Liver

The ________ is the largest organ in the body

anterior and posterior sections

The coronal plane divides the body into _________&__________ sections

medullar oblongata spinal cord

The fourth ventricle of the brain is connected to the ____________________ which allows CSF to exit into the _____________

2

The left lung has ____ lobes

fissures

The lung lobes of the lungs are divided by deep _______

serous membrane

The lungs are covered with a layer of what?

caudad cephalad

The medical terminology, toward the bottom of the body is referred to as __________ and ________ means toward to the head.

cerebellum brain stem

The outer portion of the brain is called the _________ and the inner portion is called __________

3

The right lung has _____ lobes

right and left sides

The sagittal plane divides the body into ____________ & ________sides

3 main layers 6 if you count spaces

There are _________ layers of meninges

- Helps develop an understanding of 3D anatomy - Allows normal sectional anatomy to become more familiar -Can aid in setting technical factors that can improve an image -Leads to improved skills in aiding the physician to determine an accurate diagnosis for the patient

WHY STUDY SECTIONAL ANATOMY FOR IMAGING?

-Larynx - Trachea - right and left Bronchi - right and left lungs

What Structures make up the Respiratory system?

membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord

What are Meninges?

- epigastric pain - back pain LOC

What are some of the symptoms of an Aortic rupture?

- Axial - Coronal - Saggital

What are the 3 Major imaging planes?

parenchyma

What are the lungs made of?

An upper right and left, third and fourth

What are the names of the 4 cavities of connecting channels of the Ventricular system?

they carry oxygen to the bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide

What do the alveoli do?

lines the wall of the cavity

What does the Parietal pleura do?

is a group of disorders that occur when blood vessels or nerves in the space between your collarbone and your first rib (thoracic outlet) are compressed.

What is Thoracic Outlet Syndrome?

contrast enhanced - benign tumor - highly vascular - arises from arachnoid lining cells

What is a Meningioma? is it done with contrast?

non-contrast CT - Teratoma - inhomogeneous mass - contains calcifications

What is a Pineal Tumor? is it done with contrast?

bleeding between the brain and tissue that covers it

What is a Sub-arachnoid hemorrhage?

a collection of blood on the surface of brain *traumatic injury*

What is a Sub-dural hematoma?

Transverse

What is another name for Axial plane?

forebrain

What is another name for the Cerebrum?

Cerebrum

What is the largest part of the Brain?

pulmonary or visceral pleura

What is the name of the inner layer of the Pleura?

parietal pleura

What is the name of the outer layer of the Pleura?

Fibrous, muscular tube with C shaped rings that make it rigid - cartilage

What is the trachea made out of and what is it's shape?

Ultrasound

What other modality also uses transverse imaging?

Axial plane

What plane is especially relevant to CT since most scans are primarily generated in one plane?

- sternum - 2 clavicles - 12 pairs of ribs - 12 thoracic vertebra

What structures make up the Bony Thorax?

lungs mediastinum

What structures make up the Thoracic Viscera?

imagine you are standing at the patients feet and looking toward the head

When looking at Axial plane images how should you view them? (from what angle or area should you be standing so you can figure out anatomy)

- varying shades of gray - white

When recognizing the different H.U. values it is helpful to remember that fluid is dark, fat is ____________________ and muscle is __________.

occupies the Rt and mid upper abdomen extending toward the left

Where is the Liver located?

at level of C6- T4/T5

Where is the Trachea located?

Dura Mater

Which Meninges cover the brain and spinal cord?