Lecture Quiz 1

Preservatives for urine samples

1 drop of 40% formalin to 1 oz of urine, thymol one crystal/oz of urine, mucolexx-1 part 5% phenol to 9 parts urine

How long can a urine sample be refrigerated for without a preservative?

4 hours

How much sugar, water and amino acids are re-absorbed

85-90%

What causes yellow/green color urine

Bilirubin

Disadvantages of manual expression

Bladder may be traumatized or rupture due to excess pressure, usually difficult in most patients

4 types of urine collection

Bladder/manual expression, catheterization, cystocentesis, voided/free catch sample

What passes through the glomerulus to be filtraded

Blood

Advantages of voided/free catch

Can be collected by owners, no risk of trauma or introducing infection

Disadvantages of voided/free catch

Can be easily contaminated, the animal may not urinate

Advantages of catheterization

Can be obtained directly from the bladder for culture testing, can monitor quality of urine produced

Disadvantages of cystocentesis

Can result in laceration of the abdominal organs, if blood vessel is nicked there may be false RBC's

Oliguria

Diminished amount of urine formation

What causes orange color urine

Drugs(tetracycline)

What causes blue/green color urine

Dyes, chlorophyll, and pseudomonas bacteria

Azotemia

Excessive amounts of urea in the blood, due to failing kindeys

What is the resulting fluid called after being filtered

Filtrate

When is it best to get a urine sample

First void in the morning is most ideal

What passes from the blood into the tubules

Fluid, wastes, nutrients, electrolytes, and other dissolved substances

What causes red (light or dark) color urine

Hematuria, hemoglobinuria or both

What causes red/brown or brown color urine

Hemoglobinuria or myoglobinuria

What causes amber color urine

High SG, highly concentrated, fluid intake is low

When should you refrigerate a urine sample

If it can't be tested immediately

Hematuria

Intact erythrocytes in the urine

Advantages of manual expression

Less risk of bacterial contamination

What causes light yellow urine

Low SG, dilute, high fluid intake

What causes colorless urine

Low SG, dilute, may be normal if flip intake is excessive

What is a normal color for urine

Medium yellow

Advantages of cystocentesis

Prevents contamination, used when culture and sensitivity test is needed

What are the three tubules what the filtrate travels through

Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule

What happens through the traveling of the filtrate

Reabsorption of essential nutrients, water and electrolytes takes place

Functions of the kidney

Removes nitrogenous waste, blood volume and water balance, maintain osmotic concentrations, maintain pH of the blood and other fluids, regulation of RBC formation

What should you do before adding preservatives to a urine sample

Run chemical and physical tests

Sediment

The solid portion of urine in the bottom of a tube that has been centrifuged

Void

To urinate, free catch

Disadvantages of catheterization

Trauma to the urethra, bacteria may be introduced

Where does urine drain down into from the kidney into the bladder

Ureter

What is urine expelled through to exit the body

Urethra

Cloudy

Urine contains fine visible particles that remain suspended over long periods

Transparent or clear

Urine has no visible debris suspended in it

Flocculent

Urines contains flecks of material that settle to the bottom after a few minutes

If the urine sample was refrigerated what should you do before reading the sample

Warm back up to room temperature

Anuria

absence of urine formation

Diuretic

agent that increases urine output

What is the renal corpuscle

bowman's capsule which surrounds the capillaries called glomerulus

What transports the urine to the renal pelvis

collecting ducts

calculus, calculi

commonly called stones; usually composed of mineral salts

Polyuria

excessive excretion of urine

Alkaline

having a pH greater than 7

Hemoglobinuria

hemoglobin in the urine due to excessive hemolysis of the erythrocyte

Cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

Cystocentesis

insertion of a needle into the bladder to collect a urine sample

How many nephrons are in each kidney?

over 1 million

Acidic

pH less than 7

Dysuria

painful or difficult urination

Crystalluria

presence of excessive amounts of crystals in the urine

Glycosuria

presence of glucose in the urine

Pyuria

pus/WBC in urine

Isosthenuria

the kidney is unable to concentrate or dilute urine

Supernatant

the liquid portion of urine in a tube that has been centrifuged

Uremia

toxic condition associated with renal insufficiency or renal failure