LifeSpan: Human Development

The first two weeks of prenatal development are called the fetal period. (T or F)

False

The general term for the techniques designed to help an infertile couple conceive and then sustain a pregnancy is in vitro fertilization (IVF). (T or F)

False

The right hemisphere of the brain is where language abilities are located in most people. (T or F)

False

Emily has smoked an average of one pack of cigarettes per day throughout her pregnancy. How is this likely to affect her fetus?

The infant may weigh less than normal at birth.

The nurse is teaching a family with a newborn about infant safety during sleep. What information is crucial for the family to understand?

The infant should be placed on his/her back

Alice is pregnant and wants to ensure that she does everything she can to prevent the occurrence of a neural-tube defect in her child. She makes sure that she has the proper amount of _____ in her diet.

folic acid

A woman carrying dizygotic twins drinks alcohol. The twins' blood alcohol levels are equal, yet one twin may be more severely affected than the other because their alleles for the enzyme that metabolizes alcohol differ. This is evidence that the _____ influence the effects of teratogens.

genes of the embryo/fetus

Behaviorism

Watson, Skinner, Pavlov

Under what circumstances will a recessive gene be expressed?

When it is paired with another recessive gene for the same trait

What is the term used to describe cells that unite at conception?

Zygotes

What is a recessive trait?

a genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor

What is secure attachment?

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver Occurs when a caregiver is consistent and response's to the child's needs. They are happy and comforted when mom returns. As adults: Happy Trusting and friendly

What is a dominate trait?

a trait that masks the appearance of a recessvie trait

easy babies

adjusted readily to new situations, quickly established daily routines such as sleeping and eating, and generally were cheerful in mood and easy to calm are calm and relaxed. They follow a predictable schedule, prefer routine but also adaptable/flexible to new situations, happy and friendly. 40%

A variation that makes a gene different in some way from other genes for the same characteristics is a(n) _____.

allele

What is a teratogen?

any environmental agent that causes damage during the prenatal period

difficult babies

babies who have negative moods and are slow to adapt to new situations; when confronted with a new situation, they tend to withdraw are often irritable and fussy. React negatively and intensely to stimuli and events. 10%

Irreversibility refers to the preoperational child's tendency to _____.

believe that what has been done cannot be undone

Beverly and her mother were shopping for a birthday gift for Beverly's father. "How about this? Daddy would love it!" Beverly exclaimed, showing her mother a pink and purple toy horse with flowing mane and tail. Beverly's belief that her father would enjoy a toy that she herself would enjoy is an example of "_____."

egocentrism

The Piagetian term for a particular type of centration in which a child thinks about the world only from his or her personal perspective is called "_____."

egocentrism

Dr. Garcia studies how environmental factors affect gene expression—enhancing, halting, shaping, or altering the expression of genes. Dr. Garcia studies _____.

epigenetics

The milk made by the body in the first days after birth has a certain name, what is it?

Colostrum

Piaget argued that imitating other people's facial expressions was a complex skill because it required what?

Combining visual and kinesthetic cues

Eduardo is a natural-born musician with the ability to pick up and play nearly any musical instrument. His musical talent is controlled by the left side of his brain. (T or F)

False

Genes and alleles for alcoholism have been found exclusively on the Y chromosome.

False

Myelination is essential for basic communication between neurons. ( T or F)

False

The Apgar scale refers to the age at which a fetus might survive if born. (T or F)

False

Some genes are _____, which means "many forms."

polymorphic

A teratogen is any agent or condition that increases the risk for _____.

prenatal abnormalities

According to Jean Piaget, ____________________ describe an infant's simple repetitive actions that are organized around the infant's own body.

primary circular reactions

According to Vygotsky, a teacher who carefully plans each child's participation in the learning process within the zone of proximal development uses _____.

scaffolding

The first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development is called

sensorimotor.

Gametes

sex cells Reproductive cells (sperm and ova) Each gamete consists of 23 chromosomes.

By the end of the ____ prenatal month, sex organs develop and are soon visible via ultrasound.

third

Bart depends on his mother for everything he needs. When he cries, she responds with food or a clean diaper or a cuddle. Erikson would say that Bart's mother is helping him resolve the conflict known as

trust versus mistrust.

One of the milestones of preoperational thought is the ability to _____.

use symbolic thought

Which stage of pregnancy begins when implantation is complete and continues through organogenesis?

Embryonic stage

When do infants develop fear?

Emerges at about 9 months in response to people, things, or situations

Where does the fertilization of the ovum take place in a normal pregnancy?

Fallopian tubes

An individual's collection of genes is called a "phenotype."

False

By the age of 6 years, the brain has attained about half of its adult weight. (T or F)

False

What is the name of the sheath that develops around axons that serves as insulation and speeds neural transmissions?

Myelin

The amygdala registers emotions. (T or F)

True

The effects of behavioral teratogens may last a lifetime. (T or F)

True

Jobe told his grandma, "I catched two mouses in a trap." Jobe's speech errors are an example of _____.

overregularization

What is the germinal period?

(1st two weeks after conception): Rapid cell division and beginning of cell (a zygote forms) differentiation Zygote begins duplication and division within hours of conception. Development of the placenta Implantation (about 10 days after conception) Organism grows rapidly

What is the embryonic period?

(3rd to 8th week): Basic forms of all body structures develop Embryo Primitive streak becomes the neural tube and later forms the brain and spine of the CNS. Head takes shape. Eyes, ears, nose, and mouth form. Heart begins to pulsate. Extremities develop and webbed fingers and toes separate.

When do infants develop stranger anxiety?

(6-12 months) Form of anxiety that children experience when exposed to people unfamiliar to them. Typical part of a developmental sequence that many children experience. Getting quiet and staring at the stranger Crying Hiding behind a parent

What is the Fetal Period?

(9th week until birth): Fetus grows in size and matures in functioning Fetus 9th week after conception until birth Genitals form and sex hormones cause differences in brain organization Heartbeat detectable via stethoscope Cortex is not fully mature at birth Brain at birth is biggest part of baby

cognitive

(Piaget)

When do infants develop Separation anxiety?

(relevant at ~8- 18 months) Tears, tantrum filled goodbyes. Getting upset when a parent leave them with someone else. E.g. daycare If it remains strong after age 3, it may be considered an emotional disorder

Research evidence correlates neurological differences with differences in temperament. What is a basic argument against the conclusions drawn from such results? NOT FINISHED

-The relationship between brain structure and shyness is illusory. - Environmental influences can alter brain structure just as brain structure can alter behavior. - Environmental influences have a greater influence on behavior than do differences in brain structure.

Around what age does the emergence of holophrases typically occur?

12-18 months

Naming explosion typically occurs around what age?

16-24 months

The germinal period ends approximately _____ after conception.

2 weeks

Each human body cell contains _____ chromosomes.

46

What is a cohort?

A group of individuals of the same age.

What is temperament?

An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.

What is insecure-avoidant attachment?

An infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return. Occurs when a caregiver is preoccupied, indifferent, or absent and doesn't respond to infant's needs. The child learns to not rely on or trust others. Child avoids connection with mom upon her return. As adults: fear of intimacy, they do not depend on others, and do not trust others. They cope with problems by distancing themselves

When do infants experience Sadness?

Appears in first months Is stressful experience for infants

Three-year-old Tran used to call all flying objects such as airplanes and slowly falling leaves "birds." Now he correctly labels airplanes, butterflies, birds, and bees. Which Piagetian process has Tran accomplished?

Assimilation

What is attachment?

Attachment is the emotional relationship between a child and the "regular caregiver"

By the age of 2, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words; by the age of 6, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words.

By the age of 2, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words; by the age of 6, a child will typically have a vocabulary of _____ words. 500; 10,000

Average Life Expectancy?

Currently 78 years

A normally developing fetus has reached a length of 12 inches and weighs about one pound. Using ultrasound, it is possible to tell if the fetus is male or female. In which stage of development is this fetus?

Fetal

When do infants experience Anger?

First expressed at around 6 months Is healthy response to frustration Sadness

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

What is nature vs. nurture?

Genetic vs. environment producing traits or behaviours

A child shows no interest in contact with her mother following a separation. This child does not specifically resist the mothers' efforts, but she will not seek much contact. She shows no preference for her mother over a stranger. Which attachment style describes this child?

Insecure/avoidant

What is cystic fibrosis?

It is a genetic disorder of the cell membranes. Causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in air passages and pancreas.

What is Insecure-Anxious/ambivalent attachment?

Occurs when a caregiver is inconsistent and unpredictable with their care, the infant becomes anxious because they do not know what to expect. Cling and resist the mother upon her return. As adults: self-critical, insecure, dependent, they seek approval and reassurance

Monozygotic (identical) twins

Originate from one zygote that splits apart very early in development Incomplete split results in conjoined twins Same genotype but slight variations in phenotype are possible due to environmental influences

What is Self awareness and when do children develop it?

Person's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of other people. ~18 months Emergence of the me-self Aware of self.

__________ summarizes the idea that individuals of all ages possess the capacity for positive change in response to environmental demands.

Plasticity

What is attachment theory?

Psychologists such as John Bowlby and Ainswhorth believed that earliest bonds formed by children with their caregivers have a tremendous impact that continues throughout life.

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins

Result from fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm Dizygotic twins have half their genes in common and occur twice as often as monozygotic twins Incidence is genetic and varies by ethnicity and age

Attention is regulated by which of the following structures? NOT FINISHED

Reticular formation Spinal cord Temporal lobe

Which of the following best defines intelligence?

The ability to take in and use information to function within a particular environment.

The corpus callosum connects the hemispheres of the brain. (T or F)

The corpus callosum connects the hemispheres of the brain.

Which statement about left-handed people is true? -Myelination takes longer for them than it does for right-handed people. -They are less likely to succeed in sports. - Their corpus callosom tend to be thicker than those of right-handed people.

Their corpus callosa tend to be thicker than those of right-handed people.

A threshold effect means that some teratogens are virtually harmless until exposure reaches a certain level, at which point they become damaging (T or F)

True

About 20 percent of all children have difficulties that could be connected to behavioral teratogens. (T or F)

True

Every ovum a woman creates contains an X chromosome. (T or F)

True

Genes are located on chromosomes (T or F)

True

Obesity is more common among children who were not breast-fed. ( T or F)

True

Perseveration is the tendency to continue an activity even when it has become inappropriate to do so. ( T or F)

True

Reaction time is the amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus. ( T or F)

True

slow to warm up babies

cautious and sometimes fussy but become easier overtime.

One of Vygotsky's most influential concepts was the "zone of proximal development." According to this concept, _____.

children can master challenging tasks with the help of others

What is down syndrome?

chromosome 21 hypotonia, flat face, small ears, nose, chin hearing loss, language delays, artic

The idea that there may be significant periods in development when an organism is especially sensitive to the presence (or absence) of some particular kind of experience is referred to as a

critical period.

According to Vygotsky, guided participation requires that a child _____.

interacts with a mentor to accomplish a task

The specialization of the functioning of the two halves of the brain is called "_____."

lateralization

One aspect of both nature and nurture that profoundly affects each person is the _____, which refers to all microbes that live within every part of the body.

microbiome

According to Jean Piaget, ______________________ describe deliberate experimentation with variations of previous actions that occur in the sensorimotor period.

tertiary circular reactions

Plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

Zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo Two gametes (sperm and ovum) combine and produce a new individual with 23 chromosomes from each parent.

Babbling with a rising intonation seems to signal NOT FINISHED

the onset of language reception. a desire for a response. anger.

An experiment is designed to study the effects of long lectures on the sleeping behavior of college students. In such a study, the dependent variable is

the sleeping behavior of college students.

What is epigenetics?

the study of how the environment affects which genes are expressed