Lipids

What is the recommendation for intake of saturated fat according to the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

<10% of total energy intake

Select the structural components of a triglyceride.

A glycerol backbone and Three fatty acids

What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?

A phospholipid consists of two fatty acids and a phosphorus-containing part

Which of the following are types of fatty acids?

Saturated, Polyunsaturated, and Monounsaturated

Which of the following foods are good plant sources of omega-3 fat?

Soybeans and Flaxseeds

A lipid with carbons arranged in a ring is called a _____.

Sterol

Cardiovascular disease can result in kidney failure and which other conditions?

Stroke and heart attack

When the body needs energy, what can happen to glycerol molecules that are released by adipose cells?

The liver converts glycerol into glucose

A polyunsaturated fatty acid contains _____ between carbons in its carbon chain.

Two or more double bonds

Trans fatty acids are _____.

Unsaturated fatty acids that have relatively straight carbon chains

The liver forms _____, which is primarily composed of triglycerides.

VLDL

The liver uses the contents of chylomicron remnants to form _____.

VLDL

What effect does soluble fiber have on the recycling of bile salts?

It binds with used bile salts, preventing their intestinal absorption and leading to their excretion in feces

VLDL loses a great deal of its triglyceride content and then becomes _____.

LDL

Wheat germ, egg yolks, peanut butter, and soybeans are all rich sources of _____, a phospholipid.

Lecithin

Choose the two characteristics that apply to lipids.

Lipids are organic nutrients and Lipids generally do not dissolve in water

What are some strategies to reduce the risk of developing atherosclerosis?

Maintain a healthy weight for height and Consume more fiber-rich foods

Avocados and peanut and canola oils are good sources of _____ fatty acids.

Monosaturated

_____ fatty acids contain only one carbon-carbon double bond.

Monounsaturated

What chemical feature of sterols distinguishes them from other classes of lipids?

Multi-ring structure

_____ is a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids.

Olive Oil

Alpha-linolenic acid is an _____ fatty acid.

Omega-3

Linoleic acid is an _____ fatty acid.

Omega-6

Corn oil, seeds, and nuts are good sources of _____.

Omega-6 fat

A monounsaturated fatty acid contains _____ between carbons in its carbon chain.

One double bond

What is the best way to meet the essential fatty acid recommendations within a "heart healthy" diet?

Replace foods that are high in saturated fat with foods that are high in unsaturated fats

Which foods are good sources of DHA and EPA?

Salmon and Tuna

Animal fats generally tend to contain more _____ fatty acids than plant oils.

Saturated

_____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.

Saturated

Structurally, a trans fatty acid resembles a(n) _____ because its carbon chain is relatively straight.

Saturated fatty acid

A saturated fatty acid contains _____ between carbons in its carbon chain.

Zero double bonds

List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries in order.

1. Irritation occurs in a blood vessel lining 2. The body responds to an irritation by producing inflammation within the artery 3. Inflammation triggers plaque deposition at the site of initial damage 4. As plaque accumulates, arteries narrow, harden, and lose elasticity

Hypertension is diagnosed once blood pressure values remain at or above _____.

130/80

When atherosclerosis occurs in a blood vessel that does not carry blood to the heart or brain, the condition is called _____.

Peripheral vascular disease

_____ are a major structural component of cell membranes.

Phospholipids

Phospholipids are chemically different to other lipids because they contain _____.

Phosphorus

Safflower, sunflower, and grapeseed oils are good sources of _____ fatty acids.

Polyunsaturated

_____ fatty acids contain two or more carbon-carbon double bonds.

Polyunsaturated

The _____ content of a lipoprotein contributes to its density.

Protein

Which of the following are components of a lipoprotein?

Protein, Triglyceride, and Cholesterol

Choose the dietary components that describe a "heart healthy" diet.

Reduced intake of fatty red meats, Emphasis on fruits and vegetables, and Focus on whole grains and low-fat dairy foods

Which of the following are ways essential fatty acids affect health?

Regulating blood pressure and Regulating the immune system's inflammatory response

Foods such as whole milk, luncheon meats, and sausages are rich sources of _____.

Saturated Fat

Partially hydrogenated oils (PHOs) are the major kind of artificial _____ fat in processed foods, but their use has now been banned in most foods.

Trans

According to the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, intakes of _____ should be as low as possible.

Trans fat and cholesterol

The process of hydrogenation leads to the creation of _____, which allow foods to be stored for longer periods of time without becoming rancid.

Trans fatty acids

A _____ is comprised of three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

Triglyceride

When your body needs energy, adipose cells break down _____ into fatty acid and glycerol molecules and release them into your bloodstream.

Triglycerides

_____ make up about 95% of lipids in the body and in food.

Triglycerides

Replacing foods that are rich sources of saturated fatty acids with foods that contain more _____ can reduce CVD risk.

Unsaturated fatty acids

What are some heart healthy food selection and preparation tips?

Use moist cooking methods for lean meats, Trim visible fat from meat after cooking, and Replace some of the solid fat in recipes with applesauce

The small intestine absorbs about _____ of dietary cholesterol.

50%

Outline the process of recycling bile salts.

1. Most bile salts are absorbed in the SI 2. Bile salts travel in the bloodstream to the liver 3. The liver recycles bile salts to create new bile

In a fatty acid carbon chain, one end contains a(n) _____ and the other is called the _____.

Acid group (COOH); omega end (CH3)

Excessive amounts of which two substances can lead to increased VLDL production and thus raise blood triglyceride levels and contribute to greater risk of CVD?

Added sugars and alcohol

_____ cells are commonly called "fat cells" because they are designed to store fat.

Adipose

When a plaque or clot partially blocks an artery leading to the heart, the chest pain that results from a lack of oxygen to heart muscle tissue is called _____.

Angina

Increased blood triglyceride levels can contribute to the development of CVD since higher triglyceride levels are _____.

Associated with lower HDL cholesterol levels

What are some poor dietary habits that can put you at risk of developing atherosclerosis?

Diets that do not provide enough whole grains, nuts, and seeds, Diets that provide large amounts of added sugars, and Diets that do not provide enough fruits and vegetables

Substituting foods high in added sugars in place of foods high in saturated fat _____ a person's risk of developing cardiovascular disease.

Does not decrease

What is the best way to obtain omega-3 fatty acids?

Eat fish

Free radicals can damage LDL and cause the molecule to become _____.

Oxidized

Choose the statement that correctly describes lipid digestion.

The small intestine is the primary site of lipid digestion

Identify a characteristic of phospholipids that enables them to be major structural components of cell membranes.

Their phosphate "head" is water soluble and their fatty acid "tail" is water insoluble

What is it about the structure of phospholipids that makes them ideal as major structural components of cell membranes?

They are soluble in both water and fat

Which of the following foods naturally contain small amounts of trans fatty acids?

Beef and Dairy foods

Which three cuts of meat are considered lean?

Beef top sirloin steak, Pork tenderloin, and Beef chuck roast

During a stroke, cells in the _____ die.

Brain

Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause for most cases of _____

Cardiovascular disease

Which of the following are factors that contribute to the initiation of atherosclerosis?

Certain bacteria, Excess blood glucose, and Cigarette smoke

_____ is a sterol.

Cholesterol

_____ are a type of lipoprotein that is used to transport lipids from the absorptive cells of the small intestine, first via lymph and eventually via the bloodstream.

Chylomicrons

Oxidized LDL is harmful because it _____.

Contributes to inflammation in arteries

Food manufacturers have used the process of partial hydrogenation to _____.

Convert liquid vegetable oils into more solid fats

What is one characteristic that lipids found in foods and in the body have in common?

They are mostly in the form of triglycerides

Fish and shellfish, such as sardines, trout, mussels, and crab, are good sources of _____.

DHA and EPA

Choose all of the following that are risk factors for atherosclerosis.

Diabetes, Increasing age, and Excess body fat

Which of these conditions may be risk factors for atherosclerosis?

Emotional stress, such as anger, Sleep apnea, and Elevated C-reactive protein blood level

Adipose cells are designed to store large amounts of _____.

Fat as triglycerides

_____ can be saturated or unsaturated.

Fatty acids

Which molecules are removed from chyme by the absorptive cells of the small intestine?

Fatty acids, Monoglycerides, and Cholesterol

Choose the food sources that are rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Grapeseed oil and Soybean oil

Select the foods that are rich sources of saturated fat.

Hard cheeses and hot dog

Arteriosclerosis is a condition commonly referred to as, "_____,"

Hardening of the arteries

What are some concerns related to fish oil supplements?

High doses of omega-3 fatty acids may cause serious side effects, such as reducing blood clotting and People with fish/shellfish allergies might have an allergic reaction

EPA, DHA, and AA aid in the production of _____.

Hormone-like substances

A fatty acid is comprised of a chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to _____ atoms.

Hydrogen

Which lifestyle choice would be the best way to reduce a person's risk of atherosclerosis and CVD?

Increase physical activity

Peripheral vascular diseases often affect arteries that carry blood to which two parts of the body?

Legs and arms

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

Linoleic acid and Alpha-linolenic acid

Cholesterol and fats are types of _____.

Lipids

Where does the conversion of recycled bile salts into new bile occur?

Liver

Because they are so large, chylomicrons are first absorbed into _____.

Lymph

Phospholipids are needed for proper functioning of _____.

Nerve cells

The formation of one or more clots in an artery supplying the heart is problematic when it restricts the proper flow of _____.

Oxygen and nutrients

Choose the food sources that contain high amounts of saturated fat.

Palm oil, Coconut oil, and Beef fat

What are some good food sources of phospholipids?

Peanut butter, Soybeans, and Egg yolks

Young children, pregnant women, and breastfeeding women should avoid eating which kinds of seafood due to the high mercury content?

Shark, Swordfish, and King mackerel

At room temperature, foods high in saturated fat tend to be _____ and foods high in unsaturated fat tend to be _____.

Solid; liquid

What is the significance of unsaturated fatty acids having double bonds that are typically in the "cis" form?

Their structures are "bent" or kinked at these double bonds