Lecture Quiz 1
Energy is defined as: A.) water flowing up a dam. B.) the capacity to do work. C.) the result of work. D.) the use of high-level phosphate bonds. E.) the potential to fall.
B.) the capacity to do work.
True or False: An enzyme can only bind one substrate at a time.
False
True or False: An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell but can only be used once.
False
Golgi apparatus is the location for:
for protein modification prior to secretion or delivery to other cellular compartments.
Lysosomes is the location for:
for storage of many types of degradative enzymes.
Exergonic reactions occur when there is more ______ ________ in the reactants than the products.
free energy
Gram-negative bacteria: Outer membrane present or absent?
Outer membrane present
The methanogens are part of the domain ______ AND oxidize hydrogen gas to produce ________.
-Archaea -methane
Streptomyces resemble _______ in their pattern of growth AND _______ a number of antibiotics.
-fungi -number
List 3 things that are only found in eukaryotic cells.
1.) Golgi apparatus 2.) Mitochondria 3.) Lysosomes
Bacterial Shape: Spirochete
A long, spiral-shaped cell with flexible cell wall and a unique mechanism of motility.
Bacterial Shape: Vibrio
A short, curved rod. Looks like a comma.
What binds to the active sit of an enzyme?
A substrate.
Enzymes speed up reactions by: A.) lowering activation energy. B.) electron carriers. C.) producing heat. D.) reducing entropy. E.) raising activation energy.
Answer: A.) lowering activation energy.
The readily usable energy currency of cells is _____. A.) ATP B.) CTP C.) electricity D.) CTP AND the electron transport system E.) the electron transport system
A.) ATP
Formation of storage granules (example Thiomargarita)
Accumulation of sulfur, nitrate, phosphate, etc. within the cell's cytoplasm.
Which of the following is not a catabolic process? A.) Glycolysis B.) TCA cycle C.) Protein synthesis D.) Fermentation E.) These are all catabolic processes.
Answer: C.) Protein synthesis
You have a culture of bacteria in which cells are actively expressing genes and synthesizing enzymes, but cells are not dividing. This culture is most likely in ______ phase. A.) lag B.) prolonged decline C.) stationary D.) death E.) log
Answer: A.) lag
Which of the following statements regarding the Enterobacteriaceae are TRUE? A.) They are Gram-negative rods that form part of the normal microbiota. B.) They are Gram-positive rods that are often pathogenic. C.)They reside in nitrate-rich aquatic habitats. D.) Their name derives from the fact that they reside in intestinal tracts of humans and animals. E.) They are facultative anaerobes that ferment glucose. F.) Enterobacteriaceae called coliforms ferment lactose.
Answer: A.) They are Gram-negative rods that form part of the normal microbiota. D.) Their name derives from the fact that they reside in intestinal tracts of humans and animals. E.) They are facultative anaerobes that ferment glucose. F.) Enterobacteriaceae called coliforms ferment lactose.
If you wanted to increase your chances of isolating a member of the Archaea (and no organisms from another domain), which sample site would you choose? A.) A 95oC hot spring in Yellowstone National Park. B.) Skin of an elephant C.) A 40oC hot spring in Hawaii. D.) A person's mouth E.) Intestine of an elephant
Answer: A.) A 95oC hot spring in Yellowstone National Park.
Which enzyme drives ATP synthesis in respiration? A.) ATP synthase B.) ATP dehydrogenase C.) Proton movase D.) Oxidoreductase E.) ADP phosphorylase
Answer: A.) ATP synthase
Father Spallazani repeated John Needham's experiment but Spallazani boiled the broth for much longer and sealed the flasks by melting their necks closed. He observed that the broth remained sterile, basically forever. What do you think the vast majority of the people believed from their experiment? A.) Because the flask of broth was sealed, the vital forces of life could not enter the flask. B.) Because he boiled the broth for too long, the vital forces of life were destroyed. C.) Life must beget other life--living things come from other living things.
Answer: A.) Because the flask of broth was sealed, the vital forces of life could not enter the flask.
Some enzymes require a cofactor or a coeznyme in order to be active. What is the difference between cofactors and coenzymes? A.) Cofactors are non-protein components that assist enzymes and are typically trace elements; coenzymes are organic cofactors that loosely carry molecules or electrons. B.) There is no difference between cofactors and coenzymes. They are the same thing and are usually trace elements. C.) Cofactors transfer molecules or electrons from one compound to another while coenzymes are trace elements that assist in enzyme function. D.) Coenzymes are non-protein molecules while cofactors are composed of amino acids. E.) Cofactors are non-protein molecules while coenzymes are composed of amino acids.
Answer: A.) Cofactors are non-protein components that assist enzymes and are typically trace elements; coenzymes are organic cofactors that loosely carry molecules or electrons.
Which of the following are examples of biofilms? A.) Dental plaque B.) Scum accumulating in toilet bowls C.) Slipperiness on rocks in stream beds D.) Capsule formation around Streptococcus pneumoniae E.) Fury grayish-white growth on old bread or fruit
Answer: A.) Dental plaque, B.) Scum accumulating in toilet bowls, C.) Slipperiness on rocks in stream beds.
The two 3-carbon molecules glucose is split into are converted through a series of steps into pyruvate. During these steps: A.) NAD+ is converted to NADH. B.) ATP is converted into ADP. C.) ADP is converted to AMP. D.) acetyl CoA is converted into oxaloacetic acid. E.) NADH is converted to NAD+.
Answer: A.) NAD+ is converted to NADH.
Which of the following are considered the major elements that primarily make up components of cells in microorganisms and all living things? A.) Nitrogen B.) Zinc C.) Phosphorus D.) Sulfur E.) Carbon F.) Oxygen G.) Hydrogen H.) Potassium I.) Magnesium J.) Calcium K.) Iron L.) Cobalt M.) Copper N.) Molybdenum O.) Manganese
Answer: A.) Nitrogen, C.) Phosphorus, E.) Carbon, F.) Oxygen, G.) Hydrogen
Which term is used to describe the region of a protein that directs the secretion machinery to move the protein across a cytoplasmic membrane? A.) Signal sequence B.) Golgi apparatus region C.) Predictor region D.) Preprotein E.) Destination determination region
Answer: A.) Signal sequence
John Needham designed an experiment in which he boiled some broth and then corked the flask it was in, thereby sealing the flask. After a few days, he noticed that the broth had microbes in it! What did people conclude from Needham's experiment? A.) Spontaneous generation of small things like microbes still occurs. B.) Spontaneous generation cannot occur in boiled broths. C.) Microbes can penetrate cork and/or glass.
Answer: A.) Spontaneous generation of small things like microbes still occurs.
A skin swab yields cells that appear as clusters of round cells under the light microscope. Given this information, it is possible that the organism is: A.) Staphylococcus aureus OR Staphylococcus epidermidis. B.) Staphylococcus aureus. C.) Staphylococcus epidermidis. D.) Staphylococcus aureus OR Bacillus subtilis. E.) Staphylococcus epidermidis OR varicella zoster virus.
Answer: A.) Staphylococcus aureus OR Staphylococcus epidermidis.
Which of the following could be another "good" reason for the meat still rotting? A.) The "vital force" required for life could still penetrate the cloth and cause the meat to spontaneously change. B.) Someone changed the experiment while Redi wasn't looking, substituting fresh meat for rotting meat. C.) Meat will naturally appear to rot over time, no matter how or where it is stored.
Answer: A.) The "vital force" required for life could still penetrate the cloth and cause the meat to spontaneously change.
What is oxidation? A.) The loss of electrons from a molecule. B.) The loss of protons from a molecule. C.) The gain of electrons by a molecule. D.) The loss of electrons and protons from a molecule. E.) The gain of protons by a molecule.
Answer: A.) The loss of electrons from a molecule.
A culture of bacteria is breaking down sugars to yield energy. This is best described as ______. A.) catabolism B.) anabolism C.) canabolism D.) biosynthesis C.) metabolism
Answer: A.) catabolism
The movement of dissolved solutes from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is called _______. A.) diffusion B.) active transport C.) osmosis D.) isotonic E.) hypotonic
Answer: A.) diffusion
The most common starting pathway for the breakdown of sugars is: A.) glycolysis. B.) fermentation. C.) anabolism. D.) respiration. E.) oxidation.
Answer: A.) glycolysis
Methanogens are a group of archaea that generate ATP by: A.) oxidizing hydrogen gas, using carbon dioxide as a terminal electron acceptor. B.) oxidizing methane, using carbon dioxide as a terminal electron acceptor. C.) oxidizing carbon dioxide, using hydrogen gas as a terminal electron acceptor. D.) oxidizing hydrogen gas, ,using methane as a terminal electron acceptor.
Answer: A.) oxidizing hydrogen gas, using carbon dioxide as a terminal electron acceptor.
Which molecule was the basis for establishing the three-domain classification system? A.) rRNA B.) Lipopolysaccharide C.) Peptidoglycan D.) Phospholipid E.) mRNA
Answer: A.) rRNA
In the electron transport chain, protons are pumped across the cell membrane. This results in: A.) the formation of a proton motive force. B.) the creation of water. C.) the release of CO2. D.) the loss of electrons. E.) the reduction of NADH.
Answer: A.) the formation of a proton motive force.
The reference for taxonomic descriptions of bacteria is: A.) Big Book of Bacteriology. B.) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. C.) Oxford Book of Bacterial Classification. D.) Websters Manual of Taxonomic Bacteriology. E.) Gray's Anatomy
Answer: B.) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
Which of the following bacterial structures is most directly linked to chemotaxis? A.) The nucleoid B.) Flagella C.) Ribosomes D.) Cytoplasmic membrane E.) Cell Wall
Answer: B.) Flagella
Francisco Redi performed an experiment in which he put meat in jars, covering some with gauze and leaving others open. He then observed the meat over a few days. While this experiment is very well known in biology, it still did not completely change everyone's belief in spontaneous generation. How was the experiment lacking? A.) Maggots still formed, only much later. B.) It didn't explain that the meat could still "rot". C.) The glass jars were not shatter resistant. D.) The cloth eventually rotted too.
Answer: B.) It didn't explain that the meat could still "rot".
Members of this group of microbes can break down glycogen deposited in the vaginal lining in response to estrogen. This helps to drop the pH in the area, preventing infections. A.) Propionibacterium species B.) Lactic acid bacteria C.) Sulfur- and sulfate-reducing bacteria D.) Methanogens E.) Clostridium species
Answer: B.) Lactic acid bacteria
Which of the following is a component of the outer membrane in Gram-negative bacteria that, in large amounts, can induce a lethal immunological response? A.) Teichoic acids B.) Lipopolysaccharide C.) Phospholipid D.) Flagellin E.) Petidoglycan
Answer: B.) Lipopolysaccharide
During which stage of growth does cell division equal the rate of cell death? A.) Lag phase B.) Stationary phase C.) Phase of prolonged decline E.) Log phase F.) Death phase
Answer: B.) Stationary phase
Which of the following environmental factors is the most important in influencing the growth rate of bacteria? A.) Moisture B.) Temperature C.) pH D.) Nutrients E.) Chemical inhibitors F.) Oxygen
Answer: B.) Temperature
Which of the following results Pasteur might have obtained if the broth in his swan-necked flask experiment had contained endospores: A.) The broth would remain sterile after boiling, unless the flask was tilted. B.) The broth would seem sterile after boiling but would soon develop bacterial growth. C.) The result of the experiment would be the same as that reported initially by Pasteur. D.) All of the choices are correct. E.) None of the choice is correct. F.) The broth would become cloudy as soon as Pasteur boiled it.
Answer: B.) The broth would seem sterile after boiling but would soon develop bacterial growth.
What about Pasteur's experimental design was uniquely directed at dismissing the notion of "vital forces: and spontaneous generation? A.) The amount of time that passed before microbes were seen in the broth. B.) The swan-neck flasks, which allowed "vital force" but not microbes to enter the broth. C.) The boiling point of the broth, which removed the need to "vital forces".
Answer: B.) The swan-neck flasks, which allowed "vital force" but not microbes to enter the broth.
Which of the following statements accurately describe biochemical pathways? Choose all that apply: A.) They function for a few times. B.) They convert an initial substrate through a series of steps into an end product. C.) They are well-organized and structured. D.) They can be linear, branched, or cyclical. E.) They proceed at a constant rate. F.) They are carefully regulated. G.) They always run at their maximum rate.
Answer: B.) They convert an initial substrate through a series of steps into an end product., C.) They are well-organized and structured., D.) They can be linear, branched, or cyclical., E.) They proceed at a constant rate. F.) They are carefully regulated.
The structures present in the hay infusions used in experiments on spontaneous generation that made them difficult to sterilize are _______. A.) chloroplasts B.) endospores C.) toxins D.) organelles E.) nuclei
Answer: B.) endospores
The work of Tyndall and Cohn: A.) supported the idea of spontaneous generation rather than the idea of biogenesis. B.) explained why some spontaneous generation investigators got different results from those of Pasteur. C.) allowed scientists to see microorganisms (called "animalcules") using a simple microscope. D.) showed that a microbes caused spontaneous disease if they enter the human body. E.) showed that boiling fails to kill vegetative bacteria, leading to biogenesis.
Answer: B.) explained why some spontaneous generation investigators got different results from those of Pasteur
After glycolysis, pyruvate can be converted into ______ under anaerobic conditions. A.) glucose B.) lactic acid C.) NADH D.) cytochrome c E.) ATP
Answer: B.) lactic acid
The scientist usually credited with seeing the first microorganisms, which he called "animalcules", was ______. A.) Tyndall B.) van Leeuwenhoek C.) Lister D.) Redi E.) Pasteur
Answer: B.) van Leeuwenhoek
Consider the biochemical pathway: A → B → C Enzyme 1 catalyzes A → B Enzyme 2 catalyzes B → C If enzyme 2 is inactive, which of the following compounds will accumulate? A.) A and B B.) B and C C.) B only D.) A only E.) C only
Answer: C.) B only
How do chemolithotrophs acquire energy? A.) For organic compounds. B.) From sunlight AND decaying matter. C.) From inorganic compounds. D.) From decaying matter. E.) From sunlight.
Answer: C.) From inorganic compounds.
You discover an encapsulated Gram-positive, peritrichous, spore-forming bacillus. Which of the following describes the organism? A.) Rod-shaped bacterium with a thin cell wall, a slime layer, and single flagellum at one end, that can form endospores for survival in adverse conditions B.) Spherical bacterium with a thick cell wall, a slime layer, and a single flagellum at one side of the cell. C.) Rod-shaped bacterium with a thick cell wall, a capsule, and flagella distributed over its surface, that can form endospores for survival of adverse conditions. D.) Spherical bacterium with a thin cell wall, a slime layer, and flagella distributed over its surface, that can form endospores for survival of adverse conditions. E.) Rod-shaped bacterium with a thin cell wall, a capsule, and single flagellum at one end, that can form endospores for survival in adverse conditions.
Answer: C.) Rod-shaped bacterium with a thick cell wall, a capsule, and flagella distributed over its surface, that can form endospores for survival of adverse conditions.
What can you conclude from Louis Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment results? A.) Vital forces cannot travel up the swan-neck flask. Without it, nothing can survive in the broth. B.) Spontaneous generation is still a valid theory. The bacteria in the broth came from the broth itself. C.) Spontaneous generation is incorrect. Only life can beget life. Microbes can be found in the air.
Answer: C.) Spontaneous generation is incorrect. Only life can beget life. Microbes can be found in the air.
During ancient times, people claim to have observed living creatures emerge from non-living organic materials (for example decaying food, stagnant water). When they purposefully left some meat out on a table, they observed that after several days, maggots appeared. Based on these observations, what can they (and you) conclude? A.) Only life begets life--living things come from other living things. B.) This is a flawed experiment. They obviously should have known flies can lay eggs! C.) Spontaneous generation is occurring. The maggots came from the meat.
Answer: C.) Spontaneous generation is occurring. The maggots came from the meat.
Which of the following best describes the difference between spontaneous generation and biogenesis? A.) Biogenesis is the production of living things while spontaneous generation is the activation of essential genes. B.) Biogenesis is the production of living things while spontaneous generation is the production of nonliving things. C.) Spontaneous generation is the production of living things from nonliving matter, while biogenesis is the production of life from previous life. D.) Spontaneous generation is the production of viruses, viroids and prions, while biogenesis is the production of living things. E.) Biogenesis is the production of living things from nonliving matter, while spontaneous generation is the production of life from previous life.
Answer: C.) Spontaneous generation is the production of living things from nonliving matter, while biogenesis is the production of life from previous life.
Why would a cell ferment rather than respire? A.) More ATP is produced for the cell by fermentation than by aerobic respiration. B.) There is too much oxygen available, and fermentation is a safer alternative. C.) There is no oxygen present, and it cannot use anaerobic respiration OR it lacks the ability to respire (ie., no electron transport chain). D.) There's no oxygen present and cannot respire anaerobically. E.) It lacks the ability to respire (ie., no electron transport chain).
Answer: C.) There is no oxygen present, and it cannot use anaerobic respiration OR it lacks the ability to respire (ie., no electron transport chain).
Why do cells degrade sugar? A.) To generate pyruvate. B.) To use coenzymes. C.) To gain energy. D.) To convert fat to energy. E.) To use energy.
Answer: C.) To gain energy.
Endospores are: A.) made by all bacterial genera. B.) sensitive to heat and dessication. C.) a dormant cell type. D.) obligate intracellular parasites E.) involved in bacterial reproduction.
Answer: C.) a dormant cell type.
The solidifying agent used most successfully in bacterial nutrient media is: A.) gelatin B.) starch C.) agar D.) peptone E.) agarose
Answer: C.) agar
Microorganisms that have complicated nutritional requirements are: A.) mesophiles B.) ubiquitous C.) fastidious D.) heterotrophic E.) autotrophic
Answer: C.) fastidious
The scientific name of an organism includes its: A.) domain and species. B.) domain and genus. C.) genus and species. D.) first name and last name. C.) family and genus.
Answer: C.) genus and species.
The general term used to describe the anabolic and catabolic reactions in a cell is: A.) enzymatic B.) aerobic respiration C.) metabolism D.) thematic E.) canabolism
Answer: C.) metabolism
In the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall, the polymers of NAM and NAG sugars in peptidoglycan are cross-linked together by tetrapeptide chains and ______. A.) fatty acid interbridges B.) nucleic acid interbridges C.) peptide interbridges D.) carbohydrate interbridges E.) covalent interbridges
Answer: C.) peptide interbridges
For each glucose molecule broken down by glycolysis, how many net ATP molecules are produced? A.) 1 B.) 0 C.) 6 D.) 4 E.) 2
Answer: D.) 2
Starting from a single bacterium, after six generations of binary fission, how many bacterial cells will be present? A.) 32 B.) 127 C.) 12 D.) 64 E.) 6
Answer: D.) 64
The three domain classification scheme uses: A.) Plants, Animals, Bacteria. B.) Protista, Prokaryotae, Fungi C.) Bacteria, Archaea, Animalia D.) Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya. E.) order, phylum, class.
Answer: D.) Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya.
Which of the following is found only in bacteria? A.) DNA B.) Chlorophyll C.) Phospholipids D.) Peptidoglycan E.) ATP
Answer: D.) Peptidoglycan
The two 3-carbon molecules that glucose is split into during glycolysis are converted through a series of steps ending in what 3-carbon molecule? A.) Citric acid B.) Fructose-1,6-diphosphate C.) Diphosphglyceric acid D.) Acetyl-CoA E.) Pyruvate
Answer: D.) Pyruvate
Identify which of the following is the correct way of writing a scientific name: A.) klebsiella Pneumoniae B.) Streptococcus Pyogenes C.) All of the choices are correct D.) Staphylococcus aureus
Answer: D.) Staphylococcus aureus
What happens to the carbon atoms in the pyruvic acid that goes through the TCA cycle? A.) They form "energy storage molecules" for the cell. B.) They are excreted as waste organic acids. C.) They get incorporated into the cell material. D.) They become carbon dioxide E.) They become phosphorylated.
Answer: D.) They become carbon dioxide
Oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in: A.) anaerobic respiration. B.) oxidation. C.) fermentation. D.) aerobic respiration. E.) reduction.
Answer: D.) aerobic respiration
Most bacteria reproduce by ______. A.) budding B.) sexual reproduction C.) endospores D.) binary fission E.) mitosis
Answer: D.) binary fission
Early in glycolysis, two phosphates are added to the glucose molecule. These phosphates come from: A.) hydrolysis of pyruvate. B.) conversion of NADH. C.) protein denaturation. D.) breaking down ATP. E.) transfer of phospholipids
Answer: D.) breaking down ATP.
Glycolysis makes products that feed into: A.) electron transport chain. B.) fermentation. C.) TCA cycle. D.) electron transport chain, TCA cycle E.) AND fermentation. F.) TCA cycle AND fermentation.
Answer: D.) electron transport chain, TCA cycle AND fermentation.
Streptococcus pneumoniae lacks an electron transport chain. Therefore, S. pneumoniae generates ATP only via _______________. A.) oxidative phosphorylation B.) anaerobic respiration C.) the TCA cycle D.) aerobic respiration E.) glycolysis
Answer: D.) glycolysis
It has been estimated that 99% of intestinal bacteria are: A.) facultative anaerobes. B.) thermophiles. C.) obligate aerobes. D.) obligate anaerobes. E.) facultative aerobes.
Answer: D.) obligate anaerobes.
Consider the biochemical pathway: A → B → C Enzyme 1 catalyzes A → B Enzyme 2 catalyzes B → C Enzyme 1 can use: A.) either A or B as substrate, but not both. B.) neither A nor B as substrate. C.) both A and B as substrates. D.) only B as a substrate. E.) only A as a substrate.
Answer: D.) only A as a substrate.
In aerobic respiration, oxygen acts as: A.) an ATP synthase. B.) an electron carrier in the ETC. C.) a coenzyme. D.) a reducing agent. E.) the terminal electron acceptor.
Answer: D.) the terminal electron acceptor.
All of the statements regarding archaea are true EXCEPT: A.) they reproduce by binary fission. B.) they contain a rigid cell wall. C.) they are found as single cells. D.) they contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls. E.) they often grow in extreme environments.
Answer: D.) they contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
______ refers to energy-requiring metabolic processes that result in the biosynthesis of macromolecules and cellular structures. A.) Metabolism B.) Anabolism and Metabolism C.) Antagonism D.) Catabolism E.) Anabolism
Answer: E.) Anabolism
According to the graph, what is the impact of cold temperatures on E. coli? A.) As temperatures increase, the growth rate decreases. B.) As temperatures drop below 30 degrees celsius, cells begin to die. C.) There is no impact of cold temperatures on cell growth. D.) Below 6 degrees celsius, all the cells die. E.) As temperatures decrease, the growth rate decreases.
Answer: E.) As temperatures decrease, the growth rate decreases.
Identify the correct matching of shapes, based on the scientific names: A.) Bacillus species - rod; Staphylococcus species - rod. B.) Bacillus species - spherical; Staphylococcus species - rod. C.) Bacillus species - spiral; Staphylococcus species - rod. D.) Bacillus species - spherical; Staphylococcus species - spherical. E.) Bacillus species - rod; Staphylococcus species - spherical.
Answer: E.) Bacillus species - rod; Staphylococcus species - spherical.
Bacteria that may form endospores include: A.) E. coli AND Bacillus. B.) Enterococcus AND Deinococcus. C.) Clostridium AND Deinococcus. D.) Pseudomonas AND Micrococcus. E.) Clostridium AND Bacillus.
Answer: E.) Clostridium AND Bacillus.
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA cycle) occurs after ______. A.) photosynthesis B.) fermentation C.) the Calvin cycle D.) the electron transport chain E.) glycolysis
Answer: E.) glycolysis
You discover a new microbe that contains peptidoglycan. Based on this information, the most logical conclusion you can draw about the organism is that it is: A.) is closely related to E. coli. B.) is a pathogen. C.) is motile. D.) is a Gram-positive. E.) has 80S ribosomes. F.) is a bacterium.
Answer: F.) is a bacterium.
Which of the following are TRUE regarding coliforms? A.) They are obligate aerobes. B.) They are Gram-negative. C.) They characteristically ferment sucrose. D.) They are Gram-positive. E.) They characteristically ferment lactose. F.) They belong to the family Enterobacteriaceae. G.) They are used as indicators of fecal pollution. H.) They are facultative anaerobes.
Answer: G.) They are used as indicators of fecal pollution.
What happens to bacterial cells when their maximum growth temperature is exceeded? A.) Cells achieve their maximum growth rate when the maximum growth temperature is exceeded. B.) Cells begin to die when their maximum growth temperature is exceeded. C.) The rate of cell division decreases, but cells survive when the maximum temperature is exceeded. D.) Cells divide more rapidly as the optimum temperature is exceeded. E.) All bacteria produce endospores by which they can survive the increased temperature.
B.) Cells begin to die when their maximum growth temperature is exceeded.
Predator of other organisms (example Bdellovibrio)
Bacteria may prey upon other bacterial cells directly, form symbiotic relationships with larger eukaryotic organisms in exchange for nutrients, or reside within fish/protozoa without either harming or helping the host organisms.
During glycolysis, a single 6-carbon molecule of glucose is converted to two 3-carbon pyruvate molecules. During the later steps in this process, how many molecules of ATP are generated? A.) 12 B.) 6 C.) 4 D.) 1 E.) 2
C.) 4
Sheathed bacteria (example Sphaerotilus)
Cells form chains encased within a tube. This plays a protective role, allowing the cells to attach to solid objects in nutritionally favorable habitats.
The Gram-positive rod that is also acid-fast and is a human pathogen is: A.) Corynebacterium diphtheria. B.) Mycoplasma pneumoniae. C.) Streptococcus pyogenes. D.) Listeria monocytogenes. E.) Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
D.) Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) enables bacteria to: A.) communicate with other cells. B.) undergo DNA mediated transformation. C.) grow in cold climates such as the Arctic. D.) form biofilms. E.) make endospores.
D.) form biofilms.
Nucleus is the location for:
DNA and RNA synthesis.
Due to nutrient depletion and waste accumulation, cells begin to die at an exponential rate.
Death phase
Prosthecate bacteria (example Caulobacter)
Extensions of the cytoplasm and cell wall are used to increase surface area for absorption of nutrients (and possibly for attachment to solid surfaces).
Cells are actively growing, doubling the population with each generation.
Exponential/Log phase
True or False: Food stored for one to two hours at a temperature of 32 degree celsius would be safe to eat.
Fasle
Gram-negative bacteria: Generally more or less sensitive to penicillin?
Generally less sensitive to penicillin
Gram-positive bacteria: Generally more or less sensitivity to penicillin?
Generally more sensitive to penicillin
Nitrifying bacteria
Gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic compounds like ammonia.
Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria
Gram-negative obligate chemolithotrophs, use H2 as an energy source with O2 as a terminal electron acceptor.
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria
Gram-negative rods/spirals, may form filaments, obtain energy by oxidizing hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfate with O2 as a terminal electron acceptor.
Gram-positive bacteria: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) present or absent?
LPS absent
Gram-negative bacteria: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) present or absent?
LPS present
Cells are not dividing but are synthesizing enzymes required for growth.
Lag phase
Endoplasmic reticulum is the location for:
Location for protein synthesis and some protein modifications.
Mitochondria is the location for:
Most metabolic reactions in cellular respiration.
Gram-negative bacteria: Sensitive or not to lysozyme?
Not sensitive to lysozyme
Arrange the following experiments from the oldest to the most recent in the scientific journey towards disproving spontaneous generation: -Spanllanzani's experiment -Needham's experiment -Pasteur's experiment -Redi's experiment
Oldest: Redi's experiment Neeham's experiment Spallanzani's experiment Pasteur's experiment Most Recent:
Gram-positive bacteria: Outer membrane present or absent?
Outer membrane absent
Gram-negative bacteria: Color of Gram stain
Pink
Gram-positive bacteria: Color of Gram stain
Purple
Bacterial Shape: Bacillus
Rod shape, a cylindrical cell.
Gram-positive bacteria: Sensitive or not sensitive to lysozyme?
Sensitive to lysozyme
Bacterial Shape: Coccus
Spherical shape, may be flattened on one end or slightly oval.
With nutrients depleted total number of viable cells remains constant, with some dying while others multiply.
Stationary phase
Gram-negative bacteria: Teichoic acids present or absent?
Teichoic acids absent
Gram-positive bacteria: Teichoic acids are present or absent?
Teichoic acids present
Gram-positive bacteria: Thick or Thin peptidoglycan
Thick peptidoglycan
Gram-negative bacteria: Thick or Thin peptidoglycan?
Thin peptidoglycan
True or False: All coliforms are Enterobacteriaceae, but not all Enterobacteriaceae are coliforms.
True
True or False: Anabolic processes use energy from ATP to drive synthesis of molecules used to make up cell structures.
True
True or False: Catabolic processes harvest energy released from the breakdown of compounds to make ATP.
True
True or False: In a biochemical pathway, the product of the first reaction becomes the substrate in the second reaction.
True
True or False: In the name Escherichia coli K12, K12 refers to the strain.
True
Unusual movement mechanisms (example Magnetospirrilum)
Using a special type of flagellum housed within the periplasm to move through thick mud/sediment towards nutrients, or using a string of magnetic crystals in the cell to orient within the Earth's magnetic field to migrate towards nutrient-rich areas.
Cytoskeleton is involved in:
cell division and controlling cell shape.
Gas vesicle contains:
compounds that aid in buoyancy.
Endospores are a _______cell state.
dormant
Chromosomes contains:
genetic information required for survival.
Plasmid typically contains:
genetic information that is not required by the cell.
The transition step links _____ to the TCA cycle.
glycolysis
Storage granules contain:
high-molecular weight polymers.
Ribosomes are involved in:
protein synthesis.
Enzymes are usually ______.
proteins.
Peroxisomes is the location for:
storage of protective compounds that break down lipids and detoxify certain chemicals.
Chloroplasts is the location for:
the cellular process of photosynthesis.
Streptomyces produce _________ ___________.
useful antibiotics.
Hypotonic solution
when a cell is in a solution that has a lower concentration of solute
hypertonic solution
when a cell is placed in a solution and the concentration of the solute outside of the cell is higher than it is inside