Lecture Quiz 1
Preservatives for urine samples
1 drop of 40% formalin to 1 oz of urine, thymol one crystal/oz of urine, mucolexx-1 part 5% phenol to 9 parts urine
How long can a urine sample be refrigerated for without a preservative?
4 hours
How much sugar, water and amino acids are re-absorbed
85-90%
What causes yellow/green color urine
Bilirubin
Disadvantages of manual expression
Bladder may be traumatized or rupture due to excess pressure, usually difficult in most patients
4 types of urine collection
Bladder/manual expression, catheterization, cystocentesis, voided/free catch sample
What passes through the glomerulus to be filtraded
Blood
Advantages of voided/free catch
Can be collected by owners, no risk of trauma or introducing infection
Disadvantages of voided/free catch
Can be easily contaminated, the animal may not urinate
Advantages of catheterization
Can be obtained directly from the bladder for culture testing, can monitor quality of urine produced
Disadvantages of cystocentesis
Can result in laceration of the abdominal organs, if blood vessel is nicked there may be false RBC's
Oliguria
Diminished amount of urine formation
What causes orange color urine
Drugs(tetracycline)
What causes blue/green color urine
Dyes, chlorophyll, and pseudomonas bacteria
Azotemia
Excessive amounts of urea in the blood, due to failing kindeys
What is the resulting fluid called after being filtered
Filtrate
When is it best to get a urine sample
First void in the morning is most ideal
What passes from the blood into the tubules
Fluid, wastes, nutrients, electrolytes, and other dissolved substances
What causes red (light or dark) color urine
Hematuria, hemoglobinuria or both
What causes red/brown or brown color urine
Hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria
What causes amber color urine
High SG, highly concentrated, fluid intake is low
When should you refrigerate a urine sample
If it can't be tested immediately
Hematuria
Intact erythrocytes in the urine
Advantages of manual expression
Less risk of bacterial contamination
What causes light yellow urine
Low SG, dilute, high fluid intake
What causes colorless urine
Low SG, dilute, may be normal if flip intake is excessive
What is a normal color for urine
Medium yellow
Advantages of cystocentesis
Prevents contamination, used when culture and sensitivity test is needed
What are the three tubules what the filtrate travels through
Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule
What happens through the traveling of the filtrate
Reabsorption of essential nutrients, water and electrolytes takes place
Functions of the kidney
Removes nitrogenous waste, blood volume and water balance, maintain osmotic concentrations, maintain pH of the blood and other fluids, regulation of RBC formation
What should you do before adding preservatives to a urine sample
Run chemical and physical tests
Sediment
The solid portion of urine in the bottom of a tube that has been centrifuged
Void
To urinate, free catch
Disadvantages of catheterization
Trauma to the urethra, bacteria may be introduced
Where does urine drain down into from the kidney into the bladder
Ureter
What is urine expelled through to exit the body
Urethra
Cloudy
Urine contains fine visible particles that remain suspended over long periods
Transparent or clear
Urine has no visible debris suspended in it
Flocculent
Urines contains flecks of material that settle to the bottom after a few minutes
If the urine sample was refrigerated what should you do before reading the sample
Warm back up to room temperature
Anuria
absence of urine formation
Diuretic
agent that increases urine output
What is the renal corpuscle
bowman's capsule which surrounds the capillaries called glomerulus
What transports the urine to the renal pelvis
collecting ducts
calculus, calculi
commonly called stones; usually composed of mineral salts
Polyuria
excessive excretion of urine
Alkaline
having a pH greater than 7
Hemoglobinuria
hemoglobin in the urine due to excessive hemolysis of the erythrocyte
Cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
Cystocentesis
insertion of a needle into the bladder to collect a urine sample
How many nephrons are in each kidney?
over 1 million
Acidic
pH less than 7
Dysuria
painful or difficult urination
Crystalluria
presence of excessive amounts of crystals in the urine
Glycosuria
presence of glucose in the urine
Pyuria
pus/WBC in urine
Isosthenuria
the kidney is unable to concentrate or dilute urine
Supernatant
the liquid portion of urine in a tube that has been centrifuged
Uremia
toxic condition associated with renal insufficiency or renal failure
