Lifespan Development Exam 2 Cumulative Set

Which of the following statements are true concerning Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories?

-Piaget and Vygotsky both viewed teachers as guides of learning -Piaget emphasized individual needs, whereas Vygotsky emphasized social interactions -Piaget's final stage of development is formal operation thought, but Vygotsky proposed development is dependent on culturally specific tasks

Which of the following statements best describe the concept of private speech? (select all that apply)

-Vygotsky found private speech was a positive addition to children's development -According to Vygotsky, children use private speech to help with difficult problem-solving tasks. -according to Vygotsky, children who use private speech exhibit improved attention and performance

Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years?

-Vygotsky's theory -Piaget's theory -information processing theory

According to ______ theory, failing the conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates centration and an inability to mentally reverse actions.

Piaget's

The focusing of mental resources on select information is called

attention

Developmentalist Rochel Gelman argues that conservation appears ______ than Piaget thought.

earlier

A child playing hide-and-seek thinks he can't be seen just because he can't see the person looking for him. This is an example of the thought limitation of

egocentrism

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is called ____.

egocentrism

Consciously managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control is accomplished by ________ function.

executive

Kiley is very anxious and ready for kindergarten. She is advanced in her developmental functioning. Kiley's readiness for school indicates advanced ______ functioning.

executive

Managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control is a matter of ______ functioning.

executive

Advances in ______ during the preschool years are linked with math skills, language development, and school readiness.

executive function

True or false: If a preoperational child cannot conserve volume, the child also will not be able to conserve number.

false

True or false: When children are demonstrating knowledge of the rules of morphology, overgeneralization does not occur.

false

Research has shown that short-term memory ______ during early childhood.

increases

During their preschool years, young children demonstrate

increasing attention spans

The ___ _______ approach is a cognitive model that focuses on children's attention, memory, and problem-solving abilities

information processing

The contemporary theory of cognitive development that focuses on a child's attention, memory, and problem-solving skills is called

information processing

Vygotsky asserted that language and thought

initially develop independently of each other and then merge

The preoperational thought substage that is called ______ thought is considered the period when children seek answers to all sorts of questions. (Remember to type only one word in the blank and watch your spelling.)

intuitive

When preschoolers seem confident in their knowledge and understanding of the world, yet are not aware of how they know this information, Piaget states that they are in the __________ substage of preoperational thought.

intuitive

Kiley is 3 years old. What type of artwork would you expect Kiley to create?

inventive and fanciful

What statements best describe the advances in pragmatics in early childhood?

-young children can learn rules regarding politeness in conversations -young children can adapt their speech based on their setting -young children are able to present competent narratives

By the time children enter first grade, it is estimated they know about ______ words.

14,000

Memory span in young children increased from about ______ in 2- to 3-year-old children.

2 digits to 5 digits

Perceptions, emotions, and desires are all mental states that children from ______ begin to understand.

6 months to 18 months

The retention of information over time is defined as .

memory

Researchers have found that children with ________ have difficulty developing a theory of mind.

autism

Memory of significant events and experiences in one's life is called ______ memory.

autobiographical

According to Piaget's preoperational stage, a child does not yet perform _____, which are defined as reversible mental actions.

operations

The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called _______ . (Watch your spelling!)

centration

The limitation of preoperational thought of focusing attention on one characteristic while excluding all other characteristics is called _________ . (Watch your spelling!)

centration

Which of the following is NOT a key principle in young children's vocabulary development?

children learn words when they are disconnected from grammar

The theories of Piaget, Vygotsky, and information processing are major theories of ______ development in early childhood.

cognitive

Children who understand morphology rules use all of the following parts of speech, EXCEPT

conjunctions

The awareness that an object does not change its basic properties or characteristics even when its appearance is altered is known as

conservation

According to Vygotsky's theory, the social _____ approach focuses on the social contexts of learning and the building of knowledge through social interactions. (Watch your spelling!)

constructivist

According to Vygotsky's theory, the social _________ approach focuses on the social contexts of learning and the building of knowledge through social interactions. (Watch your spelling!)

constructivist

Vygotsky's theory stressed the importance of sociocultural influences on children's development, which fits the belief that it is important to evaluate

contextual factors in learning

The three mental states children begin to understand from 18 months to 3 years of age are

desires emotions perceptions

The failure to conserve demonstrates centration and an inability to mentally _____ actions.

reverse

Which of the following is NOT a strategy for using books effectively with pre-school children?

reward children with sweets or prizes for reading books

Preschool children's control of attention is deficient. They are likely to pay attention to

salient features rather than relevant features

As Trevor learns about long division, his mother first needs to help him a lot. She gradually decreases the level of support as Trevor's ability in this area grows. This is an example of

scaffolding

The zone of proximal development is clearly linked to _______ , another concept from Vygotsky, which is defined as a changing level of support from a more skilled person like a parent or teacher.

scaffolding

Vygotsky believed that ______ is central to the transition from external to internal speech.

self-talk

According to Vygotsky, children who use a lot of private speech are more _____ than those who don't.

socially competent

According to Vygotsky, in early childhood children use private _______ to help solve tasks.

speech

According to Piaget, the first substage of preoperational thought is the ____ _____ substage, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

symbolic function

According to Piaget, the first substage of preoperational thought is the ___________ __________ substage, in which the child gains the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present.

symbolic funtion

Preschool children learn and apply the more advanced grammar rules of _______, which involves how words should be ordered in a sentence

syntax

Young children learn early to place a wh- word at the beginning of a sentence when properly asking a question. This shows advances in

syntax

Awareness and understanding of mental processes of others is called

theory of mind

Which theory views children as thinkers who can predict, explain, and understand themselves and others?

theory of mind

Vygotsky's theory maintained that language and ______ develop independently before merging.

thought

In Piaget's theory, children will construct knowledge by doing which of the following?

transforming and organizing previous knowledge

Which of the following is NOT one of Vygotsky's ideas that can be incorporated into the classroom?

use the conservation of liquid task

What does Vygotsky call the range of tasks that are too difficult for the child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children?

zone of proximal development

What are some factors that can influence the accuracy of a young child's memory?

-age differences in susceptibility -individual differences in susceptibility -interviewing techniques

Books are a positive tool for communication skill development with children. Identify all of the effective strategies of using books with preschool children.

-ask them to imagine themselves as the book's character use books that use rhymes use books to start conversations ask the child what they think the outcome of the story will be

Which of the following are criticisms of Piaget's theory?

-attention is especially important in explaining conservation -conservation appears earlier than Piaget thought

Vygotsky's theory of child development includes which of the following premises?

-children actively construct their knowledge and understanding -children's cultural environment influences their thinking process -children develop cognitive skills through societal tools.

Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development?

-children are able to use words to describe their world -children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs -children form stable concepts and begin to reason

Which of the following statements best describe the key elements of Piaget's second stage of cognitive development? -children are able to use words to describe their world -children continue to be egocentric and have magical beliefs -children are able to understand the concept of reversibility -children form stable concepts and begin to reason.

-children are able to use words to describe their world. -children continue to be egocentric an have magical beliefs -children form stable concepts and begin to reason

Identify each of the key factors in vocabulary developments in young children.

-children learn words of items that interest them -children learn better when grammar and vocabulary are connected -children learn words they hear frequently

Which of the following statements best represent the typical results from Piaget's classic task of conservation involving pouring a liquid from one beaker into another beaker that is taller and thinner?

-children older than 7 usually say that the beakers contain the same amount of liquid -children younger than 7 usually say that the beakers contain unequal amounts of liquid

Which of these are words that could best describe a typical 3-year-olds' drawings? -fanciful -symbolic -precise -imaginative -realistic

-fanciful -imaginative -symbolic

Which of the following are ways that Vygotsky's concepts can be incorporated into the classroom setting?

-focusing lessons on the upper limit of a child's zone of proximal development to teach advanced cognitive skills -using assessments to provide information on a child's zone of proximal development -presenting material to children in a real-world context that connects to their everyday lives -using peer teaching and encouraging children to practice their skills.

Literacy development among children is helped when children

-have many chances to practice writing, reading, talking, and listening -already have a positive view of books when being taught how to read and write -can learn to read and write in supportive environments

Among the social interaction factors that advance children's theory of mind are

-having older siblings and friends who engage in mental state talk -being securely attached to parents who engage children in mental state talk -living in a higher socioeconomic status family

Which of the following are major cognitive theories of development that address the early childhood years? -Reggio Emilia's theory -information processing theory -Piaget's theory -Vygotsky's theory

-information processing theory -Piaget's theory -Vygotsky's theory

Which of the following elements did Vygotsky emphasize and Piaget minimize as playing a role in shaping thought?

-language -education -sociocultural context

According to a research study of 1,000 children aged 54 months, their ability to sustain attention is correlated with ________.

-language skills -school readiness

Which of the following activities factor into children's literacy abilities?

-listening -reading -talking -writing

According to Vygotsky's theory, children use speech and language directed toward themselves and others for which of the following reasons?

-problem solving -planning their behaviors -social communication

What two aspects of attention develop in early childhood?

-sustained attention -executive attention

The preoperational thought limitation called animism is best described by which statements? --three has deep roots and long branches -the sunshine is happy -thunder is mad and yelling at us -spring showers make the flowers grow

-the sunshine is happy -thunder is mad and yelling at us

Around the age of five, children will do which of the following?

-use the "why" question to understand their environment -develop an interest in the ability to use reason -inquire why things are the way they are

According to Vygotsky, which of these statements concerning the development of internal and external speech are true?

-when self-talk becomes second nature, children can act without verbalizing -the transition from external to internal speech occurs between 3 and 7 years of age -children communicate externally before developing internal speech

______ memory involves remembering events such as a song, a movie, or an interesting event.

Autobiographical

______ attention supports the rapid increases in effortful control involving action planning and allocating attention to goals during the toddler and preschool years. An increased appreciation of their surroundings, helps children prolong their ______ attention.

Executive, sustained

True or false: Compared to Piaget's theory of children's cognitive development, Vygotsky's theory views children as social creatures who develop their thinking through social interaction.

True

In one study, the ability to focus attention better at age 5 was linked to ______ at age 9.

a higher level of school achievement

Between 18 months and 6 years of age, there is consistent development in vocabulary at a rate of about

a new word every waking hour

Interviewing techniques and individual and age differences can all influence the _______ of a young child's memory.

accuracy

When given appropriate cues and prompts, young children demonstrate that they can

accurately remember a large quantity of information

Marta feels sorry for the white crayon because no one ever uses it and she thinks it must be sad. This is an example of Piaget's theory of

animism

Preschool children tend to compare things in a haphazard way, whereas elementary school age children exhibit ______ by comparing two items systematically, one detail at a time.

planfulness

Rebecca, a six-year-old girl, is very good at carrying on conversations with people. Her two-year-old brother Jack is not very good at carrying on conversations. This is primarily due to an increased understanding of

pragmatics

Engagement in pretend play and the ability to represent objects that are not present are associated with the symbolic function substage, which is the first substage of the _______ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

The second stage of Piaget's cognitive theory of development lasts from ages 2 to 7 and is called the

preoperational stage

The stage of Piagetian development that can be divided into the symbolic function substage and intuitive thought substage is called

preoperational thought

What is one of the hallmark aspects of the intuitive thought substage in Piaget's preoperational stage?

primitive reasoning

According to Lev Vygotsky, the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be mastered with guidance is known as the zone of ______ development.

proximal