Lifestyle and Career Development

As you walk into a professional seminar on career counseling you note that the instructor is drawing a hexagon on the blackboard. The instructor is most likely discussing a. David Tiedeman. b. John Holland. c. Anne Roe. d. John Crites.

Was this just an easy question, or could it be that now you really know this material? Come on, how about giving yourself credit for all your knowledge! (See the "Graphical Representations" section of this book for a pictorial display of the hexagon.)

The Guide for Occupational Exploration (GOE) was published by the U.S. Department of Labor. The guide lists groups of jobs listed in a. 14 interest areas. b. 6 interest areas. c. 3 interest areas. d. 175 interest areas.

a. 14 interest areas.

SIGI Plus, Choices, and Discover are a. Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems (CACG). b. paper and pencil career tests. c. career theories proposed in the 1940s. d. computer systems which are slower to use than traditional texts such as the DOT or the OOH.

a. Computer Assisted Career Guidance Systems (CACG).

Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of a. John Crites. b. Roe. c. Holland. d. Schlossberg.

a. John Crites Career maturity might be referred to as "vocational maturity" on your exam. Choice "d" mentions the work of Schlossberg who has focused heavily on adult career development. She suggested five noteworthy factors: behavior in the adult years is primarily determined by social rather than biological factors; behavior can either be a function of one's life stage or one's age at other times; sex differences are actually more powerful than age or stage differences; adults continually experience transitions which require adaptation and self-assessment; identity, intimacy, and generativity are recurring themes in adulthood.

The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with a. Parsons and Williamson. b. Roe and Brill. c. Holland and Super. d. Tiedeman and O'Hara.

a. Parsons and Williamson.

Holland believed that a. a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities. b. a given occupation will tend to attract persons with a very wide range of personality attributes. c. one's personality is, for the most part, unrelated to one's occupational choice. d. b and c.

a. a given occupation will tend to attract persons with similar personalities. Like Roe, Holland felt that early childhood development influ- ences adult personality characteristics.

Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that a. a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle-school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college. b. students did not want career guidance despite its importance. c. many students were too inflexible to benefit from career guidance. d. high school students wanted career guidance but junior high school or middle-school-level students did not.

a. a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle-school level wanted guidance in planning a career.

Counselors who support John Holland's approach believe that a. an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality. b. stereotypes cannot be considered relevant. c. four major personality categories exist. d. sublimation is the major factor in job selection.

a. an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality. Choice "b" is incorrect: Holland did indeed believe in stereo- types, and some critics have thus said his theory is too simplistic and somewhat sexist. Choice "c" would need to read "six major personality categories" to be accurate.

The DOT was first published by the Department of Labor in 1939. The first three digits in a DOT code referred to a. an occupational group. b. career options. c. OOH data. d. the transfer of skills.

a. an occupational group

Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice a. are indicative of neurotic symptoms. b. are indicative of inappropriate reinforcers in the environment. c. are related to a lack of present moment awareness. d. are the result of irrational cognitions.

a. are indicative of neurotic symptoms. This is the kind of exam question you literally could answer cor- rectly via the process of elimination. In the previous question, it was noted that Bordin analyzed career choices using the unconscious mind. Needless to say, this is a psychoanalytic assumption. Hence, choice "b can be eliminated since "reinforcers" are seen as modifiers in the behaviorist school. Choice "c" also can be eliminated inasmuch as analysis is not a present moment approach. Lastly, "irrational cognitions" are stressed in rational- emotive behavior therapy and some related cognitive schools of intervention. Krumboltz's approach to career counseling is considered a cognitive approach.

A client says she has always stayed home and raised her children. Now the children are grown and she is seeking employment. She is best described a. as a displaced homemaker. b. as a victim of underemployment. c. by a DSM diagnosis. d. as a victim of the hidden job market.

a. as a displaced homemaker. This is the definition of a displaced homemaker who also could be divorced or widowed. Gender bias (i.e., any factor that might rule out a job or career choice due to gender) must be avoided when conducting career counseling with women.

Super's theory emphasizes _______ life stages. a. five. b. four. c. three. d. nine.

a. five. The stages are: first, Growth (birth to 14); second, Exploration (15-24); third, Establishment (24-44), fourth, Maintenance (44-64); and fifth, Decline (65+). Suggested memory device: GEE MD. (Note, so far as the two "Es" are concerned, com- mon sense would dictate that exploration would come before es- tablishment.) Developmental theories like Donald Super's emphasize longitudinal career-related behavior.

A client who says, "I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman," is showing an example of a. gender bias. b. counselor bias. c. the trait-and-factor theory. d. developmental theory and career choice.

a. gender bias.

The trait-and-factor approach fails to take _______ into account. a. individual change throughout the life span. b. relevant psychometric data. c. personality. d. job requirements.

a. individual change throughout the life span. Choice "b," psychometric data, refers to the use of test results in counseling, a practice which is stressed by trait-and-factor practitioners. The correct answer (choice "a") has been a major criticism of this model and perhaps accounts for some of the popularity of developmental theories.

Holland's psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the _______ type. a. investigative. b. social. c. enterprising. d. artistic.

a. investigative. The "investigative" personality type likes to think his or her way through a problem. Occupations congruent with this type in- clude scientists, design engineers, geologists, mathematicians, and philosophers. Reader generated super cool memory device: Most textbooks recommend the memory device RIASEC to recall the six vocational personalities/work environments, but right before this book went to press a clever reader suggested Rosenthal Is A Successful Educa- tor Counselor. You've got to love it!

Most experts would agree that a resume a. is like an art project and must look good. b is not an art project and looks have little if anything to do with effectiveness. c. need not utilize bold headings as personnel officers often spend an extensive amount of time reading them. d. contrary to popular opinion, can sport typos and spelling errors yet still have a powerful impact on future employers.

a. is like an art project and must look good. Just in case good old common sense failed you here, your advice to clients preparing a resume should be: make it look good, use bold headings or fonts which catch the eye whenever possible, and avoid typos and spelling errors because they can greatly re- duce the impact of a resume even if everything else is up to snuff. And if you chose alternative "d," let's at least keep it a secret from your former English teachers!

Midlife career change a. is not that unusual. b. is often discussed, but in reality is very rare. c. would be extremely rare after the death of a spouse. d. would be extremely rare after all the children leave home.

a. is not that unusual. This generally takes place between ages 35 and 45 and addition- al training is often needed. Precipitating factors for the change include divorce, having a baby, caring for a disabled child, empty nest syndrome, and perhaps most important, job dissatisfaction. Choices "c" and "d" are typical motivators and thus constitute incorrect answer choices.

The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al. a. is very behavioristic. b. is indicative of a client-centered approach. c. is psychodynamic. d. is appropriate, but not with disabled populations.

a. is very behavioristic.

Roe's theory relies on Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice a. lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs. b. self-actualization needs take precedence over lower order needs. c. all needs are given equal consideration. d. the need for self-actualization would overpower a physical need.

a. lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs. The job meets the "most urgent need."

In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles each job was given a _______ digit code. a. nine. b. eight. c. six. d. five.

a. nine. The first three digits designated the occupational category and divisions, whereas the middle three described tasks in relation to data, people, and things respectively. The final digits helped alphabetize the titles.

A counselor doing multicultural career counseling should be aware a. of his or her own ethnocentric biases. b. that Asian Americans rarely choose scientific careers. c. that Black males will often choose enterprising jobs in terms of Holland's typology. d. that career inventories have eliminated cultural biases.

a. of his or her own ethnocentric biases. Actually, Asian Americans (see choice "b") are the only minority that has a large number of individuals in the scientific commu- nity. Black males are highly represented in realistic rather than enterprising occupations (see choice "c"). Thus the counselor has to be aware of his or her own stereotypical attitudes (e.g., Af- rican/Black American women make good housekeepers or His- panic/Latino women are best off working in secretarial jobs)

Statistics reveal that a. on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma. b. fewer workers possess a high-school degree than ever before. c. blue-collar jobs are growing faster than white-collar jobs. d. older workers are slower than younger workers and have less skill.

a. on average, a worker with a bachelor's degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "levels" except a. outdoor. b. semi skilled. c. semiprofessional/smallbusiness. d. professional and managerial

a. outdoor.

A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as "the fuel of the decision." The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems. a. predictive, value, and decision. b. internal, external, and in between. c. predictive, external, and internal. d. internal and external.

a. predictive, value, and decision. Decision-making theory asserts that although occupational choice is an ongoing process, there are times when a key deci- sion must be made. In the Gelatt Model the predictive sys- tem is concerned with the probable alternatives, actions, and possibilities. The person's value system is concerned with one's relative preferences regarding the outcomes, while the decision system provides rules and criteria for evaluating the outcome.

The Strong is considered an Interest inventory. So is a. the Kuder, created by George Frederic Kuder. b. the Wechsler. c. the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. d. the MMPI-2.

a. the Kuder, created by George Frederic Kuder.

At a case staffing, one career counselor says to another, "The client's disability suggests she can only physically handle seden- tary work." This technically implies a. the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds. b. the client will not need to lift over 100 pounds. c. the client will be standing a lot. d. the client could walk or stand up to six hours daily.

a. the client will not need to lift over 10 pounds. Sedentary: maximum lifting is 10 pounds. Light work: maxi- mum lifting is up to 20 pounds. Medium work: maximum lifting is 50 pounds. Heavy work: maximum lifting is up to 100 pounds. Very heavy work: maximum lifts exceed 100 pounds. The stipu- lation in choice "d" applies to the "light work" category.

Super's theory includes a. the life-career rainbow. b. the life-career stars. c. the life-career moon. d. the life-career psychosis.

a. the life-career rainbow. The person can play a number of potential roles as he or she advances through the five stages mentioned in the previous question; they are parent, homemaker, worker, citizen, leisurite, student, or child. Super called the graphic display of the roles unfolding over the life span, the "career rainbow." The roles are played out in the "theaters" of the home, community, school, and work. So far as Super is concerned career can include student, employee, pensioner, retirement, civic duties, avocations and even family roles.

John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of a. Joseph Wolpe. b. Albert Bandura. c. Donald Super. d. Karen Homey.

b. Albert Bandura.

A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a some- what continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families? a. Surprisingly enough, dual-career families have lower in- comes than families in which only one partner works. b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working. c. Dual-career families have incomes which are almost identical to families with one partner working. d. Surprisingly enough, no research has been conducted on dual-career families.

b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working. Common sense prevails here as two incomes are indeed usually better than one. Nevertheless, since both partners are working there are more problems related to household chores and re- sponsibilities. Competition between the partners can also be an issue that may need to be dealt with in counseling. Today over 54% of all marriages are dual-earner marriages. The fig- ure hovers around the 60% mark when we examine fami- lies with children. Compare this to the 1950 statistic of 20.4%.

You are working as a counselor for a major university. A student wants detailed statistics about the average wages in her state. The best resource would be a. Richard N. Bolles's book What Color Is Your Parachute? b. The Bureau of Labor Statistics website. c. Any professional journal related to career counseling is inundated with articles of this nature. d. DISCOVER and the System of Interactive Guidance and Information known as Sigi Plus.

b. The Bureau of Labor Statistics website.

One major category of career theory is known as the trait-fac- tor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach a. attempts to match conscious and unconscious work motives. b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person. c. attempts to match career behavior with attitudes. d. attempts to match cognition with the workload.

b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.

Linda Gottfredson's developmental theory of career focuses on a. fields and levels. b. circumscription and compromise theory. c. the career rainbow. d. mainly on the concept of career maturity.

b. circumscription and compromise theory. Choice "a" is associated with Roe, choice "c" with Super, and choice "d" with Crites, leaving "b" as the only valid choice. You won't find tons of information on this theory yet, and thus I wouldn't expect more than a question or so related to this modal- ity. According to Gottfredson people do restrict choices (circum- scription) and when people do compromise in regard to picking a job (and indeed she feels they do) they will often sacrifice the field of work before they sacrifice sextype or prestige.

Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defines himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the _______ category. a. artistic b. conventional. c. realistic. d. social.

b. conventional. The "conventional" type values conformity, structure, rules, and feels comfortable in a subordinate role. Statisticians, bank clerks, and controllers fit this stereotype. By the way, "conventional" and "conformity" both begin with a "c." Nice memory device, huh? Although Holland's theory is usually dubbed as a person- ality theory, it has been viewed as a trait-and-factor approach. Since most exams won't mention the trait-and-factor category, the answer they are usually looking for is that Holland created a personality approach to career counseling.

Initially, Ginzberg and his associates viewed career choice as irreversible and the result of compromises between wishes and realistic possibilities. This theory identified three stages of career development a. informal, formal, and concrete. b. fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11 to 17), and realistic (age 17 to early 20s). c. sensorimotor, formal, and concrete. d. oral, anal, and phallic.

b. fantasy (birth to age 11), tentative (ages 11 to 17), and realistic (age 17 to early 20s).

Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing a. unconscious and preconscious. b. fields and levels. c. yin and yang. d. transactional analysis nomenclature.

b. fields and levels. The eight occupational "fields" include: service, business con- tact, organizations, technology, outdoor, science, general culture, and arts/entertainment. The six "levels" of occupational skill include: professional and managerial 1, professional and managerial 2,semiprofessional/small business, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled.

In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that a. genetics play a very minor role in career choice. b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice. c. genetics are important while upbringing is not. d. genetics are important while the unconscious is not.

b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choice. Time for a Roe Review (hey was that great alliteration or what?): career choice is influenced by genetics, parent-child interaction, unconscious motivators, current needs, interests (people/things), education, and intelligence.

According to the concept of occupational sex segregation a. most women hold high paying executive jobs. b. most women hold low paying jobs with low status. c. most women hold jobs which require a college degree. d. men still make considerably less than women.

b. most women hold low paying jobs with low status. The concept of "occupational sex segregation" suggests that fe- male occupations generally pay less and lack the status of male occupations.

The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland's theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject will experience a. satisfaction in a job with workers who have different interests. b. satisfaction in a job in which those working in the occupation have similar interests. c. generalized anxiety if he or she is placed in a job where people have similar interests. d. the best results if he or she finishes the inventory in one hour or less.

b. satisfaction in a job in which those working in the occupation have similar interests.

Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely a. artistic. b. social. c. enterprising. d. realistic.

b. social. Teachers, counselors, speech therapists, and social workers would fit into the social category. Holland said that the person in the "social" category prefers to solve problems using interper- sonal skills and feelings.

A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing _______ according to Brill's theory of career choice. a. subliminal. b. sublimation. c. suppression. d. introjection.

b. sublimation.

Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doc- trines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized _______ as an ego-de- fense mechanism. a. subliminal. b. sublimation. c. repression. d. rationalization.

b. sublimation. Choice "a" is not a defense mechanism. Sublimation occurs when an individual expresses an unacceptable need in a socially ac- ceptable manner. A person, for example, who likes to cut things up might pursue a career as a butcher or perhaps a surgeon.Review the counseling theories and helping relationship section if you do not know the definitions of the four alternatives.

When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to a. the Occupational Options Handbook. b. the Occupational Outlook Handbook. c. the Career Options Occupational Titles d. the Optional Occupations Handbook

b. the Occupational Outlook Handbook.

All of the following are difficulties with career testing except a. stereotyping. b. the tests all take at least three hours to administer. c. the counselor may rely too heavily on test results. d. many tests are biased in favor of White middle-class clients.

b. the tests all take at least three hours to administer. With the exception of the DAT, which is quite lengthy and may take three hours to complete, most of the other tests utilized take an hour or less.

A counselor with a master's degree who is working for minimum wage at a fast-food restaurant due to a lack of jobs in the field is a victim of a. unemployment. b. underemployment. c. the phi phenomenon. d. the risky shift phenomenon.

b. underemployment. Underemployment occurs when a worker is engaged in a po- sition which is below his or her skill level. This phenomenon can occur when an abundance of educated people floods a labor market that does not have enough jobs that require a high level of training. Hence, as more people go to college the rate of un- deremployment is expected to increase.

According to the concept of wage discrimination a. women make more than men for doing the same job. b. women make less than men for doing the same job. c. men and women make identical salaries thanks to legislation. d. women who are seen as attractive still make 6% more than men for doing the same job.

b. women make less than men for doing the same job.

One trend is that women are moving into more careers that in the past were populated by males. Women workers are often impacted by the "glass ceiling phenomenon." Assuming that a counselor's behavior is influenced by the phenomenon, which statement would he most likely make when conducting a career counseling session with a female client who wants to advance to a higher position? a. "Your ability to advance in the corporate world is generally based on your mother's attitude toward work. Can you tell me a little about that?" b. "Actually, women can advance quite rapidly in the cor- porate world. I support you 100%. I'd say you should be optimistic and go for the position." c. "Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corpo- rate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality." d. "In most cases a female will work in a position that is at the same level as her father. Did your dad ever work as a corporate executive?

c. "Let's be rational: A woman can only advance so far. You really have very little if any chance of becoming a corpo- rate executive. I'm here to help you cope with this reality."

Holland's artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology? a. A 72-year-old part-time male ballet instructor. b. A 29-year-old female fiction writer. c. A 33-year-old female drill press operator. d. A 41-year-old singer for a heavy metal rock band.

c. A 33-year-old female drill press operator. Hint: The typist on the NCE or other major exam will probably not be kind enough to type the word "not" in italics, so read the questions carefully. The "artistic" type shuns conformity as well as structure. The emphasis is on self-expression. The drill press operator would be a "realistic" type who likes physical labor and enjoys working with tools.

The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become a. the American Psychological Association. b. AACD. c. APGA. d. NASW.

c. APGA. Did you choose alternative "b"? If so, give yourself a pat on the back for an A- answer. You see, AACD was actually the Ameri- can Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA) until 1983, making choice "c" an even better response—say an A+. In 1983 APGA changed its name to AACD (American Association for Counseling and Development) which was changed in 1992 to ACA (American Counseling Association).

The decision-making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment, was proposed by a. Crites. b. Holland. c. David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara. d. Super.

c. David Tiedeman and Robert O'Hara. Tiedman and O'Hara suggested that the decision process is best explained by breaking it down into a two-part process. In the anticipation stage the individual imagines himself or herself in a given career. In the implementation phase (also sometimes called accommodation or induction) the person engages in reality test- ing regarding his or her expectations concerning the occupation.All decision-making theories contend that the individual has the power to choose from the various career options.

The U.S. Employment Service created the a. ASVAB. b. DAT. c. GATB. d. SCII.

c. GATB. Choice "a" is an abbreviation of the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, often administered at recruiting stations or to high school seniors interested in the military. The reliability and validity of this measure have recently come under fire despite the fact that over one million ASVABs are given yearly. Choice "b" is the Differential Aptitude Test first published in 1947 and revised three times since. This measure helps students decide whether a student should attend college, and if so, where he or she might excel the most. It is suitable for students in grades 8 through 12 and takes about three hours to complete. The GATB or General Aptitude Test Battery is the test utilized by state em- ployment security offices, Veterans Administration hospitals, and related government agencies. The battery measures 12 job- related aptitudes including intelligence/general learning ability, verbal aptitude, numerical aptitude, spatial aptitude, clerical perception, form perception, motor coordination, manual dex- terity, and finger dexterity.

Developmental career theorists view career choice as an ongoing or so-called longitudinal process rather than a single decision made at one point in time. The pioneer theorists in this area— who were the first to forsake the matching models—were a. Super and Roe. b. Hoppock and Holland. c. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma. d. Brilland Bordin.

c. Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axelrad, and Herma.

Which statement is not true of the trait-and-factor approach to career counseling? a. The approach attempts to match the person's traits with the requirements of a job. b. The approach usually relies on psychometric information. c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity. d. The approach is associated with the work of Parsons and Williamson.

c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity. Developmental approaches delineate stages or specify vocational choice in terms of a process which can change throughout the life span. Thus, vocational development par- allels psychosocial, cognitive, and personality development. Eli Ginzberg, an economist, Sol Ginsburg, a psychiatrist, Sidney Axelrad, a sociologist, and John Herma, a psychologist, are often cited as pioneers in this area, questioning the premise that ca- reer choice was a single event. The theories proposed by Super and Tiedeman and O'Hara are also derived from developmental psychology.

A displaced homemaker might have grown children or a. be widowed and seeking employment. b. be divorced and seeking employment. c. a and b. d. none of the above.

c. a and b.

SIGI Plus is a. an achievement test. b. a personality test used in career counseling. c. a computer career program known as the System of Interactive Guidance and Information that allows students to conduct a self-assessment and explore career options. d. a computerized projective test for career counseling.

c. a computer career program known as the System of Interactive Guidance and Information that allows students to conduct a self-assessment and explore career options. SIGI Plus, or the System of Interactive Guidance and Informa- tion, created by the Educational Testing Service, is intended for college students, and even assists with up-to-date information on colleges and graduate schools. DISCOVER (named after its in- ventor, the DISCOVER Foundation in Maryland) and CHOIC- ES are two other well-known computerized career development programs.

In the Gelatt Model the predictive system deals with a. personal likes, dislikes, and preferences. b. personal rules. c. alternatives and the probability of outcomes. d. the self-directed search.

c. alternatives and the probability of outcomes. Choice "a" would be the value system while choice "b" refers to the decision system. Prediction focuses on the probability of an outcome. Choice "d," abbreviated SDS, is a self-administered, self-scored interest inventory based on John Holland's theoreti- cal notions.

At its zenith the DOT listed a. approximately 10,000 job titles. b. nearly 5,000 job titles. c. approximately 30,000 job titles. d. nearly 100,000 job titles.

c. approximately 30,000 job titles.

Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice a. based on cognitive-behavioral therapy. b. based on a model of strict operant conditioning. c. based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need. d. based on the work of Pavlov.

c. based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need. The American clinical psychologist Anne Roe was one of the first individuals to suggest a theory of career choice based heav- ily on personality theory. Some exams refer to Roe's work as the "person-environment" theory. The theory is primarily psycho- analytic, though it also draws on Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Roe's major propositions are that needs which are satisfied do not become unconscious motivators; that higher order needs will disappear even if they are rarely satisfied, but lower order needs (such as safety) will be the major concern; and that needs which are satisfied after a long delay will become unconscious motivators. Roe emphasized that early child rearing practices influence later career choices since a job is a major source of gratification for an unconscious need. P.S.: If you answered "d," salivate and crack open your old career counseling text! You're rusty!

A counselor advises a female to steer clear of police work as he feels this is a male occupation. This suggests a. positive transference. b. negative transference. c. counselor bias based on gender bias. d. sex wage discrimination.

c. counselor bias based on gender bias.

In terms of leisure time and dual-career families a. dual-career families have more leisure time. b. dual-career families have the same amount of leisure time as families with one wage earner. c. dual-career families have less leisure time. d. dual-career families have more weekend leisure time.

c. dual-career families have less leisure time Both partners in the single-career family have more leisure time. Some books and exams are already using the term leisure coun- seling which should alert you to the emphasis which is being placed on this topic. Fortunately, research shows that in most cases, dual-career households manage to spend as much time with their children as households with a single wage earner.

Holland's theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be a. artistic. b. social. c. enterprising d. realistic.

c. enterprising The "enterprising" person likes to sell to others or perform lead- ership tasks. He or she tends to value power and status. Other enterprising occupations would include real estate agents, busi- ness owners, television producers, and hotel managers.

Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often a. make the same job choice as a man. b. choose a supervisory position more often than a man. c. have lower career aspirations than a man. d. choose a career well above her ability level.

c. have lower career aspirations than a man.

A 37-year-old Caucasian male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client's a. career. b. lifestyle. c. job or position. d. occupation.

c. job or position. Technically, a job refers to a given position or similar positions within an organization. An occupation is broader and refers to similar jobs occupied via different people in different settings (e.g., psychotherapists). Career is the broadest category because it depicts a person's lifetime positions plus leisure. Possible memory device to recall the order from most specific to most general: Joc (which sounds like the word Jock).

In regard to an individual's behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that a. every person has a pure or discrete orientation that fits perfectly into one of the six categories. b. occupational measures like the Strong Vocational are for the most part useless. c. most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Real- istic, Social, Investigative (RSI). d. a and b.

c. most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Real- istic, Social, Investigative (RSI). If you marked "b" try again; the Strong Interest Inventory (SII) is based on Holland's model. Although each individual has a pri- mary direction or type, the person can be described best using a "profile" over three areas. Graphically, the six types generally are placed on a hexagon such that adjacent or consistent types are next to each other on the geometric figure. Thus RIA would be "consistent" while RAE would be "inconsistent" (see "Graphical Representations" section of this book).

The OOH contains approximately 800 job descriptions. Job trends suggest that a. less women will be employed. b. less minorities will be employed. c. service jobs will account for virtually all the job growth. d. jobs dealing with computers have peaked and will rapidly decline.

c. service jobs will account for virtually all the job growth.

Studies indicate that a. students receive ample vocational guidance. bb. most parents can provide appropriate vocational guidance. c. students want more vocational guidance than they receive. d. career days meet the vocational guidance needs of most students.

c. students want more vocational guidance than they receive. Hint: Some exams will distinguish between career counseling and vo- cational guidance. Guidance is seen as a developmental and ed- ucational process within a school system while career counseling is viewed as a therapeutic service for adults performed outside an educational setting. Semantics? Perhaps, but you may need it to boost your exam score!

A counselor who favors a behavioristic mode of career counseling would most likely a. analyze dreams related to jobs and/or occupations. b. give the client a standardized career test. c. suggest a site visit to a work setting. d. a and b.

c. suggest a site visit to a work setting.

In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was re- leased. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called a. the Father of lifestyle. b. the Father of modern counseling. c. the Father of vocational guidance. d. the fourth force in counseling.

c. the Father of vocational guidance. What's that: you felt you could have answered this one in your sleep? Well don't scold me for being redundant. Instead, why not thank your lucky stars that the repetition could save you a point on the test? The phrase "the fourth force in counseling" referenced in choice "d" has been suggested to describe "multi- culturalism." Third force psychology usually refers to humanistic approaches.

Some support for Roe's theory comes from a. the BDI. b. the WAIS-R. c. the Rorschach and the TAT. d. the gestalt therapy movement.

c. the Rorschach and the TAT. Suggested memory device: Roe begins with an "r" and so does Rorschach. The TAT is similar in that it is a projective test.

A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as a. the recency effect. b. the leniency/strictness bias. c. the compensatory effect. d. spillover.

c. the compensatory effect.

An SDS score will reveal a. career aptitude. b. the personality via projective measures. c. the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types. d. spill over personality tendencies.

c. the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types. The SDS provides the user with a three-letter code that indi- cates the three personality types the examinee most resembles. An Occupational Finder booklet then describes over 1,300 oc- cupations in order to ascertain which occupations best match the personality type. As of late, the SDS sports a computer version (Form "R") as well as a version for those who speak Spanish.

The most popular developmental career theorist is Donald Super. Super emphasizes a. id impulses. b. the critical parent. c. the self-concept. d. ego strength.

c. the self-concept. Super and self-concept both begin with an "s." How convenient! The assumption here is that the individual chooses a career which allows the self-concept to be expressed

Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects a. the work of Anne Roe. b. the work of Donald Super. c. the work of John Holland. d. the work of Jane Loevinger.

c. the work of John Holland. Choice "d" is the most outlandish—at least, if you marked any other choice you chose a career theorist. Loevinger is noted for her seven stage transition continuum theory of ego develop- ment. John Holland's theory can be best described by his four assumptions. First, in our culture, there are six basic personal- ity types: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, or conventional. Second, most work environments correspond to six personality types. Third, people search out an agreeable envi- ronment which lets them express their personality type. Fourth, the individual's behavior is determined by an interaction of the personality and the environment. Possible memory device for the six types of personality/environments: "as rice." Holland's Self-Directed Search (SDS) is designed to measure the six per- sonality types.

Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child a. experiences neurosis or psychosis. will eventually have a lot of jobs or a lack of employment. b. will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people. c. will suffer from depression in the work setting or will be d. highly motivated to succeed.

c. will suffer from depression in the work setting or will be Some texts and exams will refer to the avoidant child rearing style as "rejecting." It is an emotionally cold or hostile style. The acceptant style is "democratic." If the person moves "toward" people, he or she would choose the "fields" of service, business, organization, or general cultural while an individual who moves away from people would gravitate toward outdoor, science, or perhaps technology. Research tends to support the contention that an individual raised in a warm, accepting family where person-to-person interaction was rewarded would tend to seek out careers emphasizing contact with others. A cold, "avoiding" amily of origin would thus be more likely to produce an individual who would shun person-oriented careers.

Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of a. Roe. b. Holland. c. H. B. Gelatt. d. Albert Bandura.

d. Albert Bandura. Bandura proposed that one's belief or expectation of being successful in an occupation causes the individual to gravitate toward that particular occupation. Bandura felt that "chance factors," such as accidentally being exposed to certain situations, influence career development.

Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was a. Krumboltz. b. Parsons. c. Super. d. Bordin.

d. Bordin. Choice "a" is decidedly incorrect as Krumboltz worked with a behavioristic model. Bordin, though, felt that career choices could be used to solve unconscious conflicts. Psychoanalytic approaches—used in regard to career choice or other issues—have never been extremely popular with helpers trained in counsel- ing departments since short-term, time efficient modalities are stressed.

Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Hop- pock's theory, based on the work of _______ is also considered a personality approach. a. Donald Super. b. Robert Rosenthal. c. David Wechsler. d. Henry Murray.

d. Henry Murray. Henry Murray created the "needs-press" theory and the TAT (along with Christina Morgan) projective test. The occupation is used to meet a person's current need. Rosenthal (choice "b," no relation to me) is famous for his research regarding the "experi- menter effect," while David Wechsler (choice "c") is well-known for creating the Wechsler intelligence scales.

Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the a. Rorschach and the TAT. b. Binet and the Wechsler. c. BDI and the MMPI. d. Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.

d. Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales. Suggested memory devices: Minnesota means matching or Minnesota and matching both begin with an "M." Williamson was associated with the University of Minnesota for over 40 years. Remember that you are looking for the best answer. All of the tests listed might be used by a modern-day counselor of the trait-factor persuasion; nevertheless, choice "d" mentions a test specifically aimed at enhancing the actuarial approach to career choice. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the Guil- ford-Zimmerman Temperment Survey (GZTS), the Adjective Checklist, BDI, and MMPI-2 would probably be the favorites of counselors who favor a personality theory of career choice. The model is not overly popular with our current crop of counsel- ors and it has been sarcastically referred to as the "test-and-tell" paradigm of career counseling.

A counselor wants to suggest an easy-to-read source for a client in search of career information. The counselor should recom- mend a. DOT. b. SOC. c. SIC. d. OOH.

d. OOH. Most counselors consider the OOH the easiest guide to read and understand. It has been said that statistically speaking high schools are more apt to rely on the OOH than the DOT, face-to- face career counseling, or career days. Hint: A few questions on the classic DOT might still show up on the exam de- spite the fact that it has been replaced with O*NET.

A counselor who is interested in trends in the job market should consult the a. State Department of Economic Regulation. b. SOC. c. SIC. d. OOH.

d. OOH. (Occupational Outlook Handbook)

Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs? a. Albert Ellis. b. John O. Crites. c. John Krumboltz d. Robert Hoppock.

d. Robert Hoppock. Crites (choice "b") is well-known for his Career Maturity In- ventory (CMI) that measures attitudes and competencies related to the career choice process. Hoppock, the correct theorist here, feels that to make an accurate career decision you must know your personal needs and then find an occupation that meets a high percentage of the needs. Lastly, as your personal needs change you might need to secure a different occupation.

The term reentry woman would best describe a. a 32-year-old female police officer promoted to sergeant. b. a 22-year-old female teacher who becomes a school counselor. c. a 59-year-old female administrative assistant who switched positions for two years and will return to her job. d. a 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant.

d. a 29-year-old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant.

The model Krumboltz suggested is a. a human capital theory. b. an accident theory of career development. c. a status attainment theory. d. a behavioristic model of career development.

d. a behavioristic model of career development.

Ginzberg and his colleagues now believe in a development model of career choice which asserts that a. the process of choosing a career does not end at age 20 or adulthood. b. career choice decisions are really made throughout the life span. c. career choice is reversible. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

The Self-Directed Search (SDS) is a. based on the work of Holland and yields scores on his six types. b. self-administered. c. self-scored and self-interpreted. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above.

Lifestyle includes a. work. b. leisure. c. style of living. d. all of the above.

d. all of the above. Lifestyle is a broad term which describes the overall balance of work, leisure, family, and social activities. Some exams will use the term avocational in place of the term leisure.

In terms of the labor market a. music is very effective in terms of increasing the workers' output. b. the number of employees employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up. c. the number of employees willing to work for you goes up as the salary increases. d. b and c.

d. b and c.

The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that a. job selection is a long-term development process. b. testing is an important part of the counseling process. c. a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job. d. b and c.

d. b and c. Parsons suggests three steps to implement the trait-and-factor approach. (a) Knowledge of the self and aptitudes and inter- ests. (b) Knowledge of jobs, including the advantages and dis- advantages of them. (c) Matching the individual with the work. Though today's career counselors generally do not practice from a pure trait-factor base, experts insist, nevertheless, that remnants of the trait-and-factor approach are still evident in some of the modern theories such as those suggested by Crites, Super, and Holland.

The leading method adults use to find career information in the United States is a. to see a state employment counselor. b. to visit a private practice career counselor. c. to undergo counseling with a counselor with NCCC credentials. d. by securing information via the newspaper.

d. by securing information via the newspaper.

In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman a. generally has children before entering the work force. b. rarely if ever has children. c. is not self-reliant. d. is typically secure in her career before she has children.

d. is typically secure in her career before she has children. Choice "a" is true of the traditional family while choice "d" describes the dual-career family. Choice "c" contradicts research which insists that partners in a dual-career family are more self- sufficient than in the traditional family.

The notion of the hidden job market would suggest that a. most jobs will appear on college bulletin boards. b. most jobs will appear in supermarket tabloids. c. most jobs will appear in daily newspaper classified ads. d. most jobs are not advertised.

d. most jobs are not advertised. Perhaps you're shocked but experts say it is true! A high per- centage of jobs (over 76%!) are not advertised!

Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as _______ theorists. a. behavior modification. b. ego psychologists. c. experiential. d. personality.

d. personality.

A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's _______ typology. a. artistic. b. conventional. c. social. d. realistic.

d. realistic. The "realistic" or "motoric" person likes machines. This indi- vidual might become a truck driver, an auto mechanic, or might fancy plumbing.

A career counselor who is helping a client design a resume a. should downplay the value of the cover letter. b. should emphasize that a lengthy resume is invariably more effective. c. should emphasize the importance of listing height and weight data. d. should emphasize the importance of a cover letter.

d. should emphasize the importance of a cover letter.

Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized a. only since the late 1950s. b. only since the late 1960s. c. only since nondirective counseling became popular. d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.

d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.

Holland categorized _______ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments. a. two. b. five. c. three. d. six.

d. six. In this theory the counselor attempts to find a job for the client in which the personality/environment interaction is congruent. Holland felt that people try to avoid environments which are disagreeable. A host of studies lends support to his theory of personality types.

A client who likes her flower arranging job begins doing flower arranging in her spare time on weekends and after work. This phenomenon is best described as a. the contrast effect. b. sublimation. c. the compensatory effect. d. spillover.

d. spillover.

According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels, a. the decision to pursue a career is purely a conscious decision. b. using the Strong is the best method of explaining career choice. c. early childhood experiences are irrelevant in terms of career choice. d. the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs.

d. the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual's needs. Roe determined that choice "a" was incorrect and early child- hood experiences are indeed important.

When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean a. the client is having fun at work or away from work. b. the client is relaxing at work or away from work. c. the client is working at less than 100% capacity at work or away from work. d. the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.

d. the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations. Leisure time is defined as time away from work in which the individual has the freedom to choose what he or she would like to do. Leisure time is said to be "self-determined." Career is sometimes defined as the total work one does in a lifetime plus leisure. A leisure activity that one engages in for pleasure rather than money is often referred to as an avocation. Dual-career families often report a lack of leisure time which can in turn abet additional stress for both partners.

Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Bat- tery (ASVAB), and the O*NET Ability Profiler grew out of the a. cognitive therapy movement. b. humanistic psychology movement. c. individual psychology movement. d. trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling.

d. trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling. The primary purpose of any aptitude test is to predict future performance, though career placement should never rest solely on a single source of data such as the aforementioned tests.

All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's "fields" except a. service. b. science. c. arts and entertainment. d. unskilled.

d. unskilled.