Lesson 4: Prenatal Development & Birth

blastocyst

A fluid-filled sphere formed about 5 days after fertilization of an ovum that is made up of an outer ring of cells and inner cell mass - inner layer that attaches to the wall of the uterus - will become embryo *only 1 in 4 conceptions will actually attach to uterus

AIDS

A serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood that affects nearly 30% of fetuses born to affected mothers - of that 30%, almost all fetuses will experience cognitive delay, motor skill deficits, susceptibility to infection - based on placental barrier and viral load (higher viral load = higher chance of giving fetus disease)

C

Further differentiation of the trophoblast includes the _________ which is a watertight sac that surrounds the embryo and provides a weightless environment. A) allantois B) chorion C) amnion D) yolk sac

D

Maria is a social drinker. She wants to have a baby, however, and has vowed that as soon as she finds out she is pregnant she will stop drinking completely. Maria is forgetting that _________: A) even moderate use of alcohol will decrease her chance of becoming pregnant B) most developmental problems do not occur until after the baby is born C) moderate drinking of alcohol during pregnancy does not affect the fetus D) many developmental problems can occur even before a woman knows she is pregnant

30 days

Marijuana has a half life of approximately _____________.

C

On average, how many half life's does it take the body to rid a drug from its system so that there are no longer detectable amounts of the drug in the body? A) depends on the drug B) 7-8 half life's C) 4-5 half life's D) 1-2 half life's

chorion

Outermost layer of the two membranes surrounding the embryo; precursor to the lining of the placenta

germinal period

The first two weeks of prenatal development after conception, characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation. - development of blastocyst and trophoblast

trophoblast

The outer layer of cells that develops in the germinal period. These cells provide nutrition and support for the blastocyst - "support system"

A

The process of organ development is known as ___________. A) organogenesis B) organomaturation C) organobloomasis D) organodevelopment

C

When baby was born, he had problems with his sensory systems. There were noticeable defects in his eyes, ears and nose. Most likely, baby's problems came from defects in the formation of the ________: A) trophoblast B) endoderm C) ectoderm D) mesoderm

B

Which of the following is the period of development that occurs 2 to 8 weeks after conception? A) placenta B) embryonic C) fetal D) metastic

anoxa

a birth complication that occurs when there is insufficient oxygen to the brain of the fetus - can cause brain damage - can occur prior to and during birth

postpartum blues

a mild, transient emotional letdown experienced by a majority of women after giving birth - affects 70% of women - dissipates naturally - lasts around 1-2 weeks

postpartum depression

a mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness and the loss of pleasure in normal activities that can occur shortly after giving birth - affects around 10% of women - must last 2+ weeks of ahedonic state - usually requires intervention

postpartum psychosis

a rare and severe form of depression that occurs in women just after giving birth and includes delusional thinking and hallucinations; ahedonic state **increased risk of harming self, baby, others

yolk sac

a specialized structure that produces blood cells within the trophoblast

APGAR scale

a system of rating the physical condition of a newborn baby appearance pulse grimace activity respiration

illness

a teratogen that is very important to avoid during organogenesis (time of exposure matters!) ie. rubella, chicken pox, syphilis, AIDS

teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm; any agent that causes birth defects ie. age, stress, illness, psychoactive drugs etc.

7-10

an APGAR score of ____-_______ is considered good

0-3

an APGAR score of _____ - _______ is considered an emergency situation

4-6

an APGAR score of ______ - _______ is considered okay, but baby may be experiencing some difficulties

syphilis

an STI that can be transmitted to the fetus and damage existing organs

psychoactive drugs

any chemical substance that can be ingested/consumed that alters one's state of consciousness ie. alcohol, nicotine, marijuana

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

can result from consuming large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy - can cause intellectual disability, delayed growth, facial deformity (wide set eyes, flat face, thin lips, small head), and heart defects in fetus

fetal alcohol effects (FAE)

can result from consuming smaller amounts of alcohol during pregnancy - fetus/child can end up having some but not all characteristics of FAS

bonding

emotional connection that a parent or caregiver develops with a baby

rubella

german measles - if contracted prior to 11th week, leads to increased likelihood of fetal blindness, deafness, heart damage and brain defects in fetus

4-5

how many half lives does it take for any drug to completely exit the body?

anoxia

if a delivery takes too long to complete, the child can develop _______, which is when the child's supply of oxygen is cut off.

allantois

involved in early fluid exchange between the embryo and the yolk sac; precursor to the umbilical cord

organogenesis

major organ formation and development of body systems that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development; differentiation continues

mesoderm

middle germ layer; develops into muscles, bones and blood

ectoderm

outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, hair; brain, nerves, and outer layer of skin

differentiation

process in which cells become specialized in structure and function

marijuana

psychoactive drug that increases the risk of neurological problems (attention span, decreased response time, memory issues) in fetus. can lower sperm count and damage DNA in men

nicotine

reduces the amount of oxygen that the fetus receives - increases the risk of miscarriage and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), low birth weight **can occur second-hand

miscarriage

spontaneous abortion - occurs in 15-20% of pregnancies (usually in very early pregnancy, often due to genetic abnormality that limits viability)

first

the _______ stage of birth lasts around 12-24 hours and is when uterine contractions start around 15-20 minutes and ends when contractions are around 2-5 minutes apart and last around 1 minute

third

the ________ stage of birth is considered the afterbirth, and lasts a few minutes, and occurs when the trophoblast detaches from the wall of the uterus

second

the _________ stage of birth lasts around 1.5 hours and occurs when the baby's head moves through the dilated cervix

age of viability

the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth - around 20-28 weeks post conception - age at which there is any hope of survival outside the womb

embryo

the following are parts of the _________: - ectoderm - endoderm - mesoderm

trophoblast

the following are parts of the ____________: - amnion - yolk sac - chorion - allantois

20 days

the half life of an amphetamine (speed) is typically 5 days -- when is the body rid of the drug?

endoderm

the inner germ layer that develops into the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems and all internal organs

postpartum blues

the majority of new mothers experience this during the postpartum period

embryonic period

the period from two to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop

postpartum

the period of time occurring from birth to 6 weeks post childbirth - period of bonding and psychological development - uterus returns to normal size ("involution")

fetal period

the time from about eight weeks after conception until birth - organs become more differentiated and operational; dramatic increase in size and weight of fetus

biological half life

the time it takes for 50% of any drug to exit the body

chicken pox

varicella zoster virus - can cause range of birth defects and increases the likelihood of miscarriage

amnion

watertight sac; provides protection and temperature regulation as well as weightless environment for growing embryo