Lifespan - Chapter 7
When do infants exhibit selective attention?
4 mo
In research done by Stephanie Carlson, under which of the following conditions did children become more flexible in their thinking?
After hearing about a topsy-turvy imaginary world
Which of the following refers to the scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people?
Artificial intelligence
Sally is able to ignore information that is not important and recognize the information that is important. This is an example of which of the following cognitive skills?
Encoding
What term is used to describe the most important cognitive change in adolescence, involving reasoning, making decisions, and monitoring thinking critically?
Executive function
What two factors can strengthen brain scaffolding? Mediterranean diet Electrotherapy Certain supplements Exercise Cognitive engagement
Exercise Cognitive engagement
What type of memory refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences?
Explicit memory
Which type of memory improves substantially during the second year of life?
Explicit memory
True or false: Advances in executive function do not occur until a child reaches elementary school.
False In fact, younger children who show delayed development of executive function had a lower level of school readiness.
True or false: Executive function is uninfluenced by social or environmental factors.
False Parents and teachers play important roles in the development of executive function.
Regarding the development of a child's theory of mind, changes tend to occur in all of the following mental areas EXCEPT: Desire. Insight. Perception. Emotion.
Insight
Which of the following are true of infants' advances in processing information, as compared to how it was envisioned by earlier theorists? It is more gradual. It is much richer. It occurs earlier than previously envisioned. It is more stage-like.
It is more gradual. It is much richer. It occurs earlier than previously envisioned.
Which aspect of monitoring information would be most difficult for an older adult?
Source memory
According to fuzzy trace theory, memory is best understood by considering which two types of memory representations? Verbatim memory trace Gist Core Recall memory trace
Verbatim memory trace Gist
Reasoning, reflection, solving problems, and making decisions are all parts of:
thinking
The manipulating and transforming of information in memory is called:
thinking
What is the definition of source memory?
Memory that involves the ability to remember where one learned something
___ is the process by which information gets into memory.
Encoding
A researcher is doing an experiment using a reaction-time task in which individuals are asked to push a button as soon as they see a stimulus, such as a light. Which of the following is the researcher most likely measuring?
Processing speed
Teachers can expand children's critical thinking by asking them to do which of the following? (Select all that apply) To think To analyze To evaluate To define To recite
To evaluate To think To analyze
True or false: The human infant shows a remarkable degree of learning power and complexity in what is being learned.
True According to leading infant researcher Jean Mandler, "The human infant shows a remarkable degree of learning power and complexity in what is being learned and in the way it is represented."
True or false: Research has shown that categorization is influenced strongly by gender.
True Boys show gender-specific interest in such categories as vehicles, trains, and dinosaurs, whereas girls show gender-specific interest in such categories as dress-up and books.
True or false: Changes in the brain influence cognitive functioning, and changes in cognitive functioning can influence the brain.
True Cognitive interventions may activate older adults' working memory and increase neural connections that have atrophied due to age and disuse.
True or false: A limitation on processing information is the speed at which it takes place.
True How quickly we process information often influences what we can do with that information.
True or false: According to the fuzzy-trace theory dual-process model, it is more beneficial for adolescents to base their judgments and decisions on simple gist than on analytical thinking.
True In real world, high-risk contexts adolescents may get bogged down with analytical thinking.
Later generations were ______ their grandparents to have work experiences that included emphasis on cognitively oriented labor.
more likely than
A person's knowledge about the world and his or her area of expertise is known as ___ memory.
semantic
Recalling who the U.S. president is and remembering the capital of Japan are components of ______ memory.
semantic
Research using the memory-span task suggests that ______-term memory increases during early childhood.
short
___-term memory involves retaining information for up to 30 seconds without rehearsal.
short
Working memory is closely linked to ______ memory.
short-term
A researcher who reads off a short list of numbers at a rapid pace and then asks a participant to repeat the numbers is most likely studying
short-term memory.
Which of the following statements is FALSE about lifestyle and cognitive functioning?
Stress has not been associated with cognitive decline.
Three important factors associated with cohort effects on cognitive functioning are ______, ______, and ______.
work education health
The type of memory that allows individuals to manipulate and assemble information when making decisions, solving problems, and comprehending language is called ______ memory.
working
Scott tries to remember his neighbors' names by putting them in ABC order. This is a more engaging extensive mental strategy for processing, called
elaboration
When someone is engaging in more extensive processing of information for the benefit of memory, that person is most likely using ______ as a memory strategy.
elaboration
Remembering what you did on the first day of high school is an example of ______ memory.
episodic
The retention of information about life's happenings is known as ______ memory.
episodic
Compared with novices, ___ are more likely to rely on their accumulated experience to solve problems.
experts
According to research, which of the following have been associated with the development of executive function in children? fathers' autonomy support parental education harsh parenting secure attachment
fathers' autonomy support parental education secure attachment
Reciprocal interaction is one component of:
joint attention.
The child's ability to pay attention improves ______ during the preschool years.
significantly
Which of the following best characterizes theory of mind?
thoughts about how one's own mental processes work and the mental processes of others
Which of the following statements accurately describe the development of children's theory of mind from toddlerhood into early childhood? (Select all that apply.) Children begin to recognize and verbalize positive and negative emotions. Children begin to recognize and acknowledge that their desires can differ from another child's desires. Children do not develop a theory of mind until 4 or 5 years of age, when they acquire adequate verbal skills to communicate their emotions. Children begin to understand that what others see may not be the same as what they see.
Children begin to recognize and verbalize positive and negative emotions. Children begin to recognize and acknowledge that their desires can differ from another child's desires. Children begin to understand that what others see may not be the same as what they see.
According to one study, older adults assessed in 2013-2014 engaged in a higher level of abstract reasoning than their counterparts who were assessed two decades earlier. This best exemplifies the impact of which of the following?
Cohort effects
Older adults tend to develop deficiencies in which of the following areas of attention? (Select all that apply) Complex vigilance tasks Crystallized intelligence Aspects of driving Selective attention
Complex vigilance tasks Aspects of driving Selective attention
What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?
Concepts
______ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.
Concepts
In early childhood, executive function involves which of the following developmental advances? immediate gratification seeking goal-setting cognitive inhibition cognitive flexibility
goal-setting cognitive inhibition cognitive flexibility
Solid metacognition skills will help adolescents:
improve their learning.
The main goal of developmental robotics is to:
learn more about humans and their development.
Memory that is a relatively permanent and unlimited is referred to as ___-term (one word) memory.
long
Remembering your name and your birth date is an example of ______, the retention of information over time.
memory
Speed of repetition is a powerful predictor of ______ span.
memory
The retention of information over time is referred to as ___.
memory
During elementary school years children use gist, and its use contributes to the improved ______ of older children.
memory and reasoning
Knowing about knowing or thinking about thought is called ___.
metacognition
When schools pay attention to helping students develop skills that entail knowing about their own knowing, those schools are fostering:
metacognition.
In the twentieth century, successive generations in the United States were ______ likely to be educated.
more
Successive generations are ______ likely to be healthy in later adulthood.
more
When the speed of repetition was controlled in research, ______-year-olds' memory spans were equal to those of young adults.
6
Michelle, an infant, is looking intently at her mother as she sings her a song. Which of the following best describes what Michelle is demonstrating?
Attention
What cognitive skill allows children to process information with little or no effort?
Automaticity
___ thinking occurs when a person grasps the deeper meaning of ideas, keeps an open mind about different approaches and perspectives, and decides for themselves what to believe or do.
Critical
___ function refers to a number of higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's prefrontal cortex.
Executive
Which of the following is the most important cognitive change that occurs during adolescence?
Executive control
True or false: There is a developmental transition from early childhood into school age in which the children recognize that they can verbalize their preferences and that those preferences may be different from their parents'.
False The transition occurs from toddlerhood into early childhood.
Which of the following aspects of executive function are most important for young children's cognitive development and school success? (Select all that apply) Metacognition Flexibility Working memory Self-control
Flexibility Working memory Self-control
According to which of the following is decision making influenced by two systems—"verbatim" analytical and gist-based intuition—that operate in parallel?
Fuzzy-trace theory dual-process model
When is expertise more likely to occur?
Middle adulthood
Which of the following refers to being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks?
Mindfulness
Which view posits that increased activation in the prefrontal cortex with aging reflects an adaptive brain that is compensating for the challenges of declining neural structures and function, as well as declines in various aspects of cognition?
Neurocognitive scaffolding view
Michael is a baby who has demonstrated that he can put all the red blocks in one pile and all the blue blocks in a different pile. What area of categorization has Michael demonstrated?
Perceptual categorization
Aging in which part of the brain may produce a decline in working memory?
Prefrontal cortex
Which of the following is NOT a necessary requirement of joint attention? One person directing another's attention Reinforcement for attending to an event Reciprocal interaction An ability to track another's behavior
Reinforcement for attending to an event
Which of the following is true regarding the research into whether mindfulness training improves older adults' cognitive functioning?
Some but not all studies have shown that mindfulness training improves older adults' cognitive functioning.
Advances in executive function skills in preschool are linked with which of the following? (Select all that apply) Subsequent literacy and math skills Attention deficit disorder Academic achievement School readiness General IQ
Subsequent literacy and math skills Academic achievement School readiness
Which of the following refers to the concept that changes in cognitive functioning may be linked more to distance from death or cognition-related pathology than to distance from birth?
Terminal decline
If an infant categorizes birds and airplanes into the same group, which of the following statements is true regarding the infant's perceptual categorization and conceptual categorization?
The infant understands perceptual categorization but not conceptual categorization.
Which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others?
Theory of mind
According to the research, which of the following were true of preschoolers who were able to delay gratification?
They made more money as adults. They became more academically successful. They coped with stress better as adolescents.
Which of the following best characterizes the concept of terminal decline?
Time to death is a good predictor of cognitive decline.
In which two areas of attention do older adults have more difficulty in comparison to younger adults? (Select all that apply) Executive attention Vigilance Selective attention Sustained attention
Vigilance Selective attention
When are older adults more likely to remember the source of information?
When it is important to them
The field of science that studies the links between development, the brain, and cognitive functioning is called developmental:
cognitive neuroscience.
The focusing of mental resources is known as ___
attention
The focusing of mental resources on select information is called:
attention
Once children have learned to read well, they do not think about each letter in a word as a letter, instead they begin to unconsciously encode whole words. This is referred to as:
automaticity
Jake went to the store and selected a new truck to give his Mom for her birthday. Jake's older brother explained that their Mom does not like trucks like he does and instructed him to select a piece of jewelry. Jake's older brother is demonstrating:
awareness
Research has shown that ___ of interests (such as trucks, trains, books, or reading) on particular items is influenced strongly by gender.
categories
When infants are repeatedly shown pictures of pairs of cat, they begin to pay less and less attention to them. After viewing the cat-cat pictures, the infants are shown a cat-dog pair. The infants look longer at the dog, demonstrating that they have the ability to:
categorize
Having extensive, highly organized knowledge and understanding of a particular domain is best described as:
expertise
To be successful in school, children need to be less rigid and learn to be more ___ in their thinking, as well as be able to consider different strategies and perspectives.
flexible
Educational experiences have been ______ with better performance on memory tasks.
positively correlated
Executive function refers to a number of higher level cognitive processes linked to the development of the brain's:
prefrontal cortex.
Increases in which of the following are reasons that memory span changes with age? processing speed rehearsal of information sensory memory implicit memory
processing speed rehearsal of information
In order to solve problems in their domain, experts are more likely than novices to use strategies that include all of the following, EXCEPT: using better shortcuts. relying exclusively on recent experiences. flexibility and creativity processing information automatically.
relying exclusively on recent experiences.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a child who has developed executive function skills? cognitively inhibited stimulus-driven goal-directed flexible
stimulus-driven
Age-related deficits in prospective memory occur more often in ______ tasks than in ______ tasks.
time-based; event-based
Prospective memory involves remembering:
to do something in the future.
