Lipids
What is the recommendation for intake of saturated fat according to the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?
<10% of total energy intake
Select the structural components of a triglyceride.
A glycerol backbone and Three fatty acids
What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?
A phospholipid consists of two fatty acids and a phosphorus-containing part
Which of the following are types of fatty acids?
Saturated, Polyunsaturated, and Monounsaturated
Which of the following foods are good plant sources of omega-3 fat?
Soybeans and Flaxseeds
A lipid with carbons arranged in a ring is called a _____.
Sterol
Cardiovascular disease can result in kidney failure and which other conditions?
Stroke and heart attack
When the body needs energy, what can happen to glycerol molecules that are released by adipose cells?
The liver converts glycerol into glucose
A polyunsaturated fatty acid contains _____ between carbons in its carbon chain.
Two or more double bonds
Trans fatty acids are _____.
Unsaturated fatty acids that have relatively straight carbon chains
The liver forms _____, which is primarily composed of triglycerides.
VLDL
The liver uses the contents of chylomicron remnants to form _____.
VLDL
What effect does soluble fiber have on the recycling of bile salts?
It binds with used bile salts, preventing their intestinal absorption and leading to their excretion in feces
VLDL loses a great deal of its triglyceride content and then becomes _____.
LDL
Wheat germ, egg yolks, peanut butter, and soybeans are all rich sources of _____, a phospholipid.
Lecithin
Choose the two characteristics that apply to lipids.
Lipids are organic nutrients and Lipids generally do not dissolve in water
What are some strategies to reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis?
Maintain a healthy weight for height and Consume more fiber-rich foods
Avocados and peanut and canola oils are good sources of _____ fatty acids.
Monosaturated
_____ fatty acids contain only one carbon-carbon double bond.
Monounsaturated
What chemical feature of sterols distinguishes them from other classes of lipids?
Multi-ring structure
_____ is a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids.
Olive Oil
Alpha-linolenic acid is an _____ fatty acid.
Omega-3
Linoleic acid is an _____ fatty acid.
Omega-6
Corn oil, seeds, and nuts are good sources of _____.
Omega-6 fat
A monounsaturated fatty acid contains _____ between carbons in its carbon chain.
One double bond
What is the best way to meet the essential fatty acid recommendations within a "heart healthy" diet?
Replace foods that are high in saturated fat with foods that are high in unsaturated fats
Which foods are good sources of DHA and EPA?
Salmon and Tuna
Animal fats generally tend to contain more _____ fatty acids than plant oils.
Saturated
_____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.
Saturated
Structurally, a trans fatty acid resembles a(n) _____ because its carbon chain is relatively straight.
Saturated fatty acid
A saturated fatty acid contains _____ between carbons in its carbon chain.
Zero double bonds
List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries in order.
1. Irritation occurs in a blood vessel lining 2. The body responds to an irritation by producing inflammation within the artery 3. Inflammation triggers plaque deposition at the site of initial damage 4. As plaque accumulates, arteries narrow, harden, and lose elasticity
Hypertension is diagnosed once blood pressure values remain at or above _____.
130/80
When atherosclerosis occurs in a blood vessel that does not carry blood to the heart or brain, the condition is called _____.
Peripheral vascular disease
_____ are a major structural component of cell membranes.
Phospholipids
Phospholipids are chemically different to other lipids because they contain _____.
Phosphorus
Safflower, sunflower, and grapeseed oils are good sources of _____ fatty acids.
Polyunsaturated
_____ fatty acids contain two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.
Polyunsaturated
The _____ content of a lipoprotein contributes to its density.
Protein
Which of the following are components of a lipoprotein?
Protein, Triglyceride, and Cholesterol
Choose the dietary components that describe a "heart healthy" diet.
Reduced intake of fatty red meats, Emphasis on fruits and vegetables, and Focus on whole grains and low-fat dairy foods
Which of the following are ways essential fatty acids affect health?
Regulating blood pressure and Regulating the immune system's inflammatory response
Foods such as whole milk, luncheon meats, and sausages are rich sources of _____.
Saturated Fat
Partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) are the major kind of artificial _____ fat in processed foods, but their use has now been banned in most foods.
Trans
According to the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, intakes of _____ should be as low as possible.
Trans fat and cholesterol
The process of hydrogenation leads to the creation of _____, which allow foods to be stored for longer periods of time without becoming rancid.
Trans fatty acids
A _____ is comprised of three fatty acids attached to glycerol.
Triglyceride
When your body needs energy, adipose cells break down _____ into fatty acid and glycerol molecules and release them into your bloodstream.
Triglycerides
_____ make up about 95% of lipids in the body and in food.
Triglycerides
Replacing foods that are rich sources of saturated fatty acids with foods that contain more _____ can reduce CVD risk.
Unsaturated fatty acids
What are some heart healthy food selection and preparation tips?
Use moist cooking methods for lean meats, Trim visible fat from meat after cooking, and Replace some of the solid fat in recipes with applesauce
The small intestine absorbs about _____ of dietary cholesterol.
50%
Outline the process of recycling bile salts.
1. Most bile salts are absorbed in the SI 2. Bile salts travel in the bloodstream to the liver 3. The liver recycles bile salts to create new bile
In a fatty acid carbon chain, one end contains a(n) _____ and the other is called the _____.
Acid group (COOH); omega end (CH3)
Excessive amounts of which two substances can lead to increased VLDL production and thus raise blood triglyceride levels and contribute to greater risk of CVD?
Added sugars and alcohol
_____ cells are commonly called "fat cells" because they are designed to store fat.
Adipose
When a plaque or clot partially blocks an artery leading to the heart, the chest pain that results from a lack of oxygen to heart muscle tissue is called _____.
Angina
Increased blood triglyceride levels can contribute to the development of CVD since higher triglyceride levels are _____.
Associated with lower HDL cholesterol levels
What are some poor dietary habits that can put you at risk of developing atherosclerosis?
Diets that do not provide enough whole grains, nuts, and seeds, Diets that provide large amounts of added sugars, and Diets that do not provide enough fruits and vegetables
Substituting foods high in added sugars in place of foods high in saturated fat _____ a person's risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
Does not decrease
What is the best way to obtain omega-3 fatty acids?
Eat fish
Free radicals can damage LDL and cause the molecule to become _____.
Oxidized
Choose the statement that correctly describes lipid digestion.
The small intestine is the primary site of lipid digestion
Identify a characteristic of phospholipids that enables them to be major structural components of cell membranes.
Their phosphate "head" is water soluble and their fatty acid "tail" is water insoluble
What is it about the structure of phospholipids that makes them ideal as major structural components of cell membranes?
They are soluble in both water and fat
Which of the following foods naturally contain small amounts of trans fatty acids?
Beef and Dairy foods
Which three cuts of meat are considered lean?
Beef top sirloin steak, Pork tenderloin, and Beef chuck roast
During a stroke, cells in the _____ die.
Brain
Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause for most cases of _____
Cardiovascular disease
Which of the following are factors that contribute to the initiation of atherosclerosis?
Certain bacteria, Excess blood glucose, and Cigarette smoke
_____ is a sterol.
Cholesterol
_____ are a type of lipoprotein that is used to transport lipids from the absorptive cells of the small intestine, first via lymph and eventually via the bloodstream.
Chylomicrons
Oxidized LDL is harmful because it _____.
Contributes to inflammation in arteries
Food manufacturers have used the process of partial hydrogenation to _____.
Convert liquid vegetable oils into more solid fats
What is one characteristic that lipids found in foods and in the body have in common?
They are mostly in the form of triglycerides
Fish and shellfish, such as sardines, trout, mussels, and crab, are good sources of _____.
DHA and EPA
Choose all of the following that are risk factors for atherosclerosis.
Diabetes, Increasing age, and Excess body fat
Which of these conditions may be risk factors for atherosclerosis?
Emotional stress, such as anger, Sleep apnea, and Elevated C-reactive protein blood level
Adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of _____.
Fat as triglycerides
_____ can be saturated or unsaturated.
Fatty acids
Which molecules are removed from chyme by the absorptive cells of the small intestine?
Fatty acids, Monoglycerides, and Cholesterol
Choose the food sources that are rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
Grapeseed oil and Soybean oil
Select the foods that are rich sources of saturated fat.
Hard cheeses and hot dog
Arteriosclerosis is a condition commonly referred to as, "_____,"
Hardening of the arteries
What are some concerns related to fish oil supplements?
High doses of omega-3 fatty acids may cause serious side effects, such as reducing blood clotting and People with fish/shellfish allergies might have an allergic reaction
EPA, DHA, and AA aid in the production of _____.
Hormone-like substances
A fatty acid is comprised of a chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to _____ atoms.
Hydrogen
Which lifestyle choice would be the best way to reduce a person's risk of atherosclerosis and CVD?
Increase physical activity
Peripheral vascular diseases often affect arteries that carry blood to which two parts of the body?
Legs and arms
Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid and Alpha-linolenic acid
Cholesterol and fats are types of _____.
Lipids
Where does the conversion of recycled bile salts into new bile occur?
Liver
Because they are so large, chylomicrons are first absorbed into _____.
Lymph
Phospholipids are needed for proper functioning of _____.
Nerve cells
The formation of one or more clots in an artery supplying the heart is problematic when it restricts the proper flow of _____.
Oxygen and nutrients
Choose the food sources that contain high amounts of saturated fat.
Palm oil, Coconut oil, and Beef fat
What are some good food sources of phospholipids?
Peanut butter, Soybeans, and Egg yolks
Young children, pregnant women, and breastfeeding women should avoid eating which kinds of seafood due to the high mercury content?
Shark, Swordfish, and King mackerel
At room temperature, foods high in saturated fat tend to be _____ and foods high in unsaturated fat tend to be _____.
Solid; liquid
What is the significance of unsaturated fatty acids having double bonds that are typically in the "cis" form?
Their structures are "bent" or kinked at these double bonds