LING 165 Midterm

Based on the abbreviations provided, which morpheme probably represents the grammatical category 'attributive'?

-an'a

In English, we require two words to say 'long ago.' How many words are required to say the same thing in Wukchumni Yokuts? (enter the number into the blank, not a word or sentence)

1

For each of the following IPA symbols for click consonants, match it to its technical description. 1. ʘ 2. ǂ 3. ǁ 4. ǀ 5. !

1. bilabial click 2. palatal click 3. lateral click 4. dental click 5. alveolar click

The Old English period is generally identified as lasting up to the year

1150

Take a look at the following 3-line gloss from Wukchumni Yokuts, an indigenous language from California. How many Wukchumni Yokuts words are shown in the text above? (enter the number into the blank, not a word or sentence)

12

followed by the Middle English period which lasted up to the year ___ before transitioning to Modern English.

1500

How many Wukchumni Yokuts morphemes are in the Wukchumni Yokuts text above? (enter the number into the blank, not a word or sentence)

16

What is the largest number of morphemes that any Wukchumni Yokuts word contains in this text? (enter the number into the blank, not a word or sentence)

3

How many symbols in the Wukchumni Yokuts text do not occur in English spelling? (Do not count the same symbol more than once. Assume that the apostrophe is present in English spelling.) (enter the number into the blank, not a word or sentence)

4

Which of the following is a typical estimate for the number of languages in the world?

6000

Which of the following are reasons for the failure of the Irish language revitalization movement according to Carnie? Mark all that apply.

A substantial number of Irish speakers have emigrated out of the gaeltachtaí. There have been persistently bad pedagogical methods for teaching Irish within the education system. A substantial number of English speakers have immigrated into the gaeltachtaí.

A self-name used by the Indo-European groups who settled in Central Asia and South Asia

Aryan

Arabic is considered to be diglossic because:

Classical Arabic is widely used and understood for liturgical purposes, while regional varieties are used for everyday situations.

Select the labels that are not extant branches of Afro-Asiatic. Select all that apply.

Egyptian Persian Bantu Mali

According to Mufwene, it is accurate to say that... (select all that apply):

English is a global language. various Englishes with different structural features will emerge in various locations around the world.

Which political figure is responsible for forbidding the use of Basque and leading to its severe repression?

Francisco Franco

Which branch of Indo-European has the widest modern geographic range?

Germanic

Which of the following labels represents a European member of the Indo-European language family? Mark all that apply.

Greek Swedish Gaelic Armenian Lithuanian Romanian Polish Yiddish

A sub-branch of a larger language family, consisting of those languages distributed primarily in South Asia

Indic

Early Sanskrit-speaking peoples who inhabited South Asia and their language

Indo-Aryan

A language family whose members are distributed in large parts of Europe, Central Asia, and South Asia

Indo-European

A branch of a larger language family, consisting of those languages distributed in Central Asia and South Asia

Indo-Iranian

A sub-branch of a larger language family, consisting of those languages distributed primarily in Central Asia

Iranian

Konkani and Marathi are two language varieties spoken on the west coast of India. The two varieties are quite similar to each other, but not identical. Assume that speakers of Konkani report being able to understand about 85% of the speech of Marathi speakers, and that speakers of Marathi report being able to understand about 85% of the speech of Konkani speakers. Which of the following labels best characterizes the relationship between these two varieties?

Konkani and Marathi are partially intelligible.

What is the name for the historical stage of Hebrew that was exclusively written but not spoken? (Check the spelling before entering.)

Medieval Hebrew

Bangime is a language isolate spoken by about 2000 people in Mali. Which of the following languages is probably genealogically related to Bangime? There is only one correct answer.

None of the above

Which of the following scenarios is most likely to give rise to a mixed language? There is only one correct answer.

People who are bilingual begin intertwining two languages and over time, the switch from one language to another becomes stabilized.

What is the most recent ancestor language shared by Minrelian, Laz, and Georgian?

Proto-Karto-Zan

Take a look at the family tree diagram below showing the Karvelian language family, which is spoken in the country of Georgia and surrounding regions. Which of the languages shown in the tree is historically the oldest? (Make sure your spelling is accurate.)

Proto-Kartvelian

The two primary branches of the Sino-Tibetan language family are ___ (incl. Mandarin) and _____

Sinitic, Tibeto-Burman

In which country does Basque hold official status?

Spain

Which modern Kartvelian language is the most distantly related to Mingrelian?

Svan

The substantial evidence that Sanskrit is related to Latin and Greek includes (select all that apply):

Systematic sound correspondences in words with similar meanings Consistent similarities in grammatical conjugations Consistent similarities in case endings

Part of the audio content in Lesson 4 was a podcast excerpt in which linguist Luisa Miceli discusses several hypotheses about the homeland of the PIE language. She goes on to elaborate on new research that applies ancestry constraints to phylogenetic models. Mark which of the following would be correct under the assumption that ancestry-constrained phylogenetic models produce the most accurate depiction of a PIE homeland. Mark all that apply.

The steppe hypothesis is favored. PIE orginated about 5000 years ago.

Which of the following terms best characterizes Songjiang based on the data provided? There is only one correct answer.

Tone language

Svan and Laz share a common ancestor language.

True

Which of the following descriptions best matches the label Khoisan?

a group of languages with a common linguistic property

Bafia is a Niger-Congo language spoken in Cameroon. Noun classes in this language are indicated by prefixes on the noun stems. Adjectives that modify nouns (big, small, round, etc.) and possessive pronouns (his, her, your, etc.) receive noun class morphemes that agree with the noun class morpheme prefixed to the noun stem. The noun class prefixes on adjectives and possessive pronouns are not always identical to those on the nouns. Read the descriptions of some Bafia noun classes below. Noun classes 1 and 2 include people. The prefix on nouns is ma- for class 1 and b- for class 2. Adjectives and possessive pronouns receive the prefix ba- for class 1 and class 2 nouns. Noun classes 3 and 4 include body parts on or involving the head. For both classes, the prefix on nouns is mu- and the prefix on adjectives/possessive pronouns is u-. Noun classes 7 and 8 include things that splay. The prefix on nouns is c- for class 7 and bi- for class 8. Adjectives and possessive pronouns receive the prefix ki- for both classes. Noun class 19 includes singular objects that are part of a group (for instance, sand, flour, or rice might fall into this category). The prefix on nouns is ti- and the prefix on ad

b-um ba-bee bi-te ki-bee mu-mo u-fo ti-ɔl ti-cem c-ee ki-ɔɔ

What is the Tigrinya root meaning 'bless'?

brk

Hindi and Urdu are ... (select all that apply):

distinguishable because Urdu is associated more strongly with Pakistan and Hindi is associated more strongly with India. labels for language varieties that are often hyphenated into the single label Hindi-Urdu.

True of false: Some efforts are underway in South Africa to bring Zulu back from the brink of extinction.

false

True or false: Niger-Congo contains more languages but has fewer speakers than the Khoisan group.

false

True or false: Tamil is an Indic language.

false

True or false: Telugu is related to Hindi.

false

True or false: The Proto-Indic people were the first inhabitants of what is now India.

false

What is the Tigrinya root meaning 'whip'?

grf

What is the Wukchumni Yokuts word for 'owl'? (Confirm that your spelling is correct. Answers are not case-sensitive.)

huhthutu

In South Africa, Afrikaans (select all that apply):

is used primarily by white South Africans. is an official language. was protested against in 1976.

Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, and Austronesian are all examples of

language families

Which of the following types of contact varieties has no native speakers?

pidgin

In Iran ... (select all that apply):

the primary languages spoken are from the Indo-European family. the Arabic script is used to write Persian. the primary language has no grammatical gender system.

Prior to the 1500s, there was no suspicion among scholars that Sanskrit was related to Greek and Latin.

true

True or false: Both Hebrew and Arabic are Semitic languages.

true

What is the Tigrinya word meaning 'bless' conjugated for the passive perfective

təbərəkə

What is the Tigrinya word meaning 'whip' conjugated for the passive gerundive?

təgarifu

Order the following places of articulation according to their position in the vocal tract, from closest to the lips to furthest from the lips.

uvula pharynx epiglottis glottis

What is the English translation of the Wukchumni Yokuts word p'aʔan'?

world

What is the Tigrinya word meaning 'bless' conjugated for the passive imperfective?

yibirək

What is the Tigrinya word meaning 'whip' conjugated for the passive jussive?

yigarəf