Lecture exam 3 chapter #6

what type of lymphocyte is natural killer?

Granular lymphocyte

the steps in order for inflammation is?

edema, clot formation, phagocytosis, continue release histamine and heparin

what does macrophages do?

engulf and destroy foreign substances, they play a key role in presenting antigens to activate the adaptive immune system

what does ingestion stimulate and recognized?

extends projections which engulf microorganism into phagosome

what does dendritic cells do ?

important antigen presenting cells that help activate the adaptive immune system by presenting antigens to T cells

What does exocytosis stimulate and recognized?

indigestible material released

Type 2 allergic reaction?

occurs when infection is present, immune system is cause of the disease, rather than the cure (immune mediated)

what does basophils and eosinophils do ?

these are types of white blood cells involved in allergic reactions and the defense against parasites

what does natural killers cells do?

these cells are responsible for recognizing and destroying abnormal or infected cells, particulary those infected with viruses or cancerous cells

what does mast cells do?

these cells release histamines and other chemical in response to infections or tissue injury, this can lead to inflammination and other immune responses

what does epithelial cells do?

these form the outer layer of the body surfaces (Skin) and provide physical barrier against pathogens. they also secrete antimicrobial substances

what does neutrophils do?

they are highly effective at engulfing and destroying bacteria

What is humoral immunity?

triggered by extracellular pathogens results in production of immunoglobulins by c bells/ plasma cells

what are the 4 kinds of immunoglobulins?

igM, igG, igA, igE

type 4 allergic reaction?

(cell mediated reactions) systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

Explain the innate immune system?

1st and 2nd line of defense rapid nonspecific, present at birth, destroys "non-self" invaders, uses physical, chemical and cellular components to protect the body

explain the adaptive immune system?

3rd line of defense to target specific pathogens with anitbody production- cell mediated immunity , slower to respond not present at birth, targets specific organisms, develops and adapts as animal matures and is exposed to antigens uses antibodies, memory cells, plasma cells, b lymphocytes and t lymphocytes

what does natural killers do?

Able to ID and kill virus-infected cells, stressed cells and tumor cells

what part of the immune system is the B cells?

Adaptive part of immune system

what do heparin and histamine do?

Increases permeability of capillaries and blood flow to area is increased (leads to heat and redness)• Increases oxygen and nutrients to active cells of damaged tissues• Allows large numbers of phagocytic wbc to enter to area

what produces heparin and histamine?

Mast Cells (type of WBC cell of connective tissue) which stimulate vasodilation

The 4 cardinal signs of inflammation is?

Redness, swelling, heat and pain

What are the steps for inflammation?

Vasoconstriction (5-10 min in the injury tissue) to aid in control of the hemorrhage

what is the definition of antibody?

a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen

what is the definition of antigen?

a foreign substance that induces an immune response

what are the 5 steps in order of phagocytosis?

activation and chemotaxis, attachment, ingestion, destruction, exocytosis

what part of the immune system is the T cells?

adaptive immune system

basic of vaccines?

allow for protection without ever exposing the animals to the actual disease, modified live, contain virus or bacterial particles that have been weekend so they are non pathogenic but still recognized by the animal as antigenic unlikely to cause disease, stong immune response because mimics natural infection

What is hypersensitivity?

an overreaction of the immune system, malfunction, can results in the illness or death, allergic reactions

what is immunoglobulins?

antibodies

type 3 allergic reaction?

antibody and antigen form an immune complex activated complement cascade sends chemical to site, most common immunological disease (immune mediated)

what does the igE do?

binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, protects against parasitic helminth (worm) infections

Natural killers is originate?

blood and lymph

what is the definition of opsonization?

coating the antigen with complement proteins to make it more visible to phagocyte

Basic of inflammatory mediators?

cytokines, histamine

What does a T cell do?

develop specific antigen receptor on cell membrane• each receptor unique to one specific antigen marker (help immune system fight germs and protect from disease)

which is involved in acute infection?

igM

what do we mean by first line defense?

external innate immunity, anatomical barriers on surface of body. external innate defense( keratinized epithelial tissue of skin, hair/fur, cilia, mucous membranes, tears, saliva, nasal discharge production, acidic environment of stomach

which occurs when we leave a wound to heal on its own?

first intention healing

B cells is originate and mature?

formed in the bone marrow (red) , mature in lymph nodes and spleen

what is the basic of complement system?

group of 30+ plasma proteins, mostly inactive proteolyticenzymes• produced primarily in the liver• Series of protein reactions that are involved in a cascading process• always present in plasma in inactive form• become active in presence of antigen, or an antibody attached to an antigen, triggers inflammation alter microbial cell membranes

what does granulocytes do?

group of white blood cells that includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. they contain granules with various substances that can be released to combat pathogens

which is involved in chronic infection?

igG

what do we mean by 2nd line defense?

internal innate immunity, cellurlar and chemical components. when pathogens make it way past 1st line this initiates acute inflammation to control spread of infection

what does destruction stimulate and recognized?

lysosome fuses with phagosome and release digestive enzymes to break down bacteria

what cells creates memory?

memory T cells and memory B cells

what is the definition of apoptosis?

occurs for maintaining homeostasis conditions by removing potentially harmful cells where they have dna damage or are under any stress

what is the definition of pathogen?

organisms capable of causing disease

what part of the immune system is the natural killers?

part of both innate and adaptive immune systems

which immunity do fetuses get from their mothers?

passive immunity

What does activation and chemotaxis stimulate and recognized?

phagocytes stimulated by inflammatory signals

What does the igA antibody do?

protects body surfaces from forgein substances, mucosal surfaces (intestinal tract and lungs) prevent disease caused by antigens that can enter through mucosal surfaces, (intestinal tract or lungs) intranasal vaccines create this antibody

What is cell-mediated immunity?

provides immunity against intracellular pathogens does not depend upon antibody production, t cells attach directly to antigen markers on surfaces of phagocytes that have already processed the pathogen

Passive Immunity?

receiving antibodies from an external sources, maternal antibodies, offers protection, protection lost once antibodies disappear from the animal system

What does attachment stimulate and recognized?

receptors on phagocytes recognize pathogen and bind to them

where does the T cells originate and mature?

red bone marrow then mature in thymus

which occurs when a wound is sutured?

second intention healing

Type 1 allergic reaction?

severe and can include anaphylactic shock (allergic reactions)

what is an animal's first line of defense?

skin

What does the IgG antibody do?

smallest and most common, produced and released by plasma cells, produced when an animal is exposed to antigen for extended periods of time, bacteria and viral infections, indicative of chronic infection, can produce passive immunity to fetus replaces igM

what happens during inflammation?

the body localized reaction created by the innate immune system in response to trauma infection, chemical exposure, or excessive heat

what is the definition of phagocytosis?

the ingestion of antigens or other material by phagocytic cells

What does IgM antibody do?

the largest antibody, temporary (2-3) weeks, produced when animal is first exposed to an antigen

active immunity?

the results of an active immune process, natural immunity (vaccines, killed virus)

what does monocytes do?

these are precursor cells to macrophages, they circulate in the blood and can differentiate into macrophages in tissues

what does b cells do?

when stimulated by presence of specific antigen• responsible for actual production, storage, and release of antibodies

First intention wound healing?

wound edges in close apposition, no granulation tissue formation ; no scarring

Second intention wound healing?

wound edges separated from each other, scarring results